機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯1

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計</b></p><p><b>　　（本科畢業(yè)論文）</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文</b></p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料題目：High-rise Tower Crane designed </p><p>　　

2、文獻(xiàn)、資料來源：期刊（著作、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等）</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：2000.3.25</p><p>　　院 （部）： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院</p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機(jī)電工程及自動化</p><p>　　High-rise Tower Crane designed under Turbulent Winds</p

3、><p>　　At present, construction of tower cranes is an important transport operations lifting equipment, tower crane accident the people's livelihood, major hazards, and is currently a large number of tower

4、crane drivers although there are job permits, due to the lack of means to monitor and review the actual work of a serious violation . Strengthen the inspection and assessment is very important. Tower crane tipping the ca

5、use of the accident can be divided into two aspects: on the one hand, as a result</p><p>　　Took place in the tower crane foundation tilt, micro-cracks appear critical weld, bolts loosening the case of failur

6、e to make timely inspection, maintenance, resulting in the continued use of tower cranes in the process of further deterioration of the potential defect, eventually leading to the tower crane tipping. The current limit o

7、f tower crane and the black box and can not be found to connect slewing tower and high-strength bolts loosening tightened after the phenomenon is not timely, not to</p><p>　　Through the use of tower crane an

8、ti-tipping monitor to be resolved. Tower crane anti-tipping Monitor is a new high-tech security monitoring equipment, and its principle for the use of machine vision technology and image processing technology to achieve

9、the measurement of the tilt tower, tower crane on the work of state or non-working state of a variety of reasons angle of the tower caused by the critical state to achieve the alarm, prompt drivers to stop illegal operat

10、ion, a computer chip at the</p><p>　　Observation tower angle driver to go to work and organize the data once a month to ensure that the lateral body axis vertical line to meet the requirements, do not have t

11、o every time and professionals must be completed by Theodolite tower vertical axis measuring the lateral line, simplified the management link. Data logging function to ensure that responsibility for the accident that the

12、 scientific nature to improve the management of data records for the tower crane tower crane life prediction a</p><p>　　Conclusion: The tower crane anti-tipping trial monitor to eliminate potential causes of

13、 accidents to provide accurate and timely information, the tower crane to ensure the smooth development of the leasing business, the decision is correct, and should further strengthen and standardize the use of the envir

14、onment (including new staff training and development of data processing system, etc.).</p><p>　　The first construction cranes were probably invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of

15、 burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High

16、Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stabil</p><p>　　For many centuries, power wa

17、s supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the e

18、arliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems

19、 to provide a much greater lifting capab</p><p>　　Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the talle

20、st tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings, and the largest floating cranes, used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships.</p><p>　　This article also covers lifting machines that do not strictl

21、y fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.</p><p>　　The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6

22、th century BC. The archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC distinctive cuttings for both lifting tongs and lewis irons begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. Since these holes point at the use

23、of a lifting device, and since they are to be found either above the center of gravity of the block, or in pairs equidistant from a point over the center of gravity, they are regarded by archaeologi</p><p>　

24、　The introduction of the winch and pulley hoist soon lead to a widespread replacement of ramps as the main means of vertical motion. For the next two hundred years, Greek building sites witnessed a sharp drop in the weig

25、hts handled, as the new lifting technique made the use of several smaller stones more practical than of fewer larger ones. In contrast to the archaic period with its tendency to ever-increasing block sizes, Greek temples

26、 of the classical age like the Parthenon invariably featured </p><p>　　Although the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remain unclear, it has been argued that the volatile

27、 social and political conditions of Greece were more suitable to the employment of small, professional construction teams than of large bodies of unskilled labour, making the crane more preferable to the Greek polis than

28、 the more labour-intensive ramp which had been the norm in the autocratic societies of Egypt or Assyria. </p><p>　　The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appe

29、ars in the Mechanical Problems (Mech. 18, 853a32-853b13) attributed to Aristotle (384-322 BC), but perhaps composed at a slightly later date. Around the same time, block sizes at Greek temples began to match their archai

30、c predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticated compound pulley must have found its way to Greek construction sites by then. </p><p>　　During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reint

31、roduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire. The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in

32、France about 1225, followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in 1263

33、,</p><p>　　Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites

34、where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels o

35、r wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like ladders,</p><p>　　Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating

36、spokes, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use

37、as early as 1123. </p><p>　　The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with t

38、he simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Al

39、ternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart </p><p>　　In contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists - much like their counterparts in Greec

40、e and Rome - were primarily capable of a vertical lift, and not used to move loads for a considerable distance horizontally as well. Accordingly, lifting work was organized at the workplace in a different way than today.

