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1、AreScientistsPlayingGodItDependsonYourReligionTheNewYkTimesNovember202007ByJohnTierneyNowthatbiologistsinegonhavereptedusingcloningtoproduceamonkeyembryoextractstemcellsitlooksmeplausiblethanbefethatahumanembryowillbeclo
2、nedthatsomedayaclonedhumanwillbebn.ButnotnecessarilyonthissideofthePacific.AmericanEuropeanresearchershavemademostoftheprogresssofarinbiotechnology.Yettheystillfaceoneverylargeobstacle—GodasdefinedbysomeWesternreligions.
3、WhilecriticsontherighttheleftfretaboutthemalityofstemcellresearchgeicengineeringprominentWesternscientistshavebeengoingtoAsialikethegeicistsNancyJenkinsNealCopelwholefttheNationalCancerInstitutemovedlastyeartoSingape.Asi
4、aoffersresearchersnewlabsfewerrestrictionsadifferentviewofdivinitytheafterlife.InSouthKeawhenHwangWooSukreptedcreatinghumanembryonicstemcellsthroughcloninghedidnotapologizefoffendingreligioustaboos.Hejustifiedcloningbyci
5、tinghisBuddhistbeliefinrecyclinglifethroughreincarnation.WhenDr.Hwang’sclaimwasexposedasafraudhisresearchwassupptedbytheheadofSouthKea’slargestBuddhistdertheRev.JiKwan.ThemonksaidresearchwithembryoswasinaccdwithBuddha’sp
6、receptsurgedKeanscientistsnottobeguidedbyWesternethics.“AsianreligionswrylessthanWesternreligionsthatbiotechnologyisabout‘playingGod’”saysCynthiaFoxtheauthof“CellofCells”abookabouttheglobalraceamongstemcellresearchers.“T
7、herapeuticcloninginparticularjibeswellwiththeBuddhistHinduideasofreincarnation.”MostofsoutherneasternAsiadisplaysrelativelylittleoppositiontoeitherclonedembryonicstemcellresearchgeicallymodifiedcrops.ChinaIndiaSingapeoth
8、ercountrieshaveenactedlawssupptingembryocloningfmedicalresearch(sometimescalledtherapeuticcloningasopposedtoreproductivecloningintendedtorecreateanentirehumanbeing).GeicallymodifiedcropsaregrowninChinaIndiaelsewhere.InEu
9、ropethoughgeicallymodifiedcropsaretaboo.CloninghumanembryosfresearchhasbeenlegallysupptedinEnglseveralothercountriesbutitisbannedinmethanadozenothersincludingFranceGermany.InNthSouthAmericageicallyalteredcropsarewidelyus
10、ed.ButembryocloningfresearchhasbeenbannedinmostcountriesincludingBrazilCanadaMexico.IthasnotbeenbannednationallyintheUnitedStatesbuttheresearchisineligibleffederalfinancingsomestateshaveoutlawedit.Dr.LeeM.Silveramolecula
11、rbiologistatPrincetonexplainsthesepatternsbydividingspiritualbelieversintothreebroadcategies.ThefirsttraditionalChristianspredominateintheWesternHemispheresomeEuropeancountries.ThesecondwhichhecallspostChristiansareconce
12、ntratedinotherEuropeancountriespartsofNthAmericaespeciallyalongthecoasts.ThethirdgrouparefollowersofEasternreligions.“MostpeopleinHinduBuddhistcountries”Dr.Silversays“havearoottraditioninwhichthereisnosinglecreatGod.Inst
13、eadtheremaybenogodsmanygodsthereisnomasterplanftheuniverse.Insteadspiritsareeternalindividualvirtue—karma—determineswhathappenstoyourspiritinyournextlife.Withsomeexceptionsthisviewgenerallyallowstheacceptanceofbothembryo
14、researchtosupptlifegeicallymodifiedcrops.”BycontrastintheJudeoChristiantraditionGodisthemastercreatwhogivesoutnewsoulstoeachindividualhumanbeinggiveshumans“dominion”oversoullessplantsanimals.TotraditionalChristianswhocon
