2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題(含答案詳解+作文范文)_第1頁
已閱讀1頁,還剩7頁未讀, 繼續(xù)免費閱讀

下載本文檔

版權說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內容提供方,若內容存在侵權,請進行舉報或認領

文檔簡介

1、<p><b>  廢除碳關稅</b></p><p>  Park Seung-Joon</p><p>  The Eighth Global Conference on Environmental Taxation.Munich,2007,(10):18-20.</p><p>  迄今,每一個美國的氣候政策的協(xié)商,一個主要癥結

2、點一直是經(jīng)濟競爭力問題。如果美國或其它任何國家——通過一個上限和貿易制度或者碳關稅,獨立強加上碳價格,例如,國內工業(yè)將面對比國際同行業(yè)更高的成本,并可能會在競爭中處于劣勢。當然,美國可以把工業(yè)搬遷到?jīng)]有強制減排目標的國家而不支付這些費用。這種“碳泄露”會導致美國的就業(yè)問題,而沒有減少溫室氣體排放,這是一個兩敗俱傷的結果。</p><p>  對于美國的大多數(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè),氣候政策的出臺將產(chǎn)生微不足道的影響。同樣也有例外,

3、但是,最主要的是能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè),例如鋼鐵和水泥。幸運的是,一些政策機制可以用來保護自己的競爭力。擬議中的美國氣候法案,美國的清潔能源和安全法案,有兩點要求:第一,條例草案旨在將退稅通過自由分配給在碳排放量上增加了成本的能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。其次,美國工業(yè)從沒有碳關稅的國家進口能源密集型商品需要購買這些商品的排放配額,這等于他們國內制造的費用。這一關稅就是邊境稅的調整類型,確保進口商不獲得超過國內其他行業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢。實施邊境調節(jié)機制的想法,現(xiàn)在

4、在歐盟得到普及,其中法國和德國認為,如果其他國家不同意減排,這將保護國內產(chǎn)業(yè)。</p><p>  碳關稅有兩種設計方法,這取決于包含什么類型的產(chǎn)品。最簡單的是僅僅包含最初級的能源密集型材料,例如鋼梁或平板玻璃。一個全面的關稅應該涵蓋所有形式的能源密集型材料,包括那么嵌入式材料的制成品,例如汽車剛或鋁罐裝蘇打。其中包括僅有一些嵌入式材料也可應用的混合方式。例如,在擬議中的美國氣候法案的關稅,包括所有能源密集型的原

5、料,但只有那些成品包含“實質性”能源密集型材料的數(shù)量。</p><p>  作為一個堅持激勵其他國家采取氣候政策的國家,碳關稅對于美國是沒有效果的,因為美國在這些國家的總生產(chǎn)中進口相對較小。例如,在2007年,雖然美國進口鋼材約50萬總噸,在關稅條件符合的國家以原材料和嵌入式材料的形式生產(chǎn),這只占那些國家鋼鐵生產(chǎn)總量的百分之五。以前的材料顯示出口其他原料的比例也很低。對只占產(chǎn)量百分之五的國家征收碳關稅,這是促使這

6、些國家堅持實施全面的氣候變化政策的不足。</p><p>  貿易關稅具有的感情上地感染力,特別是在經(jīng)濟衰退時期,這是在政治上非常流行的貿易保護主義措施。但是這也許不可能,因為設計一個減少廢氣排放量的關稅是非常昂貴的。此外,它會成為其他國家不同意制定氣候政策審議成立的理由。</p><p>  在美國的清潔能源安全法案的關稅是最差的,因為它并不涵蓋所有嵌入式的材料,而且沒有最佳地計劃去解決

7、氣候問題,但是涵蓋足夠的嵌入式材料使它幾乎不可能得到實施。特別是考慮到有其他措施保護國內產(chǎn)業(yè),例如被提議的談津貼回扣,實施碳關稅的邊際效益不平衡的風險——其中最顯著的是潛在的貿易戰(zhàn)和提供彈藥的可能性使發(fā)展中國家拒絕國內關于氣候變化的行動。所以碳關稅應該被淘汰。</p><p>  碳關稅或環(huán)境稅改革:日本的艱難抉擇</p><p>  Catherine izard, Christophe

