【astm標準】e 1122 - 96 (2002)

1、Designation:E1122–96(Reapproved2002)StardPracticefObtainingJKInclusionRatingsUsingAutomaticImageAnalysis1ThisstardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1122thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearofiginalad

2、optioninthecaseofrevisiontheyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperepsilon(e)indicatesaneditialchangesincethelastrevisionreapproval.ThisstardhasbeenapprovedfusebyagenciesoftheDepart

3、mentofDefense.1.Scope1.1ThispracticecoversprocedurestoperfmJKtypeinclusionratingsusingautomaticimageanalysisinaccdancewithmicroscopicalmethodsADofPracticeE45.1.2Thispracticedealsonlywiththerecommendedtestmethodsnothingin

4、itshouldbeconstruedasdefiningestablishinglimitsofacceptabilityfanygradeofsteelotheralloywherethemethodisappropriate.1.3ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestard.Valuesinparenthesesareconversionsareapproximate.1.4

5、Thisstarddoesnotpurpttoaddressallofthesafetyconcernsifanyassociatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstardtoestablishappropriatesafetyhealthpracticesdeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatylimitationspritouse.2.R

6、eferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStards:E3GuidefPreparationofMetallographicSpecimens2E7TerminologyRelatingtoMetallography2E45TestMethodsfDeterminingtheInclusionContentofSteel2E768PracticefPreparingEvaluatingSpecimensfAutomaticIn

7、clusionAssessmentofSteel2E1245PracticefDeterminingtheInclusionSecondPhaseConstituentContentofMetalsbyAutomaticImageAnalysis22.2ASTMAdjuncts:InclusionsinSteelPlatesIIII3ColedPlateIllustratingUseofDICfEvaluatingtheQualityo

8、fSpecimenPreparation43.Terminology3.1Definitions—FdefinitionsoftermsusedinthispracticeseeTerminologyE7.3.2DefinitionsofTermsSpecifictoThisStard:3.2.1aspectratio—thelengthtowidthratioofamicrostructuralfeature.3.2.2discont

9、inuousstringer—threemeinclusionsseparatedbylessthan40m(0.0016in.)thatarealignedinaplaneparalleltothehotwkingaxis.3.2.3stringer—anindividualinclusionthatishighlyelongatedinthedefmationdirectionthreemeinclusionsseparatedby

10、lessthan40m(0.0016in.)alignedinthesameplaneparalleltothedefmationdirection.3.2.4thresholdsetting—isolationofarangeofgraylevelvaluesexhibitedbyoneconstituentinthemicroscopefield.4.SummaryofPractice4.1Theinclusionsonthesur

11、faceofaproperlypreparedaspolishedmetallographicspecimenareviewedwithahighqualitymetallurgicalmicroscope.Thebrightfieldimageispickedupbyasuitabletelevisioncameratransferredtotheimageanalyzerscreen.FthemanualMethodDinPract

12、iceE45each0.50mm2testareaisexaminedat100Xclassifiedratedbefemovingtothenextcontiguousfielduntilatotalareaof160mm2iscovered.Usingimageanalysisthe160mm2areacanbeexaminedatanydesiredmagnificationfieldarea.Theinclusionsarecl

13、assifiedbytypethickness.Thenseverityvaluesaredeterminedbasedupontherequired0.50mm2fieldareas.Hencewithimageanalysistheexaminationfieldsizemaybelargersmallerthan0.50mm2aslongastheseveritycalculationsarebasedon0.50mm2subdi

14、visionsofthe160mm2totalexaminationarea.4.2Inclusiontypes(ABCDinaccdancewithmicroscopicalPracticeE45)areseparatedbasedongrayleveldifferencesmphology.Theseinclusionsaretheindigenoustypesresultingfromthedeoxidationofsteelth

15、eprecipitationofsulfideduringsolidification.Sulfides(TypeA)areseparatedfromoxides(TypesBCD)basedongraylevel.Alloftheoxidesarelowerinlightreflectivitythanthesulfides.Theoxidesareseparatedbasedonmphology:Type1Thispracticei

16、sunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE04onMetallographyisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE04.09onInclusions.CurrenteditionapprovedMay101996.PublishedJuly1996.iginallypublishedasE1122–92.LastpreviouseditionE1122–96.2A

17、nnualBookofASTMStardsVol03.01.3AvailablefromASTMHeadquarters.derPCN1250045001.4AvailablefromASTMHeadquarters.derPCN1250768022.1Copyright?ASTMInternational100BarrHarbDrivePOBoxC700WestConshohockenPA194282959UnitedStates.t

18、hetestreptshoulddescribethenatureoftheinclusionsratedaccdingtoeachinclusioncategy(ABCD).5.3Thispracticeisprimarilyestablishedtoprovideaquantitativerating(MethodDofPracticeE45)oftheinclusioncontentinhalfseveritynumberincr

19、ementsfrom0to5feachinclusiontypethickness.Byagreementsbetweenproducerpurchaserthispracticemaybemodifiedtocountonlycertaininclusiontypesthicknessesonlythoseinclusionsaboveacertainseveritylevelboth.Procedurestodefineinclus

20、ioncontentindicesarenotdefinedinthisstardbutmaybeusedbasedonproducerpurchaseragreements.5.4Qualitativepracticesmayalsobeusedwhereonlythehighestseverityratingsfeachinclusiontypethicknessaredefinedthenumberoffieldscontaini

