外文翻譯--銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理研究比較（阿聯(lián)酋國家與阿聯(lián)酋外資銀行）（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　1200單詞，6700英文字符，2000漢字</p><p>　　出處：Al‐Tamimi H A H, Al‐Mazrooei F M. Banks' risk management: a comparison study of UAE national and foreign banks[J]. Journal of Risk Finance, 2007, 8(4):394-40

2、9.</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯 </b></p><p>　　Banks’ risk management: a comparison study of UAE national and foreign banks</p><p>　　Material: The Journal of Risk Finance Vol.8

3、No.4, 2007</p><p>　　Author: Hussein A. Hassan Al-Tamimi , Faris Mohammed Al-Mazrooei</p><p>　　Introduction </p><p>　　Risk management is a cornerstone of prudent banking practice. Un

4、doubtedly all banks in the present-day volatile environment are facing a large number of risks such as credit risk, liquidity risk, foreign exchange risk, market risk and interest rate risk, among others?risks which may

5、threaten a bank’s survival and success. In other words, banking is a business of risk. For this reason, efficient risk management is absolutely required. Carey 2001 indicates in this regard that risk management is mo<

6、/p><p>　　Risk can be classified into systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk is associated with the overall market or the economy, whereas unsystematic risk is related to a specific asset or firm. Som

7、e of the systematic risk can be reduced through the use of risk mitigation and transmission techniques. In this regard Oldfield and Santomero (1997) refer to three generic risk-mitigation strategies: </p><p>

8、;　　(1) Eliminate or avoid risks by simple business practices; </p><p>　　(2) Transfer risks to other participants; </p><p>　　(3) Actively manage risks at the bank level acceptance of risk. </p

9、><p>　　Thus, financial intermediaries may avoid specific risks by simplifying business practices and minimizing activities that inflict risk. Activities with which the financial institution is committed to proc

10、eed can be adeptly managed or transferred. Certain risks which are inevitable or transferred must be engulfed by the bank. Inevitable risks are those too complex to separate from assets. The subsequent risk is accepted b

11、y the bank as being crucial to its business; banks are specialized in dealing</p><p>　　The objective of this study is to examine the degree to which the UAE banks use risk management practices and techniques

12、 in dealing with different types of risk, and effective risk management practices followed by the UAE national and foreign banks. The objective also is to compare risk management practices between the two sets of banks.

13、</p><p>　　To the best of the authors’ knowledge most UAE banks suffer from loan default problems. In addition to credit risk, these banks face other types of risk: foreign exchange risk, market risk and inte

14、rest rate risk, among others. The current study also intends to identify the most important type or types of risk facing the UAE commercial banks. </p><p>　　Risk management practices </p><p>　　R

15、isk management practices might be considered the most important aspect of risk management. Even if the bank staff understand risk and risk management, risks are clearly identified and the bank adopts sophisticated method

16、s in risk assessment and risk analysis, it still may not be the case that there are efficient risk management practices. The questionnaire includes ten questions about risk management practices; Table VII shows the sampl

17、e’s responses to be 5.50, which indicates that the UAE bank</p><p>　　Credit risk analysis </p><p>　　It was mentioned earlier that credit risk of commercial banks represents the most important ty

18、pe of risk, and also that the UAE banks did encounter a credit risk and that they might face this type of risk again in the future. As credit risk is the most important type of risk, the questionnaire includes seven ques

19、tions about credit risk. Table VIII provides information about the sample’s responses on these questions. The mean of the responses on the seven questions is 5.443, which provides eviden</p><p>　　Conclusions

20、 </p><p>　　The main results of this study are: </p><p>　?。?）The three most important types of risks facing the UAE commercial banks are foreign exchange risk, followed by credit risk, then opera

21、ting risk. </p><p>　　（2）The four most important methods of risk identification, chosen by more than 90 per cent of the respondents, are: inspection by the bank risk manager, audits or physical inspection, fi

