計算機系外文翻譯--歷史的計算

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 別 計算機信息與技術系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè) 計算機科學與技術 </p><p>　　班 級 </p><p>　　姓 名

2、 </p><p>　　學 號 </p><p>　　外文出處 </p><p>　　附 件 1. 原文； 2. 譯文 </p><p><b>　　2012年3月</b></p>

3、;<p>　　History of computing</p><p>　　Main article: History of computing hardware</p><p>　　The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who ca

4、rried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine

5、that carries out computations. </p><p>　　Limited-function early computers</p><p>　　The Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, was one of the firs

6、t programmable devices.</p><p>　　The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single device can be identified as the earliest co

7、mputer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the adve

8、nt of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 BC of which a descendant w</p><p>　　Around the end of the 10th century, the French monk Gerbert d'Aurillac brought back fro

9、m Spain the drawings of a machine invented by the Moors that answered either Yes or No to the questions it was asked. Again in the 13th century, the monks Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon built talking androids without an

10、y further development.</p><p>　　In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator, a device that could perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence. The

11、mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two separate ways. Initially, it was in trying to develop more powerful and more flexible calculators that the computer was first theorized by Char

12、les Babbage and then developed. Secondly, development of a low-cost electronic calculator, successor to t</p><p>　　First general-purpose computers</p><p>　　In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an

13、 improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the dev

14、elopment of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.</p><p>　　In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptu

15、alize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine. Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed ; nevertheless

16、his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906. This machine was given t

17、o the Science muse</p><p>　　In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine-readable medium. Earlier uses of machine-readable media had been for control, not data. "After

18、 some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..." To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern in

19、formation processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 189</p><p>　　During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by

20、 increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and ac

21、curacy of modern digital computers.</p><p>　　Alan Turing is widely regarded as the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and

22、computation with the Turing machine, providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. Of his role in the creation of the modern computer, Time magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of

23、 the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-pro</p><p>　　EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored-program (von

24、Neumann) architecture.</p><p>　　Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor (actual size: 12×6.75 mm) in its packaging.</p><p>　　The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was the world's first ele

25、ctronic digital computer, albeit not programmable. Atanasoff is considered to be one of the fathers of the computer.Conceived in 1937 by Iowa State College physics professor John Atanasoff, and built with the assistance

26、of graduate student Clifford Berry, the machine was not programmable, being designed only to solve systems of linear equations. The computer did employ parallel computation. A 1973 court ruling in a patent dispute found

27、</p><p>　　The first program-controlled computer was invented by Konrad Zuse, who built the Z3, an electromechanical computing machine, in 1941. The first programmable electronic computer was the Colossus, bu

28、ilt in 1943 by Tommy Flowers.</p><p>　　George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay

29、-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater

30、 sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability.</p><p>　　A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the

31、key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along thi

32、s road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult. Notable achievements include. Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (</p><p>　　The non-programmable Atan

33、asoff–Berry Computer (commenced in 1937, completed in 1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory. The use of regenerative memory allowed it to be much more compact t

34、han its peers (being approximately the size of a large desk or workbench), since intermediate results could be stored and then fed back into the same set of computation elements.</p><p>　　The secret British

35、Colossus computers (1943), which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime

36、 codes.</p><p>　　The Harvard Mark I (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.</p><p>　　The U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which

37、used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic computer (since Konrad Zuse's Z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible a

38、rchitecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming.</p><p>　　Stored-program architecture</p><p>　　Replica of the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), the world's f

39、irst stored-program computer, at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England</p><p>　　Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a far more flexible and elegant design, wh

40、ich came to be known as the "stored-program architecture" or von Neumann architecture. This design was first formally described by John von Neumann in the paper First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, distributed

41、 in 1945. A number of projects to develop computers based on the stored-program architecture commenced around this time, the first of which was completed in 1948 at the University of </p><p>　　Nearly all mod