8、r Weber,sCott MattheWs</p><p>  Nature Reports Climate Change. 2009,(10):17</p><p>  對于熟悉日本高效的高科技產(chǎn)品的世界公民來說,這可能有點出乎意料,那就是日本每年排放8%的溫室氣體超過了京都議定書的年基準。事實上,該國政府實施一項有效的氣候政策的能力被限制,不像其在商業(yè)上的創(chuàng)新表現(xiàn)。</p>

9、;<p>  由于缺乏公民的支持,放抗工商企業(yè)的游說,財政部的漠不關心導致了自2004來的徒勞,日本環(huán)境部提出了自己的碳稅的建議。其建議是低稅率碳稅,專門用于反對全球變暖的措施。實際上,這項建議是環(huán)境部幾個小組通過廣泛研究理論和實際方面內容,包括研究自80年代后期的外國的例子和幾個模擬研究的成果。有趣地是,任何環(huán)境稅制的改革方案都會導致一個在這些實驗中從未得到過測試的“積極的雙重紅利”。</p><p&

10、gt;  環(huán)境稅改革的權利平衡:</p><p><b> ?。薄⒄矫妫?lt;/b></p><p>  在政治決策系統(tǒng),部級官僚的作用是至關重要的。在最近頒布的大約85%條例草案中,其中大部分實際上是由政府里的各部委設計的。政策在幾個委員會進行討論,委員會或主管級的工作組,但他們的成員通常是從部長級官員中挑選而不是從議員成員中挑選。這種挑選程序實際上決定了討論的方向

11、。由于總所周知的行政職能的垂直劃分,這是很難協(xié)調各部委之間的利益的。對于高層的政治問題是多方面,如環(huán)境稅改革問題,它需要跨部主管部委之間的合作,如MOF(財政部),METI(經(jīng)濟部、貿易和工業(yè)、能源政策管理),MLIT(國土資源部、基礎設施和運輸、主管汽油稅收支出),MAFF(農(nóng)業(yè)部、日本林業(yè)和漁業(yè))或者MoEJ(環(huán)境部)。但是協(xié)調他們之間的利益時非常困難的。如前面所述,碳關稅建議是由環(huán)境部提出的。然而即使環(huán)境部和農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、漁業(yè)聯(lián)盟一

12、起支持環(huán)境部的碳關稅建議,但是經(jīng)濟貿易聯(lián)盟基于自身的利益強烈反對生態(tài)稅,而且最近財政部對碳關稅的實施似乎也很不積極。雖然政府稅務委員會(內閣辦公室,實際上是由財政部管理)已經(jīng)根據(jù)前主席弘光石井(他書中的財政專家關于生態(tài)稅部分)了解到生態(tài)稅相當有利,但是今天委員會只能提出碳關稅長遠討論的必要性。</p><p>  在日本實施環(huán)境稅改革面臨非常大的障礙要去跨越。人們相信非經(jīng)濟的做法是有效的,且沒有負擔,如有道德的公

13、民行動,工業(yè)志愿行動或是由環(huán)境部管理的資助等。這并不奇怪,因為經(jīng)濟理論背后的環(huán)境經(jīng)濟措施時是相當難以去傳達和理解的。但隨著看似人為造成的全球氣候變暖,這將不可避免的要去落實一些真正有效的調控措施或經(jīng)濟手段。我們現(xiàn)在需要的,首先是證明稅收轉移方法的有效性和有利于經(jīng)濟,而不是給人們一種救助氣候的說教,或是提供更好的政策措施去了解。雖然在工業(yè)上的抗議非常強烈,但是大多數(shù)的日本人民(包括商人)都想要為保護氣候作出貢獻,并想知道如何做到這一點。最

14、近公布的結果顯示有40%的人支持碳關稅,這是一個極好的兆頭。</p><p>  Scrap the carbon tariff</p><p>  Park Seung-Joon</p><p>  The Eighth Global Conference on Environmental Taxation.Munich,2007,(10):18-20.</

15、p><p>  In every US climate policy negotiation thus far, a major sticking point has been the issue of economic competitiveness. If the US, or indeed any country, independently imposes a price on carbon — throug

