網(wǎng)站畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　Website</b></p><p>　　From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p><p>　　A website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are add

2、ressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web s

3、erver, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network. </p><p>　　A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertex

4、t Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). A web page may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.</p><p>　　Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HT

5、TP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according t

6、o its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.</p><p>　　All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.the pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Unifo

7、rm Resource Locator called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation o

8、f the site. </p><p>　　Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites

9、, gaming sites, message boards, web-based e-mail, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data.</p><p><b>　　History</b></p><p>　　The World Wide Web (WW

10、W) was created in 1989 by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee.On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.</p><p>　　Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other pro

11、tocols such as file transfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to downloa

12、d. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats. </p><p><b>　　Overview</b></p><p>　　Organized by function, a w

13、ebsite may be</p><p>　?。?）a personal website </p><p>　?。?）a commercial website </p><p>　　（3）a government website </p><p>　?。?）a non-profit organization website </p&g

14、t;<p>　　It could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the dis

15、tinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.</p><p>　　Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a

16、 software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and c

17、ell phones.</p><p>　　A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves a

18、nd delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is a

19、lso commonly used.</p><p>　　3. Static website</p><p>　　A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded i

20、n Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).</p><p>　　Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present

21、 pre-defined, static information to the user. This may include information about a company and its products and services via text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.</p><p>

22、;　　This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information f

23、or an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.</p&g

24、t;<p>　　In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.</p>

25、<p>　　They are edited using four broad categories of software:</p><p>　　(1) Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup are manipulated directly within the editor program &

26、lt;/p><p>　　(2) Wysiwyg offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is g

27、enerated automatically by the editor software </p><p>　　(3) Wysiwyg online editors which create media rich online presentation like web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents. </p><p>

28、;　　(4) Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and a

29、dd pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of HTML code. </p><p>　　4. Dynamic website</p><p>　　A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes its

30、elf frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria.</p><p>　　Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic con

31、tent is visible or fully displayed.</p><p>　　(1) Dynamic code</p><p>　　The first type is a web page with dynamic code. The code is constructed dynamically on the fly using active programming lan

32、guage instead of plain, static HTML.</p><p>　　A website with dynamic code refers to its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic w

33、eb page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-d

34、efined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by rea</p><p>　　(2) Dynamic content</p><p>　　The second type is a website with dy

35、namic content displayed in plain view. Variable content is displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by retrieving content stored in a database.</p><p>　　A website with dynamic cont

36、ent refers to how its messages, text, images and other information are displayed on the web page and more specifically how its content changes at any given moment. The web page content varies based on certain criteria, e

37、ither pre-defined rules or variable user input. For example, a website with a database of news articles can use a pre-defined rule which tells it to display all news articles for today's date. This type of dynamic we

38、bsite will automatically show the mos</p><p>　　5. Software systems</p><p>　　There is a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Ac

39、tive Server Pages (ASP), Yuma and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrieved from one or more databases or by using XML-based

40、technologies such as RSS.</p><p>　　Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of ini

41、tiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.</p><p>　　Plugins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Microsoft

42、 Silverlight, Adobe Flash, Adobe Shockwave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and real time element updating within web pages (ie pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded t

43、o effect any changes), mainly using the Document Object Model (DOM) and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.</p><p>　　Turning a website into an income source is a common practic

44、e for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.</p><p>　　(1) Content-based site</p><p>

45、　　Some websites derive revenue by selling advertising space on the site (see Contextual advertising).</p><p>　　(2) Product- or service-based sites</p><p>　　Some websites derive revenue by offeri

46、ng products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site.

