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1、<p><b>  中文6225字</b></p><p>  畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外文翻譯資料</p><p>  譯文題目: Game Analysis and Countermeasures Discussion </p><p>  On Green Marketing</p><p>  學(xué) 院

2、: 管理學(xué)院 </p><p>  專 業(yè): 市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷 </p><p>  指 導(dǎo) 教 師 意 見(jiàn)</p><p>  綠色營(yíng)銷的博弈分析及對(duì)策探討</p><p><b>  摘要</b></p><p>  在對(duì)綠色營(yíng)銷的博弈情

3、況的某種假設(shè)基礎(chǔ)上,本文對(duì)企業(yè)之間、企業(yè)與消費(fèi)者之間的綠色營(yíng)銷選擇進(jìn)行博弈分析。闡述了實(shí)施綠色營(yíng)銷的必要性如下:綠色營(yíng)銷是經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必然要求;綠色營(yíng)銷是綠色消費(fèi)模式的必然選擇;綠色營(yíng)銷是環(huán)境問(wèn)題法制化的必然結(jié)果。面對(duì)綠色營(yíng)銷的實(shí)施問(wèn)題分析如下:首先,綠色營(yíng)銷的概念尚未建立;二是綠色需求的社會(huì)性尚未形成;三是綠色環(huán)保產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)特性尚未形成。實(shí)施綠色營(yíng)銷對(duì)策如下:注重現(xiàn)代營(yíng)銷理念的宣傳和教育;規(guī)范競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和綠色產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng);加強(qiáng)綠色市場(chǎng)信息透

4、明度;強(qiáng)化食品安全的立法工作。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞: 綠色營(yíng)銷 博弈 對(duì)策 中國(guó) </p><p>  近年來(lái),關(guān)于中國(guó)食品行業(yè)的負(fù)面報(bào)道頻頻出現(xiàn)。首先,毒奶粉,地溝油事件,接著還有瘦肉精,染色饅頭等多起食品安全事件出現(xiàn)。食品行業(yè)在中國(guó)面臨前所未有的信任危機(jī),消費(fèi)者的信心和公眾食物被蠶食。在擁有13億人的大市場(chǎng),糧食自產(chǎn)在中國(guó)的優(yōu)勢(shì)逐漸消失,而食品行業(yè)的剛性需求使得一些洋品牌

5、有機(jī)會(huì)介入,來(lái)分享這塊食品市場(chǎng)蛋糕。由于中國(guó)目前法律行政法規(guī)不健全,大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)觀念也不是那么成熟,消費(fèi)仍處于比較低的水平;綠色消費(fèi)的意識(shí)仍然薄弱,這使綠色市場(chǎng)消費(fèi)沒(méi)有得到充分發(fā)展,而綠色消費(fèi)和綠色營(yíng)銷的性能有一定的對(duì)外依賴。同時(shí),貫徹落實(shí)綠色營(yíng)銷,與企業(yè)聯(lián)接還需要額外的成本和費(fèi)用,這使得相當(dāng)多的企業(yè)仍持有觀望和觀望的態(tài)度。因此,綠色營(yíng)銷博弈的實(shí)施是有不同的管理理念的不同級(jí)別的企業(yè)和博弈的消費(fèi)者共同作用的結(jié)果。與此同時(shí),我們應(yīng)該能

6、發(fā)現(xiàn),采用綠色營(yíng)銷的企業(yè)品牌。例如,蒙牛乳業(yè)憑借100億元處早期的資本的增長(zhǎng)和興旺,而且它使用的資金的1/3打造、宣傳和鞏固的綠色品牌??梢詮倪@個(gè)角度促進(jìn)蒙??萍嫉挠H和力,綠色,營(yíng)養(yǎng)等等方面發(fā)展。在分析綠色營(yíng)銷和博弈模型的相關(guān)主體的基礎(chǔ)上,我用博弈論來(lái)討論在現(xiàn)有企業(yè)實(shí)施的過(guò)程中存在的問(wèn)</p><p>  1.綠色營(yíng)銷的博弈分析</p><p>  1.1博弈分析的假設(shè)</p>

7、<p>  首先我們應(yīng)該在開(kāi)展綠色營(yíng)銷上做出一定的假設(shè)。假設(shè)參與的各方市場(chǎng)都是理性的經(jīng)濟(jì)人,其目的是利潤(rùn)的最大化。其次,當(dāng)參的企業(yè)選擇業(yè)務(wù)戰(zhàn)略,他們認(rèn)為其他企業(yè)的策略是給定的,也就是說(shuō),他們沒(méi)有考慮到自己的決定對(duì)他人的商業(yè)決策的影響。市場(chǎng)信息是完全開(kāi)放的,也就是說(shuō),參與企業(yè)熟悉的特點(diǎn),經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略和市場(chǎng)力量相互的,但在做出決定前,企業(yè)不知道行動(dòng)對(duì)方,以及它們之間的博弈是一種靜態(tài)的。通過(guò)企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的行為,沒(méi)有政府的干預(yù)和政