41、 In building construction, for example, it is assumed that the crane lifted the stone blocks either from the bottom directly into place, or from a place opposite the centre of the wall</p><p>　　It is notewor

42、thy that medieval cranes rarely featured ratchets or brakes to forestall the load from running backward.[25] This curious absence is explained by the high friction force exercised by medieval treadwheels which normally p

43、revented the wheel from accelerating beyond control. </p><p>　　目前，塔式起重機(jī)是建筑工程進(jìn)行起重運(yùn)輸作業(yè)的重要設(shè)備，塔機(jī)事故關(guān)系國計民生、危害重大，而目前眾多的塔機(jī)司機(jī)雖然有上崗證，由于缺少監(jiān)督和復(fù)核手段，實(shí)際工作中違規(guī)嚴(yán)重。加強(qiáng)檢查和考核非常重要。塔機(jī)傾翻事故發(fā)生的原因可以分為兩大方面：一方面由于塔機(jī)管理不到位，違章操

44、作、違章超載、斜拉斜吊現(xiàn)象普遍存在；二是由于對塔機(jī)安全隱患不能夠及時發(fā)現(xiàn)，例如，在塔機(jī)基礎(chǔ)發(fā)生傾斜、關(guān)鍵焊縫出現(xiàn)微裂紋、螺栓松動的情況下沒有及時檢查維修，致使在塔機(jī)繼續(xù)使用過程中使?jié)撛诘娜毕葸M(jìn)一步惡化，最終導(dǎo)致塔機(jī)的傾翻。</p><p>　　目前的塔機(jī)限位器和黑匣子并不能發(fā)現(xiàn)塔身和回轉(zhuǎn)支承連接高強(qiáng)螺栓松動后未及時擰緊現(xiàn)象，不能實(shí)現(xiàn)塔身軸心線側(cè)向垂直度的實(shí)時在線測量 ，不具有對回轉(zhuǎn)打反車、起升機(jī)構(gòu)猛降猛放、吊鉤斜

45、拉斜吊現(xiàn)象的及時提醒和記錄功能，不能對有風(fēng)狀態(tài)的吊載作業(yè)給于必要的防傾翻提示，對工地現(xiàn)場普遍的超載現(xiàn)象存在的整機(jī)傾覆安全隱患無法給出準(zhǔn)確的提醒等等，所有這一切對塔機(jī)租賃、使用、管理人員的困擾，可以通過使用塔機(jī)防傾翻監(jiān)控儀得到解決。塔機(jī)防傾翻監(jiān)控儀是一種新的高科技安全監(jiān)控設(shè)備，其原理為運(yùn)用機(jī)器視覺技術(shù)和圖像處理技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)塔身傾斜度的測量，對塔機(jī)工作狀態(tài)或非工作狀態(tài)的各種原因引起的塔身傾斜角度達(dá)到臨界狀態(tài)時給于報警，提示司機(jī)停止違章操作，同時

46、用電腦芯片對塔機(jī)工作狀態(tài)予以記錄。塔式起重機(jī)每天至少有1次超載工況發(fā)生，最多的日超載次數(shù)達(dá)到23次，司機(jī)操作過程中打反車、急停急吊、斜拉斜吊等現(xiàn)象經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，經(jīng)過核實(shí)和教育，避免了可能的惡性事故的發(fā)生。 在有風(fēng)狀態(tài)的防傾翻尤其重要，塔式起重機(jī)有時出現(xiàn)連接銷軸孔與銷軸配合不符合設(shè)計要求，連接高強(qiáng)螺栓松動后未及時擰緊的現(xiàn)象，通過及時維修和補(bǔ)救措施，保證了安全、可靠的施工進(jìn)度。減少了塔身軸心線</p><p>　　塔式起