47、 While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only a

48、vailable for purchase </p><p>　　Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction se

49、rvice to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.</p><p><b>　　網(wǎng)站</b></p><p>　　文章來自 維基百科，自由的百科全書</p><

50、p>　　網(wǎng)站是一組相關(guān)的網(wǎng)頁，圖片，視頻或其他數(shù)字資產(chǎn)的集合，是針對相對的一個共同的統(tǒng)一資源定位符（URL），這個定位器往往由域名，或組成的IP地址在以網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議上的根路徑構(gòu)成。一個網(wǎng)站至少托管在一個Web服務(wù)器，可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或私人局域網(wǎng)等網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)入網(wǎng)站。</p><p>　　一個網(wǎng)頁是一個通常用超文本標(biāo)記語言（HTML和XHTML）指令散布而成的純文本形式的文件。一個網(wǎng)頁還可能包含其他網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)

51、容，但這個網(wǎng)站必須有合適的標(biāo)記錨。</p><p>　　網(wǎng)頁通過超文本傳輸協(xié)議（HTTP）被訪問或傳送，這個超文本傳輸協(xié)議可以選擇性的使用加密（HTTP安全，HTTPS）來為用戶的網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容提供安全性和隱私性。用戶的應(yīng)用程序，往往是一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器，把它和自己的HTML標(biāo)記指令相一致的網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容顯示到一個顯示終端。</p><p>　　所有的可以公開訪問的網(wǎng)站構(gòu)成了萬維網(wǎng)。通過一個被稱為網(wǎng)頁的簡

52、單的統(tǒng)一資源定位器可以進(jìn)入一個網(wǎng)站的頁面。網(wǎng)頁的URL組織它們進(jìn)入一個層次中，它們之間的超鏈接傳達(dá)著讀者感知到的網(wǎng)站結(jié)構(gòu)和引導(dǎo)讀者的網(wǎng)站導(dǎo)航。</p><p>　　有些網(wǎng)站需要訂閱訪問部分或全部內(nèi)容。訂閱網(wǎng)站的例子包括許多商業(yè)網(wǎng)站，新聞網(wǎng)站的一部分內(nèi)容，學(xué)術(shù)雜志的網(wǎng)站，游戲網(wǎng)站，留言板，基于web的電子郵件服務(wù)，社交網(wǎng)站和提供實時股市數(shù)據(jù)的網(wǎng)站。</p><p><b>　　1．

53、網(wǎng)站的歷史</b></p><p>　　萬維網(wǎng)（WWW）是在1989年由歐洲核子研究中心的物理學(xué)家蒂姆伯納斯李創(chuàng)立的。在1993年4月30日，歐洲核子研究中心宣布任何人可以自由使用萬維網(wǎng)。</p><p>　　在引進(jìn)HTML和HTTP之前，其他的協(xié)議比如文件傳輸協(xié)議和gopher協(xié)議通常被用來從服務(wù)器檢索單個文件。這些協(xié)議提供了一個簡單的目錄結(jié)構(gòu)，用戶可以通過目錄結(jié)構(gòu)瀏覽并選擇

54、文件下載。文件往往表現(xiàn)為沒有格式的純文本形式或被轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫幋a的文字處理格式。</p><p><b>　　2．概況</b></p><p>　　按照功能，一個網(wǎng)站可能分類為：</p><p><b>　?。?）個人網(wǎng)站 </b></p><p><b>　?。?）商業(yè)網(wǎng)站 </b>

55、;</p><p><b>　?。?）政府網(wǎng)站 </b></p><p>　?。?）一個非營利性組織的網(wǎng)站 </p><p>　　它可以是個人，企業(yè)或其他組織的工作，通常是專注于某些特定的主題或用途。任何網(wǎng)站可以包含到任何其他網(wǎng)站的一個超鏈接，因此個別網(wǎng)站之間的區(qū)別，正如據(jù)用戶感覺到的，有時會變得模糊。 網(wǎng)站是被寫入，或者動態(tài)地轉(zhuǎn)變

56、為HTML（超文本標(biāo)記語言），并且通過運用一個被分類為用戶代理的軟件界面訪問網(wǎng)站。通過一系列的計算機（其中包括臺式電腦，筆記本電腦，掌上電腦和手機）和不同型號設(shè)備的因特網(wǎng)，可以查看或以其他形式訪問網(wǎng)頁。</p><p>　　網(wǎng)站托管在以Web服務(wù)器，也稱為HTTP服務(wù)器出名的計算機系統(tǒng)之上，并且這些條件還可以參考在這些系統(tǒng)上運行的軟件，這些軟件可以根據(jù)網(wǎng)站用戶的要求收回和傳送網(wǎng)頁。Apache是最常用的Web服務(wù)