8、策的引導(dǎo),綠色產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)還處于市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的初期階段。消費(fèi)者的綠色理念薄弱;綠色產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)水平相對(duì)低。與此同時(shí),整個(gè)市場(chǎng)的容量是一定的,但對(duì)于不同的產(chǎn)品(非綠色產(chǎn)品和綠色產(chǎn)品)需求的程度是不一樣的。在同一種營(yíng)銷策略中,產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的增量,單位成本與并參與博弈企業(yè)的可變成本基本上是相同的。</p><p>  1.2.博弈模型分析 </p><p>  1.2.1.企業(yè)之間的博弈</p>

9、<p>  參與博弈的企業(yè)被假定為理性的經(jīng)濟(jì)人,當(dāng)時(shí),利潤(rùn)最大化的追求是原亞洲農(nóng)業(yè)研究的,研究農(nóng)業(yè)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中生存和發(fā)展企業(yè),企業(yè)將尋求利潤(rùn)最大化作為自己的根本目標(biāo),主要依據(jù)和企業(yè)的所有業(yè)務(wù)決策原則都集中在利潤(rùn)最大化,分析博弈的過(guò)程中不同類型的企業(yè)之間在綠色營(yíng)銷分別如下。</p><p>  1.2.1.1實(shí)施綠色營(yíng)銷與不實(shí)施綠色營(yíng)銷的企業(yè)之間的博弈</p><p>

10、  由于綠色食品和綠色營(yíng)銷在中國(guó)還沒(méi)有實(shí)行這么久了,有關(guān)政府部門尚未采取對(duì)生產(chǎn)綠色食品和綠色營(yíng)銷有效的監(jiān)控措施,所以很多企業(yè)還沒(méi)有建立生產(chǎn)理念綠色營(yíng)銷,廣大的綠色消費(fèi)的消費(fèi)者的觀念和意識(shí)仍然非常薄弱。同時(shí),生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品的成本比非綠色產(chǎn)品更高。如果綠色產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)的消費(fèi)需求是短暫的,綠色的消費(fèi)水平還比較低,企業(yè)生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致負(fù)利潤(rùn),使企業(yè)陷入“囚徒困境”。例如,假設(shè)市場(chǎng)上有企業(yè)A和企業(yè)B,并假設(shè)他們都是理性的經(jīng)濟(jì)人,具有追求利潤(rùn)最

11、大化。如果企業(yè)A和企業(yè)B都實(shí)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷和不生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品的主要目標(biāo),那么他們獲得的利潤(rùn)為0,如果企業(yè)B實(shí)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷,那么利潤(rùn)為0,如果企業(yè)A實(shí)施綠色營(yíng)銷,其利潤(rùn)是 - 45,如果企業(yè)A采用傳統(tǒng)的營(yíng)銷,其利潤(rùn)為0,而企業(yè)B采用綠色營(yíng)銷,其利潤(rùn)為-45,如果企業(yè)A和企業(yè)B均采用綠色營(yíng)銷,其利潤(rùn)為-25。因此,無(wú)論企業(yè)A采用綠色營(yíng)銷,企業(yè)B的最優(yōu)選擇是傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷。以同樣的方式,不管企業(yè)B是否采用綠色營(yíng)銷,企業(yè)A的最佳選擇也是傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷。因此,根據(jù)追

12、求利潤(rùn)最大化,企業(yè)A和企業(yè)B的原則,最終選擇傳統(tǒng)的營(yíng)銷。企業(yè)A和企業(yè)B的相應(yīng)的選擇和利潤(rùn)的矩陣可以在下表中可以看出。</p><p>  綠色營(yíng)銷與傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷的博弈</p><p>  A 采用綠色營(yíng)銷方式 B 采用傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷方式</p><p>  A 采用綠色營(yíng)銷方式 -25,-25 -45,0</p&g

13、t;<p>  B 采用傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷方式 0,-45 0,0</p><p>  1.2.1.2.真?zhèn)尉G色營(yíng)銷之間的博弈</p><p>  假定在市場(chǎng)上,也有一些企業(yè)假冒綠色產(chǎn)品和假冒綠色營(yíng)銷,他們獲得了市場(chǎng)通過(guò)假冒綠色產(chǎn)品。因?yàn)榫G色營(yíng)銷企業(yè)需要承擔(dān)一定的費(fèi)用的研究,開(kāi)發(fā),市場(chǎng)推廣和宣傳更多的利潤(rùn),從而使消費(fèi)者選擇和

14、接受綠色產(chǎn)品,并增加購(gòu)買量,從而生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品將具有相對(duì)較高的利潤(rùn)率。假設(shè)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)和開(kāi)發(fā)綠色產(chǎn)品的總成本為1萬(wàn)元,企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)率為40%,則企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)為0。400萬(wàn)元。假設(shè)生產(chǎn)非傳統(tǒng)的綠色產(chǎn)品,為企業(yè)的成本只有0.5萬(wàn)元,而采用傳統(tǒng)的市場(chǎng)推廣后,利潤(rùn)率為18%,那么企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)是90000元。如果它生產(chǎn)假冒綠色產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng),鑒于假冒進(jìn)程也將增加仿冒的成本的一部分,從050萬(wàn)元的成本增加至0.6億元,利潤(rùn)40萬(wàn)元,那么利潤(rùn)率為66%。也就

