外文翻譯--智能?chē)姽嗟氖褂脤?duì)干旱地區(qū)小麥作物水分利用率的影響（英文）

1、26 February, 2014 Int J Agric 7(1): 26－35. 1 Introduction ? Saudi Arabia is one of the countries that facing great challenges due to its limited water resources in an arid climate for wheat production,

2、considering a strategic crop demand as the population increases greatly. Wheat is the most important staple crop produced in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Its cultivation area was estimated at about 195 884 hectar

3、e in 2009, with total production of about 1.15 million tons per year. Wheat Received date: 2013-11-27 Accepted date: 2014-02-20 Biography: Hussein Mohammed Al-Ghobari, Email: hgobari@ ksu.edu.sa. *Corresponding autho

4、r: Mohamed Said Abdalla El Marazky, Department of Agriculture Engineering King Saud University. P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh: 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Email: melmarazky@ksu.edu.sa. cultivated area was estimated at abou

5、t 42% of the total cultivated area in KSA[1], and seasonal water consumption was estimated at 414 mm in Eastern Region[2]. This was quantified by 834.7 mm and 655.8 mm for the same region under flood and sprinkl

6、er irrigation systems condition, respectively, while the seasonal water consumption for the Central Region and northern border was estimated at 675 mm and 600 mm, respectively, by using sprinkler irrigation[3]. The auth

7、or also reported the highest water consumption in the KSA, which was about 956.3 mm in Al Medina Region. Proper scheduling of sprinkler irrigation is critical for efficient water management in crop production, parti

8、cularly under conditions of water scarcity[4]. The study on the applied amount of sprinkler irrigation water, irrigation frequency and water use are particularly important in order to obtain higher yields[5]. Sprinkler

9、 28 February, 2014 Int J Agric the other one used for control experiment which was using irrigation manually based on ETc values. A strip of land, 10 m in width was used as a buffer zone between plots.

10、The soil type in the plot area was sandy loam; some soil physical properties of the experimental field related to irrigation are shown in Table 2. Solid sprinkler irrigation systems were installed for both wheat plots S

11、IS and CIS. These systems were evaluated and found to be capable to achieve high performance and water uniformity for irrigated area. The field study was carried out in split plot designed with three replicates used wi

12、th irrigation methods as main plots and irrigation levels as subplots. Each plot consists of eight sprinklers to cover cultivated area of 24 m × 9 m. Irrigation systems were equipped with controllers to control t

13、he pressure by using pressure regulators, and flow meters to measure the amount of water applied in each irrigation event. This sprinkler system has been designed and installed for each field plot with PVC laterals, and

14、 were connected to the sub main and main pipes. The sprinkler heads were fitted on the top of the sprinkler risers, which were galvanized steel pipes. The field evaluations of sprinkler system were carried out. Unifor

15、mity index values were found to be within acceptable results and representing good water distribution uniformity. Table 2 Physical characteristic CIS of different soil layers under study Particle size distribution/% BD

16、/g·cm-3 PWP/% (m3·m-3) FC/% (m3·m-3) Soil texture class Clay Silt Sand Layer depth/cm 1.64 5.32 14.74 Sandy loam 13.42 11.77 74.81 0-20 1.61 6.54 17.27 Sandy loam 15.71 11.65 72.64 20-30

17、 1.59 6.58 15.90 Sandy loam 14.83 14.82 70.35 30-60 1.61 6.15 15.97 Sandy loam 14.65 12.75 72.60 Average Note: BD = bulk density, PWP = permanent welting point, FC = field capacity. 2.3 Components, functio

18、ns, and installation of the smart system The SIS chosen for this study was the Hunter ET-System (the use of the trade name does not imply promotion of this product; it is mentioned for research purposes only). The smart

19、 controllers integrate many disciplines to produce a significant improvement in crop production and resource management[21]. This system is not considered as the best system, but it was inexpensive and available on the

20、local market. The SIS was installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions in the field for the planned experiments. It can be customized by station (or “zone”) for specific plants, soils and drip types. This ty

21、pe of system uses digital electronic controllers and modules, and its platform can be wired to an ETc module that can sense the local climatic conditions via different sensors that measure wind speed, rainfall, solar rad