[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]ppp外文翻譯--雅加達(dá)城市復(fù)興中公私伙伴關(guān)系的關(guān)鍵成功因素（英文）

1、 Abstract—Urbanization is not limited to people who earn enough, but also encourage the community under the less educated and skilled to move and settle in Jakarta. These were the ones who often later created his own

2、living environment in the wild, illegal, unhealthy, dense and seedy. It is the government’s duty and responsibility to regulate the housing environment in order to fulfill citizens’ welfare. Problems arise when the a

3、bility of the government budget is not enough to finance the improvement of slum areas. For those reasons, the government should invite other parties to jointly improve the neighborhoods in question. Facts have shown

4、 that during this time, the cooperation between the government and the private sector has always failed to transform the slum. This paper will explore the factors causing the failure of which is then used as a key su

5、ccess factor of public-private partnerships for urban renewal in Jakarta. Index Terms—Public private partnership, urban renewal. I. INTRODUCTION In line with the rapid economic growth and the development of more advan

6、ced city, Jakarta becomes a destination for immigrants. They come to work, and get better urban amenities, such as educational facilities, health, shopping, entertainment and leisure facilities. Urbanization is not l

7、imited to people who earn enough, but also encourage the community under the less educated and less skilled to move and settle in Jakarta. This low income society generally intends to get a better life. These were the

8、 ones who often later created his own living environment in the wild, illegal, without pay attention to the health aspects of the environment, dense and seedy. Healthy living environment is very important. Affect hea

9、lth to neighborhoods is not only the physical health of the occupants, but also affect the mental health, spiritual and social health of the occupants. Stress, depression, and other mental illnesses are often cause by

10、 unhealthy environment as a place to live. Fighting between residents and the increasing criminal acts are also triggered by circumstances dense neighborhoods, socially unhealthy. The environment does not provide eno

11、ugh space for people to hang out and mingle occupants. It is the duty and responsibility of the government to regulate the housing environment in order for the welfare of its citizens [1]. Problems arise when the abi

12、lity of the government budget, in this case the local government, is not enough to finance the 2013; revised July 15, 2013. Hary Agus Rahardjo is with the University of Persada Indonesia YAI, Jakarta, Indonesia (e-mai

13、l: rahardjo30@ yahoo.com). Fitri Suryani is with the University of Persada Indonesia YAI, Jakarta, Indonesia (e-mail: fitrie_soerjanie@yahoo.co.id). S. T. Trikariastoto is with the University of Persada Indonesia YAI

14、, Jakarta, Indonesia (e-mail: trikarias@yahoo.com). improvement of slum areas. For those reasons, the government should invite other parties to jointly improve the neighborhoods in question [2]. Facts have shown that

15、during this time, the cooperation between the government and the private sector has always failed to transform the slum. For that, we need to examine what factors causing the failure of the establishment of such coop

16、eration; what the actual desires of the communities; how did the causality of the problem structuring seedy neighborhood, community expectations, and cause of failure and so on. This paper will explore the factors ca

17、using the failure of which is then used as a key success factor of public-private partnerships for urban renewal in Jakarta. II. RESEARCH APPROACH The research will be conducted in the housing authorities and associat

18、ed private associations of a major municipal housing authority. Participants will be selected by directly contacting them using contact information available from the housing authority Web site or other contact inform

19、ation. The Survey approach is done by questions. These survey questions are intended to provide information for a qualitative survey of affordable housing and the use of public-private partnerships. It can be distrib

20、uted to individuals at a range of levels in the organization, which will allow for the development of a range of views. The sampling method that will be used for the study is a purposive selection method, in which th

21、e participants are selected according to their suitability for participation in the study [3]. The interview process will consist of interviewing one or two long-term, high-level employees of the housing authority se

22、lected who has been involved in setting and administering the public-private partnership model for affordable housing. This interview will be intended as a semi-guided interview that will provide an in-depth analysis

23、of the origins and effectiveness of the public-private partnership model in the organization. The scope of this research focuses on the development of housing for low income people which is implemented by the privat

24、e sector in collaboration with the government. Case studies will be conducted in Northern Jakarta area. III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Overview of Jakarta City Jakarta is a city with an average growth rate of 3.08% (198

25、0-1990). Total population is based on the estimation of Jakarta National Socio-Economic Survey 2007, there were 9.06 million people, and with an area of 662.33 km² means Key Success Factors for Public Private Part

26、nership in Urban Renewal in Jakarta Hary Agus Rahardjo, Fitri Suryani, and S. T. Trikariastoto IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014217 DOI: 10.7763/IJET.2014.V6.699Manuscr

27、ipt received April 10,resistance from the community. Structuring slum has removed their livelihood, as new settlements have him away from the location where they earn a living everyday. Urban renewal frequently has be

28、en known as the synonym for urban removal [13]. However, from the research that has been done, gives an overview of the following. D. Discussion against Risk Ranking Through the analysis of risk ranking of research dat

29、a, the results obtained with the 2 way risk ranking analysis, mathematical and AHP. While the mathematical analysis obtained 3 kinds of risk level, the risk ranking based on the degree of influence, risk ranking base