15、是說(shuō),假綠色營(yíng)銷的企業(yè)分享綠色營(yíng)銷企業(yè)要獲得利潤(rùn)的一部分。它們的利潤(rùn)率可以在表2中可以看出。</p><p>  這個(gè)博弈模型是一個(gè)企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色營(yíng)銷,以及企業(yè)B采用綠色營(yíng)銷,綠色營(yíng)銷是通過(guò)了企業(yè)A的最優(yōu)選擇,而采用企業(yè)B的最優(yōu)選擇是假貨綠色營(yíng)銷,企業(yè)B看到的高利潤(rùn)率由企業(yè)A實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色營(yíng)銷獲得,于是受貪婪驅(qū)動(dòng),生產(chǎn)假冒綠色產(chǎn)品??紤]到部分消費(fèi)者不成熟的消費(fèi)心理和消費(fèi)觀念,綠色產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)不佳的知識(shí),企業(yè)B生產(chǎn)假冒綠色產(chǎn)

16、品為正宗的綠色環(huán)保產(chǎn)品,以獲得較高的利潤(rùn),因此企業(yè)B,產(chǎn)生假冒綠色產(chǎn)品扯起了A.企業(yè)實(shí)施綠色營(yíng)銷。當(dāng)有實(shí)施假綠色營(yíng)銷和正宗的綠色營(yíng)銷企業(yè)的差距很大,如果政府的法律制裁不夠,企業(yè)B將選擇實(shí)施假綠色營(yíng)銷,以獲取更大的非法利益,所以行為假冒綠色產(chǎn)品的屢禁不止,將保持持續(xù)不斷。只有當(dāng)政府部門加強(qiáng)對(duì)假冒綠色營(yíng)銷的懲罰,才可以制止企業(yè)B假冒生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品的行為。</p><p>  1.2.2.企業(yè)與消費(fèi)者之間的博弈 <

17、/p><p>  1.2.2.1.對(duì)是否購(gòu)買綠色產(chǎn)品或普通產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者的博弈</p><p>  因?yàn)槲覀兗僭O(shè)企業(yè)是理性經(jīng)濟(jì)人,所以利潤(rùn)最大化是企業(yè)尋求的目標(biāo),而目標(biāo)消費(fèi)者追求的是效用最大化。當(dāng)企業(yè)實(shí)施綠色營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略,生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品,消費(fèi)者是否選擇購(gòu)買綠色會(huì)有很大的不確定性,如果消費(fèi)者選擇購(gòu)買綠色產(chǎn)品,那么利益和兩項(xiàng)實(shí)用各方都最大化,雙方實(shí)現(xiàn)平衡的博弈,當(dāng)消費(fèi)者不選擇購(gòu)買綠色產(chǎn)品,企業(yè)選擇生

18、產(chǎn)普通產(chǎn)品,和消費(fèi)者的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益不能得到保證。 最理想的狀態(tài)是,企業(yè)生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品,而消費(fèi)者選擇綠色產(chǎn)品,因此,企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者實(shí)現(xiàn)雙贏,符合帕累托最優(yōu)原則。由于綠色營(yíng)銷的外部性,社會(huì)得到改善。</p><p>  1.2.2.2.企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者生產(chǎn)或購(gòu)買真正的綠色產(chǎn)品或虛假的綠色環(huán)保產(chǎn)品</p><p>  當(dāng)綠色意識(shí)和消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)觀念是很強(qiáng)的,綠色的產(chǎn)品有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì),在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件,綠色產(chǎn)品的價(jià)

19、格比普通產(chǎn)品高,因此,綠色產(chǎn)品有更多的利潤(rùn)。這使得一些不法企業(yè)鋌而走險(xiǎn),生產(chǎn)假冒綠色產(chǎn)品。此時(shí)如假冒綠色營(yíng)銷的利潤(rùn)達(dá)不到正宗的綠色營(yíng)銷的利潤(rùn),企業(yè)會(huì)選擇實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的綠色營(yíng)銷,而消費(fèi)者也將購(gòu)買綠色產(chǎn)品。如果假冒綠色營(yíng)銷的利潤(rùn)大于正宗的綠色營(yíng)銷的利潤(rùn),企業(yè)會(huì)選擇正宗綠色營(yíng)銷的措施,而消費(fèi)者會(huì)選擇購(gòu)買綠色產(chǎn)品作為最優(yōu)選擇策略。如果消費(fèi)者選擇購(gòu)買假冒綠色產(chǎn)品,然后由企業(yè)生產(chǎn)假冒綠色產(chǎn)品,那么這是最佳的選擇。當(dāng)然,對(duì)消費(fèi)者本身而言,購(gòu)買假冒綠色產(chǎn)品

