[雙語翻譯]隔代教養(yǎng)外文翻譯--祖父母對兒童和青少年生活的影響

1、3150 英文單詞， 英文單詞，18500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 5750 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Dunifon R.The Influence of Grandparents on the Lives of Children and Adolescents[J]. Child Development Perspectives, 2013, 7(1):55–60.The Influence of Grandparents o

2、n the Lives of Children and AdolescentsRachel DunifonABSTRACTRecent trends such as increased life expectancy, decreases in family size, and the rise of both single-parent families and maternal employment increase the pot

3、ential for grandparents to play important roles in the lives of their grandchildren. In this article, I review recent research and discuss directions for research on grandparents’ influence on the lives of children and a

4、doles- cents. I consider the role of nonresidential grandparents in children’s lives, grandparents’ influence in three-generational families, and the well-being of families in which grandparents are raising their grandch

5、ildren. Research regarding the influence of nonresident grand- parents on children is inconclusive, with several studies indicating no or negligible roles for grandparents in such families. Studies of three-generational

6、families suggest that children in such arrangements often fare just as well as children in married families, although these patterns vary by race. Finally, new research highlights areas of need and strength in custodial

7、grandparent families and future research seeks to examine how these factors relate to children’s well-being.KEYWORDS—grandparents; grandchildrenGrandparents may play a more important role in the lives of their grandchild

8、ren than ever before. Increases in life expectancy, from less than 50 years in 1900 to almost 80 years in 2005 (National Center for Health Statistics, 2010), mean that grandparents can sustain relationships with grandchi

9、ldren throughout childhood and into young adulthood. Family sizes have decreased, meaning that grandparents may be able to focus their attention on fewer grandchildren (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009). Families’ need for grand

10、parents’ involvement has increased, with growing numbers of children being raised by a single parent (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011b), increases in maternal employment leading to a need for child care (Bureau of Labor Statist

11、ics, 2011), and grandparents increasingly stepping in to raise children when their parents cannot (Bryson Yorgason et al., 2011); Dunifon and Bajracharya (2012) conducted alternative analyses using proxies for grand- pa

12、rent involvement that were not correlated with child well- being, including the death of a grandparent.Overall, then, there is no clear consensus on the influence of nonresident grandparents on grandchildren, and reachin

13、g such a consensus is hindered by a lack of coherence across studies. Research in this area would benefit from a series of collaborative studies that use similar measures, methods, and outcomes when linking grandparents’

14、 involvement to children’s well-being.THREE-GENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLDSThree-generational households consist of a grandchild, the child’s parent(s), and one or more grandparents. In 2011, 10% of U.S. children were living in

15、such an arrangement: Seven per- cent of White children lived in such families, compared to 14% of Black children, 13% of Hispanic children, and 15% of Asian children. In 2011, 5% of children living with married parents a

16、lso lived with a grandparent, compared to 17% of those living with a single mother (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011b).Research on the implications of three-generational arrangements for children has often focused on children wh

17、o were born to teen mothers. In general, living with a grandmother benefits young mothers’ education (Unger Hao Wakschlag, Chase-Lansdale, & Brooks-Gunn, 1996). However, this may be attributable to the fact that mo

18、thers who live with their parents tend to have fewer parenting skills than those who do not live with their parents (Gordon et al., 2004). Indeed, Pittman and Boswell (2008) found that less effective parenting styles are