47、重機(jī)的現(xiàn)場安全生產(chǎn)管理極其重要，施工過程中發(fā)生鋼結(jié)構(gòu)損壞應(yīng)及時修復(fù)，平時必須做好塔式起重機(jī)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的維護(hù)保養(yǎng)工作，發(fā)現(xiàn)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)受損，必須排除事故隱患，確保安全生產(chǎn)順利進(jìn)行。塔式起重機(jī)在建筑施工中已成為必不可少的施工機(jī)械設(shè)備，塔機(jī)在建筑施工中的現(xiàn)場安全生產(chǎn)管理工作中極其重要。長期以來，人們在維護(hù)塔機(jī)時只重視對傳動及電氣設(shè)備的養(yǎng)護(hù)，而忽視了對鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的檢查及修復(fù)，給施工帶來各種事故隱患。</p><p>　　結(jié)論：塔式起重

48、機(jī)防傾翻監(jiān)控儀試用為消除事故隱患提供了準(zhǔn)確地及時信息，保證了塔式起重機(jī)租賃業(yè)務(wù)的順利開展，決定是正確的，應(yīng)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)和規(guī)范其使用環(huán)境（包括新員工培訓(xùn)和數(shù)據(jù)整理制度制定等）。</p><p>　　The first construction cranes were probably invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of

49、 burden, such as donkeys.第一建筑起重機(jī)可能是古希臘人發(fā)明的，并采用了男子或牛馬，如驢。 These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings.這些起重機(jī)被用于建造高樓大廈。 Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels , permitti

50、ng the lifting of heavier weights.大吊車，后來發(fā)明，從業(yè)人員使用人力treadwheels ，允許解除對重重量。 In the High Middle Ages , harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist wi</p><p>　　For many centuries, power wa

51、s supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power.許多世紀(jì)以來，電力的供應(yīng)、男人或動物的體力消耗， 水車和風(fēng)車可以驅(qū)動下利用自然力量。 The first 'mechanical'

52、power was provided by steam engines , the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century.第一，機(jī)械，電力是由蒸汽機(jī) ，最早的蒸汽起重機(jī)正在推行在18或19世紀(jì)，許多留在使用到20世紀(jì)后期。 M

53、odern cranes usually use internal combus</p><p>　　Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use.起重機(jī)存在一個巨大的各種形式-每個針對特定的使用。 Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used insid

54、e workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings, and the largest floating cranes, used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships.尺寸從最小的臂起重機(jī)，用于內(nèi)部研討會，以最高的塔式起重機(jī)，用于建造高層建筑，而最大的浮吊，用來建立石油鉆塔和打撈沉船。

55、 </p><p>　　This article also covers lifting machines that do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.本文還包括起重機(jī)械，不嚴(yán)格符合上述定義的

56、起重機(jī)，但一般被稱為起重機(jī)，如堆垛起重機(jī)和裝載機(jī)起重機(jī)。 </p><p>　　The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century BC. [ 2 ] The archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC disti

57、nctive cuttings for both lifting tongs and lewis irons begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples.起重機(jī)的起重重物是古希臘人在公元前6世紀(jì)晚期發(fā)明的?？脊庞涗洷砻?，不遲于公元前獨(dú)特c.515剪報為解除鉗和劉易斯鐵桿開始出現(xiàn)在石塊的希臘廟宇。 Since these holes point at the use of a lift

58、ing device, and since they are to be found either above the center of gravity of the block, or in pairs equidist</p><p>　　The introduction of the winch and pulley hoist soon lead to a widespread replacement

59、of ramps as the main means of vertical motion.介紹了絞盤和滑輪提升很快導(dǎo)致普遍更換坡道為主要手段的垂直運(yùn)動。 For the next two hundred years, Greek building sites witnessed a sharp drop in the weights handled, as the new lifting technique made the use