42、ern computers implement some form of the stored-program architecture, making it the single trait by which the word "computer" is now defined. While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically s

43、ince the first electronic, general-purpose computers of the 1940s, most still use the von Neumann architecture.</p><p>　　Beginning in the 1950s, Soviet scientists Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov conduc

44、ted research on ternary computers, devices that operated on a base three numbering system of ?1, 0, and 1 rather than the conventional binary numbering system upon which most computers are based. They designed the Setun,

45、 a functional ternary computer, at Moscow State University. The device was put into limited production in the Soviet Union, but supplanted by the more common binary architecture.</p><p>　　Semiconductors and

46、microprocessors</p><p>　　Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by semiconductor transistor-based machines, whi

47、ch were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. The first transistorised computer was demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1953. In the 1970s, integrated circuit techn

48、ology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased si</p><p>　　Modern smartphones are fully programmable computers in their own right, and as of 2009 may well be

49、the most common form of such computers in existenc.</p><p><b>　　歷史的計算</b></p><p>　　主要文章:計算機硬件的歷史</p><p>　　在第一次使用“計算機”這個詞被記錄在1613年,指的是對一個人進行了計算,或計算,與詞的意思相同,直到繼續(xù)20世紀中期。19世

50、紀末開始其更熟悉的含義,一個機器進行計算。</p><p>　　Limited-function早期計算機</p><p>　　雅卡爾的展覽上,在科學工業(yè)博物館在曼徹斯特,是英國最早的一種可編程設備。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代計算機的歷史開始于兩個獨立的技術,自動計算和可編程,但沒有一種單一的設備可以看成是最早的電腦,部分的原因是由于不應用那個術語。一些設備值得一提

51、的是,雖然喜歡一些機械復制計算,很成功,并且存活了幾個世紀,來臨的電子計算器,像蘇美爾算盤,大約在公元前2500年左右的設計贏得競爭的后代對現(xiàn)代書桌速度計算機器在1946年日本滑動規(guī)則,起源于1620年代,進行了五阿波羅太空機構,包括月球等機制,一個古老的天文計算機建造大約在公元前80年的希臘人。亞歷山大的希臘數(shù)學家的英雄(公元前10 -公元70年)建造了一個機械劇院演了一出劇的持續(xù)10分鐘的時間,是一個復雜的旋轉系統(tǒng)操作的繩索和桶,可

52、能會被認為是一種手段決定的哪個部位進行行為和機理的時候。這是可編程的本質。</p><p>　　十世紀末,法國僧侶帶回來斯韋二氏西班牙畫的機器發(fā)明的,要么摩爾人回答是或否的問題。在13世紀,僧侶們Albertus馬格努斯和羅杰·培根說沒有任何建造機器人的進一步發(fā)展。</p><p>　　1642年,文藝復興時期的看見發(fā)明的機械計算器,一種裝置能完成所有的四個算術運算，不用依賴人類

53、的智力。機械計算器的根源是電腦的發(fā)展有兩種方式。最初,是在試圖發(fā)展更強大和更靈活的計算器,電腦是第一個被人們記得查爾斯·巴貝奇,然后理論發(fā)展。其次,開發(fā)的一種低成本的電子計算器繼任者、機械計算器,造成了發(fā)展的第一個商業(yè)化可用英特爾處理器集成電路。</p><p><b>　　第一次通用計算機</b></p><p>　　1801年,約瑟夫瑪麗做了一個改進提花

54、織機介紹紡織一系列打孔紙質卡作為一個模板使織機編織自動錯綜復雜的模式。結果提花機是一個重要的發(fā)展歷程中的電腦,因為使用穿孔卡片來定義編織模式可被看作是早,雖然有限,可編程的形式。</p><p>　　1837年,查爾斯·巴巴奇是第一個構思和設計一個完全可編程機械計算機,他的分析引擎。有限的財政和巴巴奇未能抵抗擺弄設計意味著裝置是根本沒完成的;然而他的兒子,亨利·巴巴奇,完成了一個簡化版本的分析