20、,不利于他們和社會(huì)的健康。所以我們應(yīng)該避免購(gòu)買這些假冒綠色產(chǎn)品。</p><p>  1.2.3.消費(fèi)者的自我博弈 </p><p>  因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者在購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)中是最終主體,消費(fèi)者的最終目標(biāo)是確保健康和生命安全,同時(shí)保護(hù)人與自然之間的和諧。選擇購(gòu)買綠色產(chǎn)品,對(duì)于消費(fèi)者而言,實(shí)質(zhì)上是一個(gè)博弈的過(guò)程。</p><p>  1.2.3.1.消費(fèi)者自私消費(fèi)和無(wú)私消費(fèi)博弈&

21、lt;/p><p>  假設(shè)消費(fèi)者考慮眼前的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,也就是從自私的消費(fèi)行為產(chǎn)生的支付工具是1,而產(chǎn)生的支付工具從無(wú)私的消費(fèi)行為,同時(shí)考慮到在舞臺(tái)上的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益為-1。通過(guò)今后的研究和發(fā)展,當(dāng)企業(yè)選擇綠色營(yíng)銷,生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品,它需要更多的投入,因而生產(chǎn)成本增加在一定程度上,這使得綠色產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格比普通產(chǎn)品高。但選擇購(gòu)買綠色產(chǎn)品有利于消費(fèi)者的健康,有利于環(huán)境和社會(huì)。如果經(jīng)過(guò)激烈的思想斗爭(zhēng)后,消費(fèi)者的無(wú)私戰(zhàn)勝自私,他們會(huì)選擇購(gòu)

22、買綠色產(chǎn)品。相反,如果消費(fèi)者的自私勝過(guò)無(wú)私,消費(fèi)者會(huì)選擇購(gòu)買普通產(chǎn)品。在此博弈中,消費(fèi)者的自私消費(fèi)行為是最優(yōu)策略。短期利益的驅(qū)動(dòng)消費(fèi)者產(chǎn)生自私的消費(fèi)行為,進(jìn)而會(huì)產(chǎn)生選擇普通產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)行為。</p><p>  1.2.3.2.消費(fèi)者的喜愛(ài)博弈 </p><p>  綠色營(yíng)銷具有環(huán)保和綠色產(chǎn)品的社會(huì)效益。消費(fèi)具有積極的外部經(jīng)濟(jì)性,同時(shí)非綠色產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)具有負(fù)的外部經(jīng)濟(jì)性。綠色產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)可以促進(jìn)

23、消費(fèi)者的健康,通常情況下,它也是有利于保護(hù)環(huán)境和社會(huì)的和諧。但消費(fèi)者將支付更多的錢選擇綠色消費(fèi),非綠色產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)不能得到環(huán)保和健康,有時(shí)甚至發(fā)揮對(duì)社會(huì)環(huán)境的一些負(fù)面影響,但消費(fèi)者可以支付更少的錢。有些消費(fèi)者清楚地知道選擇非綠色產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)會(huì)影響到公眾和社會(huì)環(huán)境的利益,但出于個(gè)人的興趣,或者看到別人這樣做,他們會(huì)選擇遵循一般的行為趨勢(shì)。整個(gè)社會(huì)的福利將在每一個(gè)消費(fèi)者選擇綠色產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)生。博弈分析及對(duì)策探討綠色營(yíng)銷7折痕。如果一個(gè)消費(fèi)者選擇綠色

24、產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi),而消費(fèi)類B不選擇綠色產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi),則消費(fèi)者A將獲得棒的短端;如果消費(fèi)者B選擇綠色消費(fèi),而消費(fèi)類A不選擇綠色產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi),消費(fèi)者一扯起,并在犧牲消費(fèi)者B。如果所有的消費(fèi)者在社會(huì)上都不選擇綠色消費(fèi),那么所有的消費(fèi)者都處于不利的局面,這使得市民在全社會(huì)的福利得不到提高。從支付的成本來(lái)看,消費(fèi)者的最優(yōu)選擇就是非環(huán)保產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)。</p><p>  2.綠色營(yíng)銷的必要性</p><p>  

25、2.1.綠色營(yíng)銷是經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必然要求</p><p>  由于不可持續(xù)的生產(chǎn)方式和過(guò)度掠奪性的消費(fèi)模式,而引起了環(huán)境危機(jī),嚴(yán)重威脅著人類的生存和發(fā)展。目前,節(jié)能減排、環(huán)境保護(hù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展之間的矛盾越來(lái)越突出。人們受短期利益驅(qū)動(dòng),缺乏生態(tài)的概念和意識(shí)。傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)方式和企業(yè)短期利益的行為,以及向池塘里排水,掠奪各種天然資源,嚴(yán)重破壞了生態(tài)。片面追求眼前的高效益和高速的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),導(dǎo)致對(duì)環(huán)境和生態(tài)造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞和污染。