60、of several smaller stones more practical than of fewer larger ones.在接下來的兩百年，希臘建筑地盤發(fā)生了急劇下降的權(quán)重處理，作為新的提升技術(shù)的使用作了一些較小的石頭更切合實(shí)際，而不是更少較大。 In contrast to the archaic period with its tendency to ever-incre</p><p>　　Al

61、though the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remain unclear, it has been argued that the volatile social and political conditions of Greece were more suitable to the employment of sma

62、ll, professional construction teams than of large bodies of unskilled labour, making the crane more preferable to the Greek polis than the more labour-intensive ramp which had been the norm in the autocratic societies of

63、 Egypt or Assyria . [ 3 ]雖然確切情況從坡道的起重機(jī)技術(shù)仍不清楚，有人認(rèn)為，動蕩的社會和政治</p><p>　　The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in the Mechanical Problems ( Mech . 18, 853

64、a32-853b13) attributed to Aristotle (384-322 BC), but perhaps composed at a slightly later date.第一次明確的證據(jù)，文學(xué)存在的化合物滑輪系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)在力學(xué)問題 （ 機(jī)械 。 18 ， 853a32 - 853b13 ）歸因于亞里士多德 （公元前384-322 ） ，但或許組成小幅較后的日期。 Around the same time, block

65、sizes at Greek temples began to match their archaic predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticated compound pulley must have foun</p><p>　　During the High Middle Ages , the treadwheel crane was r

66、eintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire . [ 10 ] The earliest reference to a treadwheel ( magna rota ) reappears in archival

67、literature in France about 1225, [ 11 ] followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. [ 10 ] In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented for Utre

68、cht </p><p>　　Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods.一般來說，垂直運(yùn)輸可以做到更加安全和廉價的起重機(jī)，而不是習(xí)慣的方法。 Typical areas of application were harbors, mines

69、, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals .典型的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域是港口，礦山，特別是，建設(shè)地點(diǎn)treadwheel起重機(jī)發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用建造的崇高哥特式大教堂 。 Nevertheless, both archiva

70、l and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwh</p><p>　　Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiati

71、ng spokes , cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's wheel .除了treadwheels ，中世紀(jì)的描繪也表明起重機(jī)供電手動絞盤與輻射輻條 ， 曲柄和15世紀(jì)也絞盤形狀象一個船舶的車輪 。 To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead

72、-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123. [ 15 ]為了理順違規(guī)行為的沖動和克服'死點(diǎn)'在解除進(jìn)程飛輪已知是在使用中，早在1123年。 </p><p>　　The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was rei

73、ntroduced is not recorded, [ 11 ] although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture.確切的過程中，又被重新treadwheel起重機(jī)沒有記錄， [ 11 ]盡管其返回建筑工地

74、無疑被認(rèn)為是緊密結(jié)合的同步崛起哥特式建筑。 The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved.重現(xiàn)的treadwheel起重機(jī)可能是由于技術(shù)發(fā)展的

75、卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的t</p><p>　　相反，現(xiàn)代起重機(jī)，起重機(jī)和葫蘆中世紀(jì)-就像他們在希臘和羅馬-主要是能夠垂直提升，而不是用于移動負(fù)荷水平相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x，以及。因此，解除工作是在工作場所舉辦以不同的方式比今天。 In building construction, for example, it is assumed that the crane lifted the stone blocks either from th

76、e bottom directly into place, [ 18 ] or from a place opposite the centre of the wall from where it could deliver the blocks for two teams working at each end of the wall. [ 21 ] Additionally, the crane master who usually

77、 gave orders at the treadwheel workers from outside the crane was able to manipulate the</p><p>　　It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featured ratchets or brakes to forestall the load from running b

78、ackward. [ 25 ] This curious absence is explained by the high friction force exercised by medieval treadwheels which normally prevented the wheel from accelerating beyond control. [ 22 ]值得注意的是，中世紀(jì)的起重機(jī)很少精選棘輪或剎車 ，以防止負(fù)荷運(yùn)行落后