城市規(guī)劃畢業(yè)外文翻譯--地理信息系統(tǒng)在城市規(guī)劃和管理的應(yīng)用以馬來西亞為例（英文）

1、International Symposium Coulson and Bromley, 1990). GIS has long been accepted as the most appropriate solution to address spatially referenced data. The essence of GIS in the plan making process, quoting Calkins (197

2、2), suggested that ‘better planning will be achieved through better information, and better information will necessarily flow from an information system’. However, GIS alone cannot serve all the needs of planning becaus

3、e the current generation of “general purpose” systems cannot easily accommodate the particular informational, computational, and display needs of planning. Clearly, planning requires (i) information that is effectivel

4、y “a spatial” at a particular level of analysis; (ii) information over time; and (iii) measures of spatial interaction. None of this can be easily incorporated into standard GIS packages (Harris and Batty, 1993). 3.

5、2 Planning Support System and Decision Support System GIS is a part of the Planning Support Systems (PSS), which alone can support decision-making and urban problem solving to a considerable extent. However, planners

6、will have to adapt existing GIS tools to meet their needs. Traditional programming languages can be used to develop spatial analysis and modelling tools entirely independent of commercial packages. A combination of so

7、phisticated GIS macro commands and traditional programming language can also be used to develop analytical models closely linked to full-featured GIS toolkits (Klosterman, 2001). The PSS which is a combination of GIS d

8、ata, urban model and presentation technique using computer for planning support has been increasing in use for more enhanced end products. The inevitable evolvement of Information Technology towards PSS means that the

9、exploitation of GIS is more significant. GIS will serve first as a display and communicative device, producing maps and charts that describe past and present conditions and model outputs that suggest alternative futur