16、h a cap-and-trade system or a carbon tax, for example — domestic industries automatically face higher costs than their international peers and could be at a competitive disadvantage. Rather than pay these costs, of cours

17、e, US industry could relocate to countries without mandatory emissions targets</p><p>  For the majority of US industry, the introduction of climate policy would have a negligible economic impact. There are

18、exceptions, however, most notably energy-intensive industries such as steel and cement. Fortunately, several policy mechanisms can be used to protect their competitiveness. The proposed US climate bill, America’s Clean E

19、nergy and Security Act, uses two: first, the bill aims to rebate the increased costs of carbon emissions to energy-intensive industries through free allocation o</p><p>  There are two designs of carbon tari

20、ff, depending on what types of products are included. The simplest covers only primary energy-intensive materials, such as steel beams or plate glass. A comprehensive tariff would cover energy-intensive materials in all

21、forms, including those embedded in finished goods such as the steel in a car or the aluminium in a can of soda. A hybrid approach, which covers only some categories of embedded materials, can also be applied. For example

22、, the tariff in the prop</p><p>  As a stick to motivate other countries to adopt climate policies, a carbon tariff is unlikely to be effective because US imports are small relative to total production in th

23、ese countries. For example, in 2007, although the US imported about 50 million total tonnes of steel — in the form of raw and embedded materials — produced in tariff-eligible countries, this represented only five per cen

24、t of total steel production in those countries6(Fig. 1). Previous work has shown that the percentage of exp</p><p>  Trade tariffs are emotionally appealing. Particularly in a recession, it is tempting to fa

25、ll back on politically popular protectionist measures. But it may be impossible and would certainly be expensive to design a tariff that is effective in reducing emissions. Furthermore, the rationale that it would induce

26、 other countries to develop climate policies does not hold up to scrutiny.</p><p>  The tariff in America’s Clean Energy Security Act is the worst of both worlds, as it doesn’t cover all embedded materials —

27、 and is therefore not optimally designed to address the climate problem — but covers enough embedded materials to make it virtually impossible to implement. Especially given that other measures exist to protect domestic

28、industry, such as the proposed carbon-allowance rebates, the marginal benefits of implementing a carbon tariff do not balance the risks — most notable of whi</p><p>  A Carbon Tax or an Environmental Tax Ref

29、orm: Difficult Dicision for Japan</p><p>  Catherine izard, Christopher Weber,sCott MattheWs</p><p>  Nature Reports Climate Change. 2009,(10):17</p><p>  For a world citizen famili

30、ar with efficient Japanese high-tech products, it may be a bit of a surprise that Japan emits yearly 8% more greenhouse gases than the base year of the Kyoto Protocol. In fact, the ability of its government to realize an

31、 effective climate policy is limited, unlike the innovative performance of its business. </p><p>  The Ministry of Environment Japan has presented its own Carbon Tax proposals three times since 2004 in vain

32、, because of lacking civic support, a resistant business lobby and the Fi-nance Ministry’s indifference. Proposed is a low-rate carbon tax earmarked for anti-global-warming measures. Actually, this proposal is the fruit

33、of the internal discussions of several working groups in the Environment Ministry, which have studied theoretical and practical aspects broadly, including the research of fo</p><p>  Power Balance of the Env

34、ironmental Tax Reform </p><p>  1) Ministries </p><p>  In the political decision making system, the role of ministerial bureaucrats are crucial. About 85% of the recently enacted bills are cabi

35、net laws most of which are practically designed by government officials in different ministries. Policies are discussed in several committees, councils or working groups inside of the competent ministry, and members of t

36、hem are usually selected not by parliament members but by ministerial officials. This selection process factually determines the direction of</p><p>  The implementation of an environmental tax reform faces

37、 very high hurdle to jump in Japan. People believe that non-economic approach such as moralistic civic action, industrial voluntary action or subsidy managed by the Ministry of Environment is effective method available w

38、ithout burden. It is not surprising because the economic theory behind the environmental-economic measures is fairly hard to convey and to be under-stood. But as the weather shows anomaly seemingly caused by anthropogeni

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內容里面會有圖紙預覽,若沒有圖紙預覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權益所有人同意不得將文件中的內容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 眾賞文庫僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內容負責。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權或不適當內容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評論

0/150

提交評論