26、環(huán)境危機(jī)的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要的發(fā)展使人們的目標(biāo)從片面追求經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展變?yōu)樽非笕伺c自然的和諧、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略,企業(yè)的行為會(huì)越來(lái)越理性和明智。</p><p>  2.2.綠色營(yíng)銷是綠色消費(fèi)模式的必然選擇 </p><p>  隨著居民生活水平的提高,無(wú)數(shù)消費(fèi)者的健康意識(shí)和消費(fèi)觀念發(fā)生巨大的變化,綠色消費(fèi)得到越來(lái)越多的消費(fèi)者認(rèn)可。調(diào)查顯示,美國(guó)78%,荷蘭為70%,82%德國(guó)人考慮環(huán)境和生態(tài)的問(wèn)題。他們購(gòu)

27、買的商品時(shí),都愿意選擇綠色食品。目前,綠色產(chǎn)品在中國(guó)的闊人家庭的需求也日益顯現(xiàn)。例如,對(duì)北京、上海和其他城市的消費(fèi)者調(diào)查表明,75%?85%的消費(fèi)者愿意購(gòu)買綠色產(chǎn)品。在綠色消費(fèi)的浪潮面前,企業(yè)??必須加強(qiáng)綠色管理的實(shí)施和綠色營(yíng)銷,開(kāi)發(fā)綠色產(chǎn)品,增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。伴隨著綠色營(yíng)銷的將是消費(fèi)觀念和消費(fèi)行為在整個(gè)社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)型。</p><p>  2.3.綠色營(yíng)銷是環(huán)境問(wèn)題法制化的必然結(jié)果 </p><p&g

28、t;  由于有關(guān)環(huán)境和食品安全問(wèn)題的日益突出,有關(guān)環(huán)境保護(hù)和食品安全的法律文件越來(lái)越多地制定,而且不斷涉及更廣泛的領(lǐng)域。食品衛(wèi)生法、食品安全法等法律的實(shí)施提高了保護(hù)的有效性和凝聚力,對(duì)綠色消費(fèi)和綠色營(yíng)銷的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。在政府的監(jiān)管下,企業(yè)跟隨環(huán)境問(wèn)題法制化的趨勢(shì),改變生產(chǎn)工藝和生產(chǎn)方式,并實(shí)施綠色營(yíng)銷和綠色管理,使生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的國(guó)家法律允許的范圍內(nèi)。</p><p>  3.面對(duì)綠色營(yíng)銷的實(shí)施問(wèn)題 <

29、/p><p>  3.1綠色營(yíng)銷的概念尚未確立</p><p>  市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷理念經(jīng)歷了生產(chǎn)觀念,推銷觀念,市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷觀念,社會(huì)營(yíng)銷觀念,綠色營(yíng)銷觀念等階段,且隨著市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系而變化。營(yíng)銷理念即為理念和指導(dǎo)思想,指導(dǎo)企業(yè)的市場(chǎng)推廣活動(dòng),營(yíng)銷理念是否符合實(shí)際需要,關(guān)系到企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的成敗。中國(guó)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然是不健全的,許多企業(yè)尋求生產(chǎn)短期的利益,缺乏對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)和社會(huì)效益的考慮。大部分企業(yè)仍然缺乏對(duì)消費(fèi)需

30、求水平變化的正確的認(rèn)識(shí),從對(duì)綠色產(chǎn)品的需求而產(chǎn)生,大部分企業(yè)綠色產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力差,缺乏從營(yíng)銷理念所帶來(lái)的市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)和足夠的認(rèn)識(shí)。雖然他們意識(shí)到綠色營(yíng)銷帶來(lái)了市場(chǎng)機(jī)遇,但仍步履艱難,因?yàn)榕鲁杀具^(guò)高,因此他們最終無(wú)法贏得市場(chǎng)先機(jī)。</p><p>  3.2.綠色需求社會(huì)性尚未形成</p><p>  隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,有一系列的問(wèn)題,如環(huán)境污染、資源、食品安全問(wèn)題、嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)等等。同時(shí),由于中國(guó)人

31、民和媒體的宣傳滯后、質(zhì)量低,大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者不理解綠色消費(fèi)的真正含義,不理解綠色產(chǎn)品和綠色營(yíng)銷的概念,并沒(méi)有形成內(nèi)部的綠色消費(fèi)需求。大多數(shù)企業(yè)還缺乏對(duì)綠色消費(fèi)需求變化的基本認(rèn)識(shí),以及對(duì)綠色營(yíng)銷帶來(lái)的目前市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)不足。</p><p>  3.3.尚未形成綠色產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn) </p><p>  實(shí)施綠色營(yíng)銷的重要組成部分,主要是生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品,只有加強(qiáng)生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè),我們才可以帶來(lái)真正的綠色產(chǎn)品