57、器軟件（根據(jù)Netcraft的統(tǒng)計），微軟的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息服務(wù)器（IIS）也是常用的軟件。</p><p>　　3．靜態(tài)網(wǎng)站 靜態(tài)網(wǎng)站是一個把網(wǎng)頁存儲在服務(wù)器，并被發(fā)送到客戶網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器的格式。它主要是在超文本標(biāo)記語言（HTML）里編碼。</p><p>　　簡單形式或網(wǎng)站營銷的例子，如經(jīng)典的網(wǎng)站，一個長達(dá)5頁的網(wǎng)站或小冊子的網(wǎng)站，因為他們呈現(xiàn)給用戶的是預(yù)先定義的，靜態(tài)的信息。這可能包

58、括通過文字，圖片，動畫，音頻/視頻和交互式菜單和導(dǎo)航信息傳達(dá)的關(guān)于一個公司及其產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的有關(guān)信息。</p><p>　　這種類型的網(wǎng)站通常顯示給所有的訪問者的都是顯示相同的信息。類似于派發(fā)給消費者的印刷小冊子，一個靜態(tài)網(wǎng)站一般會提供一個長時期的一致的，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息。雖然網(wǎng)站所有者可能會定期地更新內(nèi)容，但它是一個用手操作來編輯文字，照片和其他內(nèi)容的過程，并可以要求有基本的網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計技術(shù)和軟件技術(shù)。 總之，游

59、客無法控制通過一個靜態(tài)網(wǎng)站可以接收到哪些內(nèi)容，只能滿足于網(wǎng)站的所有者當(dāng)時已經(jīng)決定提供的內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　他們使用4大類型的軟件進(jìn)行編輯： </p><p>　?。?）文本編輯器，如記事本或文字編輯，內(nèi)容和HTML標(biāo)記被直接運用在兩者里的編輯程序內(nèi)。</p><p>　?。?）所見即所得的離線編輯器：如Microsoft ，F(xiàn)rontPage和Adobe D

60、reamweaver（原Macromedia Dreamweaver），運用這一編輯器，網(wǎng)站可以使用GUI界面和最終的HTML標(biāo)記，HTML標(biāo)記是由編輯軟件自動生成的。 </p><p>　?。?）所見即所得在線編輯器，它可以創(chuàng)造媒體的豐富的在線演示，例如網(wǎng)頁，部件，介紹，博客和其他的文件。</p><p>　?。?）基于編輯器的模版，如Rapid weaver和I Web，它們允許用戶無

61、需掌握深入的HTML知識就可以快速創(chuàng)建并上傳網(wǎng)頁到Web服務(wù)器，因為它們從一個調(diào)色板選擇了一個合適的模版，并加入桌面出版的圖片和文字它時尚的不需直接操作HTML代碼就可以添加圖片到桌面上已存在的形式當(dāng)中。 </p><p><b>　　4．動態(tài)網(wǎng)站</b></p><p>　　一個動態(tài)網(wǎng)站是一個根據(jù)某些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)頻繁地，自動地變化或制定內(nèi)容的網(wǎng)站。動態(tài)網(wǎng)站有兩種類型的動態(tài)活

62、動：代碼和內(nèi)容。動態(tài)代碼是不可見的，或者是幕后，而動態(tài)內(nèi)容是可見的，或者是完全顯示的。</p><p><b>　　（1）動態(tài)代碼</b></p><p>　　第一類類型是具有動態(tài)代碼的網(wǎng)頁。這種代碼是活躍的編程語言取代普通的，靜態(tài)的HTML來構(gòu)成的。 </p><p>　　具有動態(tài)的代碼的網(wǎng)站是指它的是興建或如何建立的，更具體地說，是指用于創(chuàng)

63、建一個單一的網(wǎng)頁的代碼。一個動態(tài)生成的網(wǎng)頁通過拼湊一些代碼，程序或例行程序生成的。動態(tài)生成的網(wǎng)頁會從數(shù)據(jù)庫中調(diào)用的各種信息，并把它們放到一個預(yù)定好格式的頁面上展示給讀者。它和用戶之間通過各種方式包括閱讀互動餅干確認(rèn)用戶以前的歷史，會話變量，服務(wù)器端變量等，又或者使用直接的互動（表單元素等）。一個站點可以顯示用戶之間對話的現(xiàn)狀，監(jiān)測變化情況，或者是以一種體現(xiàn)個人用戶要求的方式提供內(nèi)容。 </p><p><b

