[雙語翻譯]旅游安全外文翻譯--安全對旅游需求有影響嗎？（節(jié)選）

1、3250 英文單詞， 英文單詞，18500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 5700 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Ghaderi Z , Saboori B , Khoshkam M . Does security matter in tourism demand?[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2016:1-14.Does security matter in tourism demand?Zahed Gh

2、aderia, Behnaz Saboori and Mana KhoshkamcThis paper aims to investigate the relationship between security and international tourist arrivals. The system Generalized Method of Moments technique is applied in two panels of

3、 29 developed and 45 developing countries over the period 2006–2012. Employing social, economic and political security indexes beside other control variables, the results show that the relationship among all the three su

4、b-indexes of security and tourism is positive and significant in developed nations while it is negative and significant in developing countries.Keywords: tourism security; tourist demand; collective security; system GMMI

5、ntroductionTourism and security are unavoidably interwoven phenomena, and security is very likely the single most important determinant of a tourist destination’s allure (Boakye, 2012; Sönmez Hall et al., 2004; Piz

6、am Sönmez Fallon, 2004; Henderson, 2003; McKercher Pizam Wahab, 1996).Evidences show that substantial declines in global visitation are recorded due to the lack of safety and security in tourist destinations (He

7、nderson, 2003; Pizam Pizam Fallon, 2004; Henderson, 2003), to our knowledge, no study is found to consider these effects by using data from a large sample of countries over time concentrating on a number of security var

8、iables. Furthermore, existing studies often focus on single aspects of security such as terrorism (Fletcher Henderson, 2003; Pizam Sönmez Wahab, 1996), crime (Donaldson George, 2010; McKercher Butfoy, 1997; Buz

9、an, 1997). Buzan (1997) suggests that except those recurring events which create concerns for global security, the new security agenda will be significantly less monolithic and global, and considerably more diverse, regi

10、onal and local in character than the old one, despite the global quality of many of the new threats referent objects (For instance, the Israel–Palestine conflict has been a regional security issue for many years and it h

11、as affected travel and tourism in the Middle-East region).However, the twenty-first century is characterized by intensifying security concerns for tourism from natural and environmental threats to human-induced concerns

12、such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Europe volcanic ashes, climate change, Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011, Bali bombing in Indonesia, 9/11 attacks in the USA, Mumbai attacks in 2008, SARS, H1N1 and Avian influen

13、za diseases, global economic crisis, USled war against Iraq, and Palestine and Israel conflicts. The characteristics of these security concerns are that not only the tourism industry has directly been the soft target of

14、threats, but also the frequency and severity of these incidents were dramatically increased and more organized. Furthermore, the geographical dimension of security incidents has been expanding (Mansfeld & Pizam, 2006

15、), and the ripple effects encompassing the wider region (Hall et al., 2004) due to extensive media coverage of the events. The media exposure sometimes adds fuel to the flame and exaggerates the magnitude and severity of

16、 security issues, especially when these incidents are considered by the media as important news generators (Pizam & Mansfeld, 2006). Hence, when incidents occur, the media become preoccupied in providing its audience

17、s with the most vivid information and analyse these issues. Therefore, potential travellers in the generating markets are saturated with false or true information, which consciously or unconsciously creates a perceived h

18、igh-risk image of the affected destinations. However, in several cases, it was apparent that the information and assessment provided by the media about the crises were biased and the media exaggerated the real risk invol

19、ved in travelling to affected destinations (Ghaderi et al., 2012). Governments react to possible security threats through travel advisories and boycotting tourism products of specific destinations and travel behaviour is

20、 influenced to a great extent by the risk assessment conducted and published by authorities (Pizam & Mansfeld, 2006). Many travellers tend to highly value the accuracy of these assessments and advisories, as they mig

21、ht be unable to make their own judgement as to the real risk involved.Despite the fact that security concerns are major deterrents to global travel and tourism, limited attention has been paid to them from tourism schola

22、rs and practitioners alike. The first series of studies tried to investigate the effects of security issues on tourism industry in 1990s (Pizam & Mansfeld, 2006), and academic endeavours were multiplied after the 9/1

23、1 attacks in the USA (Hall et al., 2004). Nevertheless, limited attention has been paid to collective security issues in tourist destinations and thus this study is an attempt to focus on this subject.Model, data treatme

24、nt and methodologyModel specification and dataTo investigate the effect of collective security on tourist arrival and with reference to the common explanatory variables of inbound tourism in the tourism literature, the f