32、。雖然國(guó)際社會(huì)早已形成先進(jìn)的清潔生產(chǎn)的概念:綠色制造及追求物質(zhì)消耗和能源消耗的最小化,綠色生產(chǎn)也在一些發(fā)達(dá)的西方國(guó)家得到了廣泛的推廣和運(yùn)營(yíng)。然而,由于中國(guó)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)方式落后,而且有更多的投入,并在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中少產(chǎn)出,資源浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重,排放了相當(dāng)多的廢水和廢渣。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),受污染的區(qū)域中國(guó)的農(nóng)地高達(dá)80萬(wàn)公頃。這充分表明,落后的生產(chǎn)和管理模式,勢(shì)必造成嚴(yán)重危害自然環(huán)境。</p><p><b>  4.意見(jiàn)和

33、建議 </b></p><p>  4.1.現(xiàn)代營(yíng)銷理念的宣傳和教育</p><p>  由于中國(guó)正處于經(jīng)濟(jì)體制轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期,市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制還不完善,經(jīng)濟(jì)的主體往往缺乏在營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的眼光,他們傾向于做出急功近利的決策,因此,政府的行政部門應(yīng)開(kāi)展多種形式的教育和培訓(xùn),講解現(xiàn)代營(yíng)銷理念的形式,在政策上進(jìn)行引導(dǎo),使企業(yè)專注于長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃,和諧發(fā)展。此外,他們也應(yīng)該提倡并開(kāi)展綠色營(yíng)銷策略

34、,積極建立了營(yíng)銷意識(shí),順應(yīng)綠色消費(fèi)需求。</p><p>  4.2.在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的綠色產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng) </p><p>  因?yàn)楦?jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)秩序是不規(guī)則的,大多數(shù)企業(yè)缺乏專業(yè)精神和社會(huì)責(zé)任感,從而導(dǎo)致假冒綠色產(chǎn)品、綠色營(yíng)銷現(xiàn)象頻頻出現(xiàn)。法律制度和市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管的不健全,使得一些非綠色營(yíng)銷企業(yè)試圖采取搭綠色營(yíng)銷的“順風(fēng)車”策略。例如,一些企業(yè)通過(guò)利用部分消費(fèi)者不成熟的消費(fèi)心理和消費(fèi)觀念,生產(chǎn)大量的假冒偽劣、

35、低價(jià)格,甚至是有害的產(chǎn)品。這將不僅威脅到人類和環(huán)境的健康,還會(huì)限制企業(yè)的生存和綠色營(yíng)銷的發(fā)展。因此,政府應(yīng)重視加強(qiáng)對(duì)市場(chǎng)的管理,規(guī)范市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)以及各類媒體,促進(jìn)行業(yè)自律,培養(yǎng)企業(yè)和員工良好的職業(yè)道德,以增強(qiáng)責(zé)任社會(huì)責(zé)任感。</p><p>  4.3.增加綠色市場(chǎng)信息透明度 </p><p>  我們應(yīng)該加大對(duì)企業(yè)的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷和業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)的全社會(huì)的監(jiān)督,并通過(guò)各種新聞媒體的監(jiān)督揭露那些假冒綠色產(chǎn)

36、品和假冒綠色營(yíng)銷,讓消費(fèi)者拒絕購(gòu)買假冒綠色營(yíng)銷的產(chǎn)品或遠(yuǎn)離那些產(chǎn)品,從而使假冒綠色產(chǎn)品和假冒綠色營(yíng)銷失去市場(chǎng)前景。 </p><p>  4.4.食品安全的立法工作 </p><p>  因?yàn)閷?duì)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益和相關(guān)法律知識(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)不足的,大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者缺乏綠色產(chǎn)品和綠色營(yíng)銷的相關(guān)知識(shí),而且他們爭(zhēng)取合法權(quán)益、自我保護(hù)的意識(shí)差。他們無(wú)法對(duì)假冒綠色產(chǎn)品和一些假冒綠色營(yíng)銷的企業(yè)給予有效的抗議。因此,我們應(yīng)

37、該加強(qiáng)環(huán)境保護(hù)和食品安全的立法,通過(guò)不同的渠道,組織各種形式的法制宣傳教育,加強(qiáng)綠色產(chǎn)品的知識(shí)和綠色營(yíng)銷文化。通過(guò)全社會(huì)的教育,消費(fèi)者會(huì)保護(hù)自己的合法權(quán)益意識(shí)并監(jiān)督企業(yè)的綠色營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)。與此同時(shí),我們必須嚴(yán)懲假冒綠色產(chǎn)品和假冒綠色市場(chǎng),實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)無(wú)法通過(guò)假冒綠色營(yíng)銷獲取暴利的目標(biāo)。</p><p>  Game Analysis and Countermeasures Discussion on Green Mark

38、eting</p><p><b>  ABSTRACT</b></p><p>  On the basis of making certain assumption on the game situation of carrying out green marketing,this paper conducts game analysis on the green

39、 marketing choice among enterprises,the green marketing choice between enterprises and consumers,and the green marketing choice of consumers.Then this paper expounds the necessity of implementing green marketing as follo

40、ws: the green marketing is the inevitable requirements of sustainable development of economy; the green marketing is the inevitable choice</p><p>  Keywords: Green marketing , Game, Countermeasures, China.&l