55、引擎的運算單元(廠)于1888年。他給了一個成功的示范用于計算表于1906年。這臺機器是給科學博物館位于南肯辛頓于1910年。</p><p>　　在1880年代晚期,赫爾曼。霍爾瑞斯發(fā)明了記錄的一種機器可以閱讀的數(shù)據(jù)中。機器的使用媒體早些時候被控制,沒有數(shù)據(jù)?！敖涍^一段時間的試驗,他住在紙帶上穿孔卡片…“處理這些穿孔卡片他發(fā)明了針孔制表機。這三個發(fā)明是基礎的現(xiàn)代信息加工業(yè)。大型自動化的數(shù)據(jù)處理進行了穿孔卡片為1

56、890年美國人口普查由霍勒里斯的公司,后來成為了IBM的核心。19世紀末大量的新技術、新思路,后來被證明是有用的計算機實現(xiàn)的實踐,已經開始出現(xiàn):布爾代數(shù),真空管(計算機閥),穿孔卡片和磁帶,電傳打字機。</p><p>　　在20世紀初,許多科學計算需要受到了越來越復雜的模擬計算機,它通過直接機械或電氣模型為基礎計算問題。然而,這不是編程,通常缺乏的通用性和準確性的現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計算機。</p><

57、p>　　阿蘭·圖靈就被廣泛認為是現(xiàn)代計算機科學之父。在1936年提供了一個有影響力的正規(guī)化涂林的概念和計算方法與涂林機器,提供電子數(shù)字計算機的藍圖。他的角色在創(chuàng)作現(xiàn)代計算機的時候,《時代》雜志在20世紀命名圖靈的100位最具影響力的人物之一,聲明:“事實是,每個人在一個鍵盤,打開水龍頭電子數(shù)據(jù)表或一個字處理程序,正在涂林的化身”。</p><p>　　這Zuse虛擬的某種知識世界,1941年,被認

58、為是世界上的第一個工作可編程、全自動計算機器。</p><p>　　EDSAC是其中第一個計算機來實現(xiàn)stored-program(馮。諾依曼)的建筑。</p><p>　　一個英特爾80486 DX2微處理器(實際尺寸:12×6.75毫米),在它的包裝。</p><p>　　Atanasoff-Berry的計算機(ABC)是世界上最早的電子數(shù)字計算機,但

59、不可編程的。阿坦那索夫被認為是其中一位電腦之父。它孕育于1937年由愛荷華州立大學物理學教授約翰?阿坦那索夫,修筑協(xié)助研究生克利夫?貝瑞,機器沒有可編程的,只有解決系統(tǒng)在設計線性方程組。并采用計算機并行處理能力。1973年專利糾紛的法院判決書中發(fā)現(xiàn)的專利1946 ENIAC計算機來源于Atanasoff-Berry電腦。</p><p>　　第一個程控計算機發(fā)明的康拉德祖薩、誰建的虛擬的某種知識世界,機電一體化計

60、算機器,在1941年。第一個可編程電子計算機是龐然大物,始建于1943年由湯米·花朵。</p><p>　　喬治是國際公認的父親的現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計算機。在工作時,在貝爾實驗室在1937年11月,Stibitz發(fā)明,搭建了一個基于繼電器的計算器他稱為“模型K”(“廚房桌子”,但他聚集它),這是第一個使用二進制電路執(zhí)行算術運算。最近的模型更大的復雜性增加包括復雜的算術和可編程。</p><p&

61、gt;　　一個接一個的穩(wěn)定更強大和靈活的計算裝置建于1940年代和1930年代,逐漸增加的主要特點是出現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)代的計算機。使用數(shù)碼電子(主要是在1937年發(fā)明的克勞德夏儂)和更靈活的可編程是至關重要的步驟,但確定一個點沿著這條道路是“第一個電子數(shù)字計算機”是困難的。顯著的成果包括。</p><p>　　康拉德·祖薩機電“Z機器”。這個虛擬的某種知識世界(1941)是第一個以二進制算術工作機,包括浮點運算和