30、d on the frequency and level of risk ranking based on risk level. For analysis using AHP software, we get sorts of risk level 1. This discussion is taking the top 10 greatest impact on the development of the applicat

31、ion of the PPP settlement with questionnaire data 1, as listed in the following Table II. TABEL II. THE GREATES IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT Variable Risk Factor Score Risk Factor 1 X9 42.019 Lack of reinforcement fo

32、r legal cooperation agreements involving two parties 2 X13 41.588 Lack of Good Governance 3 X14 38.735 In-Equalization project vision 4 X31 38.469 Unequal benefits for the parties involved 5 X4 37.842 Change

33、 of mandate / authority within the government structure 6 X32 37.194 Lack of funding from the private sector 7 X30 37.046 Financial constraint 8 X12 36.762 Un proportional in sharing of risk burden 9 X2 36.42

34、5 Inability to improve the structure of the agreement 1 0 X11 36.319 Inaccuracy of the government promise E. The Expected Public Infrastructure Facilities We need to explore public opinion on this subject to determ

35、ine the most needed infrastructure in order to identify the infrastructure capacity and reliability that should be improved. Infrastructure facilities are needed to support the activities of community life that will u

36、ltimately affected the capacity of the region. In addition, the determination of such infrastructure can provide an overview of the need for investment, particularly associated with the expansion of the application o

37、f the principles of public-private partnerships. Low-income people give an opinion as follows: 51% need the increase in settlements, 21% increase in transport, 17% increase in clean water, 7% increase in energy (elect

38、ricity and gas), 4% other infrastructure improvements. While the middle and upper gave the following opinion: 42% need the increase in housing, transportation 29%, electricity and gas 18%, and 11% replied require cle

39、an water infrastructure improvements. IV. CONCLUSION Based on the research that has been done along with the results of analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that: 1) Key success factors in the implementation o

40、f public-private partnerships are significant in the development of slum areas, namely: ? strengthening of the legal aspects of cooperation agreements involving two parties (X9) ? good governance (X13) ? equalizati

41、on / equalization vision project (X14) ? equal benefits for the parties involved (X31) ? determination of mandate/ authority within the government structure (X4) 2) For infrastructure improvements needed: low-income

42、 people give an opinion as follows: 51% increase in settlements, 21% increase in transport, 17% increase in clean water, 7% increase in energy (electricity and gas), 4% other infrastructure improvements. While the mid

43、dle and upper gave the following opinion: 42% increase in housing, transportation 29%, electricity and gas 18%, and 11% replied require clean water infrastructure improvements. Results of this study will be a recomm

44、endation to the dense city and can also be a reference for other cities to develop housing through public-private partnerships with the modern principles of integrated project financing in order to improve the welfar

45、e of low-income communities through decent housing needs. REFERENCES [1] S. Dikun, Indonesia Infrastructure Development, BAPPENAS, Jakarta, 2005. [2] Public Private Partnership in Infrastructure Development, Preside

46、ntial Decree Republic of Indonesia, no. 67, 2005, [3] J. W. Creswell, A Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage Publication, London, 2009. [4] Center Bureau for Statistic, Ja

47、karta in numbers. (2007). [Online]. Available: http://www.bps.go.id [5] L. K. L. Grac, and H. W. Chan Edwin, “Factor afecting urban renewal in high density city,” Journal Urban Planning and Development, Case Study i

48、n Hongkong, vol. 134-ASCE Research Library, 2008. [6] N. S. Grigg, Infrastructure Engineering and Management, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988. [7] S. Angel, Housing Policy Matters, Forthcoming from Oxford Un

49、iversity Press, 2000. [8] C. Hardcastle and K. Boothroyd, “Risks overview in public-private partnership,” Public-private Partnerships: Managing Risks and Opportunities, ed. A. Akintoye, M. Beck, and C. Hardcastle, Ne

50、w York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, pp. 31-58. [9] Working in partnership to create sustainable communities. (December 2004). [Online]. Available: http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au [10] J. Austin and McCaffrey, “A Business l

51、eadership coalitions and public-private partnerships in American cities,” Journal of Urban Affairs, pp. 24, 35-54, 2002. [11] F. Bruce, “Mainstreaming micro-finance of housing,” Housing Finance International, Journal

52、 of the Union of International Housing Finance, 2000. [12] L. Sagalyn, “Public/private development,” Journal of the American Planning Association, pp. 73, 7-22, 2007. [13] K. F. Gotham, “A City without slums, Urban R

53、enewal, Public Housing, and Downtown Revitalization in Kansas,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 60, no. 1, January 2001. Hary Agus Rahardjo was born in Tegal, Indonesia in 1959. He got his Ph.D. deg

54、ree in civil engineering from Colorado State University, USA in 2002.His research area is about Construction and Infrastructure Project Management. Dr. Rahardjo has publication in Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sci

55、ences and in International Journal of Business and Management Studies. Fitri Suryani was born in Pontianak Indonesia in 1967. She is Candidate Doctor in civil engineering at the University of Indonesia, Jakarta. Her r

56、esearch area is about Construction and Infrastructure Management. ST. Trikariastoto was born in Sampit, Indonesia, in 1965. He is Candidate Doctor in Architecture at the University of Indonesia, Jakarta. His research a