41、t;/p><p>  In recent years,the negative publicity concerning China's food industry occurs frequently. First,there are incidents of toxic milk powder and swill-cooked dirty oil,and then lean meat powder inci

42、dent and dyed steamed bun incident emerge.The food industry in China is in face of unprecedented trust crisis.The confidence of consumers and the public in food is nibbled.In the large market with 1.37 billion people,the

43、 advantage of self-produced food in China is gradually vanishing,while the rigid dema</p><p>  1. Game analysis of green marketing</p><p>  1.1. Game situation assumption</p><p>  W

44、e should first make certain assumption on carrying out the game situation of green marketing.We assume that all parties participating in the market are all rational economic man,the aim of which is maximization of profit

45、s.Second,when the enterprises involved in game choose business strategy,they regard the strategies of other enterprises as given ones,that is,they do not take into account the impact of their own decisions on the busines

46、s decisions of others. Market information is completely ope</p><p>  1.2 .Game model analysis</p><p>  1.2.1 .Game among enterprises</p><p>  The enterprises involved in game are as

47、sumed as a kind of rational economic man,and at the moment,the pursuit of profit maximization is the original Asian Agricultural Research 2011 3(7): 5 -9 Research on Agricultural Macro Economy power for survival and deve

48、lopment of enterprises.In the market competition,the enterprises should take seeking profit maximization as the fundamental goal of themselves.The main basis and principles of all business decisions of enterprises are ce

49、ntered on profit maxi</p><p>  1.2.1 .1.Game between enterprises implementing green marketing and enterprises not implementing green marketing.</p><p>  Because green food and green marketing in

50、 China have not yet been implemented for so long,and the relevant governmental departments have not yet taken effective surveillance measures on the production of green food and green marketing,so many enterprises have n

51、ot yet established the idea of production of green marketing,and the majority of consumers' concept and awareness of green consumption are still very weak. Meanwhile,the cost of producing green products is higher tha

52、n that of non-green pro</p><p>  Table Game between green marketing and traditional marketing</p><p>  A Adopting B Adopting </p><p>  green marketing traditional marketin

53、g</p><p>  A Adopting green marketing -25,-25 -45,0</p><p>  B Adopting traditional marketing 0,-45 0,0</p><p>  

54、1.2.1.2. Game between true green marketing and false green marketing.</p><p>  Assuming that in the market,there are some enterprises with counterfeit green products and fake green marketing,and they obtain

55、more profits from the market via counterfeit green products.Because green marketing enterprises need to bear certain outlay on research,development,marketing and publicity,so that the consumers choose and accept green pr

56、oducts,and increase purchase volume,thus the production of green products will have relatively high profit margin. Assuming that the total cost of produ</p><p>  This game model is that Enterprise A implemen

57、ts green marketing,and Enterprise B adopts green marketing.The green marketing is the optimal choice adopted by Enterprise A,while the optimal choice adopted by Enterprise B is fake green marketing.Enterprise B sees the

58、high profit margin obtained by Enterprise A which implements green marketing,and driven by the greed,produces fake green products.Considering the immature consumption psychology and consumption concept of some consumers,

59、and their poor </p><p>  1.2.2. Game between enterprises and consumers.</p><p>  1.2.2.1. Game of enterprises and consumers on whether to purchase green products or common products.</p>&

60、lt;p>  Because we assume that the enterprise is rational economic man,so profit maximization is the goal the enterprise seeks,while the goal the consumers seek is utility maximization. When the enterprises implement t

61、he strategy of green marketing and produce green products,whether the consumers choose to buy green 6 Asian Agricultural Research 2011 products or not will have a great uncertainty.If consumers choose to buy green produc

62、ts,then the interests and utility of two parties are maximized,and the</p><p>  1.2.2.2. Game of enterprises and consumers producing or purchasing true green products or false green products.</p><

63、p>  When the green awareness and consumption concept of consumers are strong,the green products have certain advantages in terms of the market competition,and the price of green products is higher than that of the com

64、mon products,therefore,the green products have more profits as against the common products,which makes some unscrupulous enterprises risk danger in desperation,to produce and make fake green products,being engaged in fak

65、e green marketing activities.At this time if the profit of fake gre</p><p>  1.2.3. Consumers' self-game.</p><p>  Because consumers are the ultimate main body of purchasing market products,

66、and the consumers' ultimate goal of purchasing market products is to ensure the safety of health and lives,and also protect the ecological environment and the harmony between man and nature. The process of choosing t

67、o buy green products for consumers,in essence,is a game process. There are mainly two types as follows.</p><p>  1.2.3.1. Game of consumers' selfish consumption behaviors and selfless consumption behavio

68、rs.</p><p>  Assuming that the consumers consider the immediate economic interests,that is,the payment utility arising from selfish consumption behavior is 1,and the payment utility arising from selfless con

69、sumption behavior after taking into account the long-term interests is -1.Because in the stage of research and development,when the enterprise chooses green marketing,to produce green products,it needs more inputs,thus t