62、可編程的一個衡量標準。在1998年,虛擬的某種知識世界被證明是圖靈完整,因此被世界上第一個操作電腦。</p><p>　　可編程的的計算機(開始于1937年,在1941年完成)采用真空管基礎計算、二進制數(shù)字,和蓄熱式電容器的記憶。使用蓄熱式記憶允許他的作品被更緊湊的比它的同行出色(正在約的體積有一個大桌子或平臺,因為中間結果可以存儲,然后反饋到相同的一組計算元素。</p><p>　　英國

63、的秘密"巨神像"電腦(1943年),有限但顯示裝置可編程使用成千上萬的管可以合理可靠和電子系統(tǒng)中可編程門。它是用來破壞德國戰(zhàn)時的代碼。</p><p>　　哈佛馬克一世(1944年),一個大型機電式計算機有限的可編程。</p><p>　　美國軍隊的彈道研究實驗室ENIAC(1946),采用十進制算法和有時被稱為第一次通用電子計算機(因為康拉德?祖薩的虛擬的某種知識世界

64、1941使用電磁鐵代替電子)。最初,然而,ENIAC有一個呆板的建筑本質要求改變其重新編程。</p><p>　　小規(guī)模的實驗機的復制品(SSEM),世界上第一個可存儲電腦,在科學工業(yè)博物館在曼徹斯特,英格蘭電子計分數(shù)字計算機的幾個開發(fā)商,承認其缺點,想出了一個更加靈活和優(yōu)雅的設計,這后來被稱作“存儲建筑”或馮·諾依曼結構。本設計是第一個正式的描述由約翰·馮·紐曼在紙的初稿EDVAC

65、的一份報告顯示,分布在1945年。許多項目建立計算機基于存儲建筑開始在這個時候,其中第一本于1948年完工,在英國曼徹斯特大學的,這位小型實驗機(SSEM或“寶貝”)。電子延遲存儲自動計算器(EDSAC),完成后一年SSEM在劍橋大學,是第一個實用的、non-experimental設計和實施可存儲計算機立即在投入使用為研究在本校工作。不久,這臺機器原本馮。諾依曼的描述完成的,卻沒有看見paper-EDVAC-was全職使用額外的兩年。

66、</p><p>　　幾乎所有的現(xiàn)代計算機執(zhí)行一些形式的stored-program架構,使之成為單一對方“計算機”這個詞現(xiàn)在定義。而技術用于電腦有了顯著的變化自從第一電子、通用計算機的1940年代,大部分仍然使用馮·諾依曼體系結構。</p><p>　　從1950年代開始,蘇聯(lián)科學家謝爾蓋·薩辛進行研究,對三元Brusentsov計算機、設備運行在一個基地,三個編碼系

67、統(tǒng)的?1,0,- 1,而不是傳統(tǒng)的二進制編碼系統(tǒng)在大多數(shù)電腦的基礎。他們設計了Setun,功能三元電腦,在莫斯科,州立大學。該設備已經投入有限公司生產在蘇聯(lián),但取代二進制建筑更常見。</p><p><b>　　半導體和微處理器</b></p><p>　　計算機使用真空管為其在使用電子元件在整個1950年代,但到了1960年代已經很大程度地取代了半導體的電晶體的機械

68、,這些機械是更小,更快,更便宜的生產,需要更少的電力,并且他們也更可在1970年代,集成電路技術和隨后而來的微處理器,如英特爾4004,進一步減少體積和成本,進一步提高計算機的速度和可靠性。在1970年代晚期,許多產品,如錄像機專用電腦中被稱為微控制器,他們開始出現(xiàn)在更換到機械控制家電如洗衣機。在1980年代產生了家用電腦和現(xiàn)在到處都個人計算機。因特網的進化,個人電腦將成為一般的電視和電話的家務活動。</p><p&