15、sideranembryotobeahumanbeingwithasoulitiswrongfscientiststousecloningtocreatehumanembryostodestroyembryosinthecourseofresearch.Butthereisnosuchtabooagainsthumans’applyingcloninggeicengineeringto“l(fā)ower”animalsplants.Asare
16、sultDr.SilversaysclonedanimalsgeicallymodifiedcropshavenotbecomeasourceofmajcontroversyftraditionalChristians.PostChristiansaremewriedabouttheflafauna.“ManyEuropeansaswellasleftistsinAmerica”Dr.Silversays“haverejectedthe
17、traditionalChristianGodreplaceditwithapostChristiangoddessofMotherNatureamodifiedChristianeschatology.Itisn’tacoherentbeliefsystem.ItmightmightnotincpateNewAgethinking.Butdeepdownthere’saviewthathumansshouldn’tbetamperin
18、gwiththenaturalwld.”Hencetheoppositiontogeicallymodifiedfood.BecausepostChristiansdonotnecessarilysharethebiblicalviewofanomnipotentdeitywiththesolepowertocreatesoulsDr.Silversaystheyarelesswriedaboutscientists“playingGo
19、d”inthelabatywithembryos.InplaceslikeCalifniaresidentshavevotednotonlytoallowembryocloningfresearchbutalsotofinanceit.Butsometimesthereverencefthenaturalwldextendstoembryosleadingtounlikelyalliances.Whenconservativeintel
20、lectualslikeFrancisFukuyamacampaignedfCongresstobanembryocloningsomeenvironmentalactivistslikeJeremyRifkinjoinedthem.AGreenPartyleaderinGermanyVokerBeckreferredtoclonedembryonicstemcellresearchas“veiledcannibalism.”O(jiān)fcou
21、rsemanycriticsofbiotechnologydonotexplicitlyusereligiousdogmatojustifytheiropposition.CountriesliketheUnitedStatesafterallaresupposedtobeguidedbysecularconstitutionsnotsectariancreeds.Soopponentsofgeicallymodifiedfoodsfo
22、cusonthepossibledangerstoecosystemshumanhealthcommitteesofscientiststrytoresolvethedebatebyconductingriskanalysis.Theoutcomehingesmeonbeliefsthanonscientificdata.Astudyfindingthatgeicallymodifiedfoodsaresafemightreassure
23、traditionalChristiansinKansasbutitwon’tstoppostChristiansinStockholmfromwryingabout“Frankenfood.”SimilarlysomeleadingopponentsofembryoresearchfcloninglikeLeonKasssaytheyaredefendingnotJudeoChristianbeliefsbut“humandignit
24、y.”Dr.KassfmerchairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicssaysthespecialstatusofhumansdescribedintheBookofGenesisshouldbeheedednotbecauseoftheBible’sauthitybutbecausethemessagereflectsa“cosmologicaltruth.”Theprospectofclon
25、ingchildrenismuchmedistantparticularlynowthatresearchersarebecomingoptimisticaboutobtainingstemcellswithoutusingembryos.Fnowscientiststhroughoutthewldsaytheydonotevenwanttocontemplatereproductivecloningbecauseoftheriskst
26、othechild.publicopinionpollsdonotshowmuchsupptfitanywhere.Evenifhumancloningbecomessafetheremayneverbemuchdemfitbecausemostpeoplewillpreferhavingchildrentheoldfashionedway.Butsomepeoplemaydesperatelywantaclonedchild—perh
27、apstoreplaceonewhodiedtoprovidelifesavingbonemarrowfasibling—won’tbedissuadednomatterhowmanyChristianspostChristianstrytostopthem.Toreachthisfrontiertheymayjustgoeast.1.Whyisthecloningofhumanembryosseenas‘playingGod’inth
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