70、he production costs increase to some extent,which makes the price of green products hi</p><p>  1.2.3.2. Game among consumers.</p><p>  Green marketing has environmental and social benefits.The

71、consumption of green products has positive external economy,while the consumption of non-green products has negative external economy.The consumption of green products can promote the consumer's health,and in the mea

72、n time,it is also conducive to environmental protection and social harmony,but the consumers will pay more money for choosing green consumption.The consumption of non-green products cannot obtain environmental protection

73、 and h</p><p>  2. Necessity of green marketing</p><p>  2.1. The green marketing is the inevitable requirements of sustainable development of economy.</p><p>  Because of unsustain

74、able production mode and excessively predatory consumption pattern,there has been environmental crisis,which seriously threatens survival and development of human.At present,the contradiction between energy saving,enviro

75、nmental protection and economic development more and more stands out.People are driven by short-term interests,lacking the concept and awareness of ecology.The traditional production mode and short-term interest behavior

76、 of enterprises,as well as the method of</p><p>  2.2 .The green marketing is the inevitable choice of green consumption mode.</p><p>  As residents' living standards are improved,myriad con

77、sumers' health awareness and consumption concept change dramatically,and the green consumption get the recognition from more and more consumers.Survey shows that 78% of the American,70% of the Dutch,and 82% of the Ge

78、rman consider the problems of environment and ecology when they purchase goods,they are willing to choose green food.Currently,the demand for green products in China's well off families is also increasingly shown. Fo

79、r example,the </p><p>  2.3. The green marketing is the inevitable results of legalization of environmental problems.</p><p>  As the issues concerning environment and food safety become more pr

80、ominent,the legal documents regarding environmental protection and food safety are formulated increasingly,involving wider field ceaselessly.The enforcement of Food Sanitation Law,F(xiàn)ood Safety Law and</p><p>

81、  other laws enhances the effectiveness and coerciveness of protective measures,having a profound impact on the development of green consumption and green marketing.Under the regulation of the government,the enterprises

82、must comply with the trend of legalization of environmental problems,change the production technology and production mode,and implement green marketing and green management,so that the activities of production and operat

83、ion go on within the allowable range of the national laws,and </p><p>  The problems faced by the implementation of green marketing</p><p>  3.1 The concept of green marketing has not yet been e

84、stablished.</p><p>  The marketing concept of market undergoes the stages of production concept,merchandising concept,marketing concept,social marketing concept,green marketing concept and so on,along with t

85、he change of supply and demand relations in market. Marketing concept is the idea and guiding thought for enterprise's marketing activities,and whether the marketing concept is in line with practical needs is related

86、 to the success of operation of enterprises. Because China's market economy is still unsound,and m</p><p>  3.2. The sociality of green demand has not yet taken Shape.</p><p>  With China

87、9;s economic development,there are a series of problems, such as environmental pollution,serious waste of resources,food safety issues and so on.Meanwhile,due to the low quality of the national people and lagging of the

88、media publicity,most consumers do not understand the true meaning of green consumption,do not understand green products and the concept of green marketing,and have not yet formed the internal green consumer demand. Most

89、of enterprises also lack fundamental understanding </p><p>  3.3. The production characteristic of green products has not yet formed.</p><p>  The important part of implementing green marketing

90、primarily is the production of green products.Only by improving the ecological environment can we bring true green</p><p>  products.Although the international community has long advanced the concept of clea

91、n production,and green manufacturing,and pursued the minimization of material consumption and energy consumption. The green production gets the widespread promotion and operation in some developed western countries.Howev

92、er,as China's production technology and production mode lag behind,and there are more inputs and less outputs in industrial production,the waste of resources is serious,generating considerable emis</p><p&g

93、t;  reaches as high as 80 million hm2.This has fully demonstrated that backward production and management mode,will inevitably cause serious harm to the natural environment</p><p>  4. Countermeasures and su

94、ggestions</p><p>  4.1. Pay attention to the propaganda and education of modern marketing concept.</p><p>  As China is in the transitional period of economic system and the market economy syste

95、m is not perfect,most economic subjects often lack a long-term vision in the implementation of marketing strategy and they tend to seek quick success and instant benefits in decision making.Therefore,the administrative a

96、uthorities of the government should carry out a variety of forms of education and training on modern marketing concept,conduct guidance in terms of policies and enable enterprises to focus on lo</p><p>  4.2

97、. Regulate the competition in the market of green products</p><p>  Because the order of the competition in the market is irregular,most enterprises lack professionalism and the sense of social responsibilit

98、y,thus leading to the phenomenon that fake green products and green marketing appear frequently.As the legal system and market supervision are not perfect,some non-green marketing enterprises attempt to take the " r

99、ide" of green marketing. For example,some enterprises produce large numbers of fake,shoddy,low-price,or even harmful products by making use of the</p><p>  4.3. Strengthen transparency of green market i

100、nformation</p><p>  We should intensify the whole society's supervision on the enterprise marketing and business activity,and expose those fake green products and fake green marketing by the supervision

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