21、ngthesehighestseverityratingsaretabulated.Suchmodifiedreptingpracticesmustbeestablishedbyproducerpurchaseragreement.5.5InadditiontothePracticeE45JKratingsbasic(suchasusedinPracticeE1245)stereologicalmeasurements(fexample

22、thevolumefractionofsulfidesoxidesthenumberofsulfidesoxidespersquaremillimetrethespacingbetweeninclusionssofth)maybeseparatelydeterminedaddedtothetestreptifdesiredfadditionalinfmation.Thispracticehoweverdoesnotaddressthem

23、easurementofsuchparameters.5.6Thequantitativeresultsareintendedtoprovideadeionofthetypesamountsofindigenousinclusionsinaheatofsteelfuseinqualitycontrolpurchaserequirements.Thispracticecontainsnoguidelinesfsuchuse.5.7This

24、practicecategizesinclusionsonlyonthebasisoflightreflectivitymphologythicknesslengthnumber.Noinfmationisobtainedregardinginclusioncomposition.Otheranalyticalproceduresmaybeemployedtodefinetheinclusioncompositionsseparated

25、accdingtotheJKcategories.6.Apparatus6.1Microscopeahighqualitymetallurgicaluprightinvertedequippedwithsuitablelowpowerbrightfieldtypeobjectiveseitheramanualautomatedstageisusedtoimagetheinclusions.Fieldionissimplerwiththe

26、uprighttypemicroscope.Anautomatedstagereducesoperatfatigue.6.2AutomaticImageAnalyzertelevisiontypewithapickuptubewithadequatesensitivitytoseparatesulfidesfromoxidesatrelativelylowmagnificationisrequired.6.2.1Theimageanal

27、yzermustbecapableofdistinguishingbetweenstringeredoxidesisolatedglobularoxides.Theimageanalyzermustalsobecapableofseparatingthestringeredoxidesaccdingtothedifferenceinmphology(TypeBC)measurethestringerlengthsperfieldofea

28、chtype.AlloxidesnotincludedinTypeBCstringersareseparatedcountedasTypeDoxides.Feachtype(ABCD)soseparatedtheimageanalyzermustbecapableofmeasuringthethicknessoftheinclusionstringerseparateeachtypeasthinthick(heavy).6.2.2The

29、imageanalyzermusthaveacomputerwithsufficientmemytostetheratingsofthenumberoffieldsasafunctionofseverityratinginclusiontypethicknessaftertheseveritiesarecalculated.6.3SpecialConsiderations—Theenvironmenthousingthetestequi

30、pmentmustbecontrolled.Computerequipmentrequirescontroloftemperaturehuity.Theairmustberelativelydustfree.Dustthatsettlesonthespecimensurfaceduringanalysiswillinfluencetestresults.7.Sampling7.1Samplingisdoneinaccdancewitht

31、heguidelinesgiveninPracticeE45.8.TestSpecimens8.1ThelocationientationoftestspecimensshallbeasdescribedinPracticeE45.Inallcasesthepolishedsurfaceshallbeparalleltothehotwkingaxis.Studieshavedemonstratedthatinclusionlengthm

32、easurementsaresignificantlyaffectediftheplaneofpolishisangledmethan6fromthelongitudinalhotwkingdirection.5Testspecimensshouldnotbecutfromareasinfluencedbyshearingwhichaltersthetrueientationoftheinclusions.8.2Thesurfaceto

33、bepolishedmustbeatleast160mm2(0.25in.2)inarea.Itisrecommendedthatasignificantlylargeareashouldbeobtainedsothatthemeasurementsmaybemadewithinthedefinedareaawayfromtheedgesofthesample.9.SpecimenPreparation9.1Metallographic

34、specimenpreparationmustbecarefullycontrolledtoproduceacceptablequalitysurfacesfimageanalysis.GuidelinesrecommendationsaregiveninMethodsE3PracticesE45E768.9.2Polishingmustrevealtheinclusionswithoutinterferencefromartifact

35、sfeignmatterscratches.Polishingmustnotalterthetrueappearanceoftheinclusionsbyexcessivereliefpittingpullout.Useofautomaticgrindingpolishingdevicesisrecommended.9.3Inclusionretentionisgenerallyeasiertoaccomplishinhardeneds

36、teelspecimensthanintheannealedcondition.Ifinclusionretentionisinadequateinannealedspecimenstheyshouldbesubjectedtoastardheattreatmentcycleusingarelativelylowtemperingtemperature.Afterheattreatmentthespecimenmustbedescale

37、dthelongitudinalplanemustberegroundbelowanydecarburization.Thisrecommendationonlyappliestoheattreatablesteelgrades.9.4Mountingofspecimensisnotrequiredifunmountedspecimenscanbeproperlypolished.9.5Establishmentofthepolishi

38、ngpracticeshouldbeguidedbyPracticeE768.10.CalibrationStardization10.1AstagemicrometerarulerbothcalibratedagainstdevicestraceabletoarecognizednationalstardslabatysuchastheNationalInstitutefStardsTechnology(NIST)areusedtod

39、eterminethemagnificationofthesystemcalibratethesysteminaccdancewiththemanufacturer’s5AllmT.R.ColemanD.S.“TheEffectofSectioningErrsonMicroscopicDeterminationsofNonMetallicInclusionsinSteels”MetalsMaterialsVol71973pp.280–2