外文翻譯--用于石砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的評估和加強干預(yù)控制的方法和工具（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　650單詞，3700英文字符，1100漢字</p><p>　　Methodologies and Tools for the Assessment of Stone Masonry Structures and Control of Strengthening Interventions</p><p>　　Characterization of old stone

2、 masonry structures is a very complex task, which requires specific multidisciplinary methodologies of evaluation that have been improved and applied, in particular to historical constructions or constructions with high

3、cultural value [18]. Such methodologies allow designers, such as engineers and architects, to assess the materials and structural systems of the constructions, as well as their geometry and damage state. Such information

4、 is indispensable to calibrate </p><p>　　These evaluation methodologies are present in the Eurocode 8 [67] and in the Italian Technical Norms for Construction [40], and specified for Cultural Heritage in the

5、 Italian Guidelines [68]. These norms define different levels of knowledge, correlated to the extent of application of the methodologies, which are then related to different confidence factors. These factors are of great

6、 importance to designers for defining retrofitting and (or) strengthening interventions.</p><p>　　The evaluation methodologies can be divided into two main phases: (1) knowledge phase (historical research; a

7、ssessment of the structure—geometry and material; damage survey; onsite and laboratory tests) and (2) analysis phase (selection of the type of analysis, model and tools).</p><p>　　The knowledge phase is char

8、acterized by several steps with the ultimate goal of characterizing in a complete and detailed, as much as possible, way the structural system. This phase is essentially composed by five steps: (1a) historical investigat

9、ion, paying special attention to the transformations and structural interventions performed to the structure throughout time: assessment of the efficiency of those actions and discussion on their influence to the behavio

10、ur of the structure; (1b) descrip</p><p>　　The level of depth and detail involved in this 1st phase depends on the proposed objectives established for each particular case. If it intends a simplified analysi

11、s, or the analysis of only a certain part of the structure, it may not be reasonable to implement all the five steps with the same detail, or to apply them to the whole structure. This depends largely on the experience o

12、f the technicians involved in the study; a less experienced person may: (1) be extremely conservative (2) or totally</p><p>　　The 2nd phase is characterized by a single step: (2a) define a modelling strategy

13、 for the assessment of the structures based on the previously gathered information. Within this step, and based on the objectives defined for each case, different matters have to be decided, such as the most effective: (

14、i) modelling type analysis (limit analysis, analysis with numerical models, in particular using finite elements, etc.) and (ii) material type behaviour (linear or nonlinear).</p><p>　　The two phases are not

15、always applied in a unidirectional way, i.e., after the defini- tion of the 1st phase, and after passing to the analysis and modelling of the structure, it is often necessary to reassess the input information, entering i

16、nto an iterative process.</p><p>　　用于石砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的評估和加強干預(yù)控制的方法和工具</p><p>　　老石砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的表征研究是一個非常復(fù)雜的任務(wù)，它需要已經(jīng)被改良的、實用性的、多領(lǐng)域的特殊評估方法，尤其是對于歷史建筑或是具有較高人文價值的建筑[18]。這種方法允許設(shè)計師，工程師和建筑師，去評估建筑體系的材料和結(jié)構(gòu)，以及它的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)和損害的狀態(tài)。這種信息

17、對于校準和評定數(shù)字模式的典型性是不可或缺的，它們被選定為建筑模擬，這將有助于了解相應(yīng)的流程，有助于了解建造的真實狀態(tài)和衡量擬議干預(yù)對策的實際性能。</p><p>　　這些評估方法出現(xiàn)在歐洲規(guī)范8[67]和意大利建筑物技術(shù)規(guī)范[40]中，以及在意大利指導(dǎo)方針中指定的文化遺產(chǎn) [68]。這些規(guī)范定義不同層次的知識，相關(guān)聯(lián)的方法應(yīng)用的程度范圍，然后連帶出不同的置信度因素。這些因素對于設(shè)計師的定義改造和（或）加強干預(yù)措

18、施至關(guān)重要。</p><p>　　評估方法可以分為兩個主要階段:（1）知識階段(歷史研究;結(jié)構(gòu)的評估—幾何結(jié)構(gòu)和材料;損害調(diào)查;現(xiàn)場和實驗室測試)，（2）分析階段（分析、模擬和工具類型的選擇）。</p><p>　　知識階段是由幾個步驟來實現(xiàn)，最終目標是要通過盡可能多的方式對結(jié)構(gòu)體系進行完整地以及詳細地表征特點的分析。這一階段基本上由五個步驟組成：(1a)歷史考察，特別注意的是在結(jié)構(gòu)的整個

19、時間范圍內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)換和干預(yù)執(zhí)行；對這些行動效益的評估和探討這些行為對結(jié)構(gòu)造成的影響；(1b)建筑物的描述，通過對每個建筑和結(jié)構(gòu)原理的細節(jié)分析，以及調(diào)查幾何結(jié)構(gòu)和結(jié)構(gòu)體的材質(zhì)特性； (1c)構(gòu)成材質(zhì)性能的特征描述（物理、化學(xué)和力學(xué)）通過現(xiàn)場（扁式液壓千斤頂、聲能學(xué)等）和實驗室的實驗測試；(1d)結(jié)構(gòu)體更多的總體行為的特點描述，通過現(xiàn)場測試，特別是使用動態(tài)鑒別工具，一種通過不斷的擴散，提高識別度，降低阻力區(qū)的技術(shù)，而且也能夠間接地評估應(yīng)用加強干

20、預(yù)解決方案的有效性；(1e)影響結(jié)構(gòu)整體狀態(tài)的可能因素的描述和定義。不同的技術(shù)的使用和對不同結(jié)果進行比較會使得評估更可靠以及更有效。</p><p>　　與第一階段相關(guān)的深度和細節(jié)取決于為每一個特定的案件擬議的既定目標。如果它打算簡化的分析或僅對某些部分結(jié)構(gòu)進行分析，那么它可能無法合理去細節(jié)性的執(zhí)行所有的這五個步驟，或把它們應(yīng)用到整個結(jié)構(gòu)。這很大程度上取決于有經(jīng)驗的技術(shù)人員參與到這項研究；經(jīng)驗較少的人可能：(1)

21、極端保守（2）或完全忽視知識的階段。</p><p>　　第二階段的特征是一個單一的步驟：(2a)基于以前收集的信息對結(jié)構(gòu)的評估定義一個建模策略。在此步驟中，基于對每個案例所確定的目標定義，不同的事項必須被差別決定，如最有效的:（i）建模類型分析（極限分析，分析與數(shù)值模型，特別是使用限制原理等）和（ii）材料類型行為（線性或非線性）。</p><p>　　這兩個階段不總是應(yīng)用在單向流動方面