64、>　?。?）動態(tài)內(nèi)容 </b></p><p>　　第二類是一種在普通視圖中顯示動態(tài)內(nèi)容的網(wǎng)站?？勺儍?nèi)容在一些原則的基礎(chǔ)上動態(tài)地顯示在頻幕上，這些內(nèi)容常常是通過回收內(nèi)容，儲存在數(shù)據(jù)庫中。</p><p>　　帶有動態(tài)內(nèi)容的網(wǎng)站指的是它的信息，文本，圖像和其他信息是如何展現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)頁上的，更具體地說，它的內(nèi)容是如何在任何給定時候更改的。該網(wǎng)頁的內(nèi)容根據(jù)某些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)生變化，而這些原

65、則不知道是預(yù)先定義得原則還是可變用戶輸入的原則。例如，一個新聞數(shù)據(jù)庫的網(wǎng)站可以使用一個預(yù)先定義的規(guī)則，這個原則要求它顯示今天的日期的所有新聞文章，這一類型的網(wǎng)站會自動顯示任何給定日期的最新的新聞文章。動態(tài)內(nèi)容的另一個例子是，當(dāng)一個媒介產(chǎn)品的數(shù)據(jù)庫的零售網(wǎng)站允許用戶輸入一個關(guān)鍵字“披頭士”的搜索請求。作為回應(yīng)，網(wǎng)頁的內(nèi)容將會本能地改變它的頁面，顯示一個甲殼蟲樂隊的單子，比如CD，DVD和書籍 。</p><p>&

66、lt;b>　　5．軟件系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　有一系列的軟件系統(tǒng)，如Java服務(wù)器頁面（JSP），PHP和Perl編程語言的Active Server Pages（ASP）時，Yuma和ColdFusion（CFML）可用于生成動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁系統(tǒng)和動態(tài)網(wǎng)站。網(wǎng)站還可能包括來自一個或多個數(shù)據(jù)庫的內(nèi)容，或通過使用基于RSS等技術(shù)的XML的內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　靜態(tài)

67、內(nèi)容還可以定期或動態(tài)生成的，或者如果發(fā)生某些情況下再生（緩存），以避免開始的在每個發(fā)動機的動力性能損失，用戶或每個連接。 </p><p>　　插件可以用于擴(kuò)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器的特征和功能，用它來顯示活動內(nèi)容，如微軟Silverlight，Adobe Flash，Adobe Shockwave或Java編寫的小程序。動態(tài)HTML還為用戶提供交互性和在網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)部更新的元素（即網(wǎng)頁沒必要去加載或重載以做出改變），主要是使用文

68、檔對象模型（DOM）和JavaScript，支持那些內(nèi)置最現(xiàn)代設(shè)備的Web瀏覽器。</p><p>　　把網(wǎng)站轉(zhuǎn)變成一個收入來源是一個Web開發(fā)人員和網(wǎng)站所有者的通行做法。創(chuàng)建商業(yè)網(wǎng)站幾種方法可以分為兩個大類，如以下定義的幾種方法 </p><p>　?。?）基于網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容</p><p>　　一些網(wǎng)站通過出售廣告空間獲得網(wǎng)站收入（見相關(guān)廣告）。</p>

69、<p>　?。?）基于網(wǎng)站的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù) </p><p>　　一些網(wǎng)站通過出售產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)獲得收入。在電子商務(wù)的例子中，在網(wǎng)站輸入信用卡或其他付款信息，就可以在網(wǎng)站上購得商品和服務(wù)。盡管大多數(shù)商業(yè)網(wǎng)站作為以磚和水泥形式存在的櫥窗服務(wù)，但越來越多的是這些網(wǎng)站的商業(yè)知識在自己的范圍內(nèi)，也就是說，它們提供的產(chǎn)品只適用于在網(wǎng)上購買。</p><p>　　網(wǎng)站有時從兩項實踐結(jié)合中獲得收入