22、nancial statement analysis and risk survey. </p><p>　?。?）The UAE banks are somewhat efficient in assessing and analyzing risks, risk management practices, risk monitoring and, and risk identification. </p

23、><p>　　The results also provide some amount of evidence about efficient credit risk management in the UAE commercial banks. Finally, the results indicate that there is a significant difference between the UAE n

24、ational and foreign banks in the practice of risk assessment and analysis and in risk monitoring and controlling, whereas there is no significant difference between the UAE national and foreign banks in the aspects of ri

25、sk identification, risk management practices and the practice of credit risk </p><p>　　Areas for further research </p><p>　　The authors tried in this study to cover most of the aspects of risk m

26、anagement. However, this paper did not address in detail credit risk management. This type of risk can be addressed in future studies as credit risk represents the most challenging type of risk. Further research may also

27、 consider analyzing liquidity risk management as liquidity position affects the continuity of commercial banks and a weak liquidity position might lead to the liquidation of commercial banks. Further research m</p>

28、<p>　　Finally, the study could usefully be conducted in another country, using the same methodology. Different and interesting results may be expected, because risk management practices are mainly affected by spec

29、ific factors such as economic conditions, competition and regulations. </p><p><b>　　譯文 </b></p><p>　　銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理研究比較(阿聯(lián)酋國家與阿聯(lián)酋外資銀行)</p><p>　　資料來源:《華爾街日報(bào)》中的《風(fēng)險(xiǎn)融資》2007年4月第

30、8期</p><p>　　作者:Hussein A. Hassan Al-Tamimi, Faris Mohammed Al-Mazrooei</p><p><b>　　介紹 </b></p><p>　　風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理是銀行運(yùn)行的基石。毫無疑問現(xiàn)在所有銀行都處在不穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中,正面臨著大量的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、流動性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、匯兌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和利

31、率風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)危及銀行的生存和成功。換句話說,銀行業(yè)是一個(gè)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行業(yè)。因此,有效的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理是絕對需要的。凱利(2001)表示,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理在金融領(lǐng)域比其他經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域更重要。金融機(jī)構(gòu)的目的是通過提供各種各樣的金融服務(wù)來提高收入,回報(bào)股東。而風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理作為一種管理手段,來確保股東利益最大化。最近有許多商業(yè)銀行通過高級管理人員親自監(jiān)督實(shí)施風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。 </p><p>　　風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可分為系統(tǒng)和非系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是指由于某種因素的

32、影響和變化,導(dǎo)致股市上所有股票價(jià)格的下跌,從而給股票持有人帶來損失。系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)一般發(fā)生在企業(yè)外部,公司本身無法控制它,其帶來的影響一般都比較大,而非系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)只涉及到特定的資產(chǎn)或公司。一些系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以通過使用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)緩解技術(shù)來降低。在這方面,湯繼文(1997)提出三個(gè)減輕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的策略: </p><p>　　(1)通過簡化復(fù)雜的商業(yè)行為來消除或避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn); </p><p>　　(2)把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到其他

33、參與者身上; </p><p>　　(3)銀行主動積極地進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。 </p><p>　　因此,金融中介機(jī)構(gòu)為了避免特定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),通過簡化的商業(yè)實(shí)踐活動來減少商業(yè)活動造成的損失。金融機(jī)構(gòu)致力于對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行管理或?qū)︼L(fēng)險(xiǎn)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移,但是有些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是不可避免的。不可避免的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要包括一些太過復(fù)雜,難以分離的資產(chǎn)。銀行專門處理這類風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并從中受益。根據(jù)巴塞爾銀行監(jiān)管委員會(1999)發(fā)布的咨詢文件

34、,大多數(shù)銀行貸款的數(shù)額是很大的,同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也是很明顯。銀行正逐漸擁有越來越多的金融工具,除信用貸款以外,還包括申請銀行間交易、貿(mào)易融資、外匯交易,金融期貨、互換、債券、股票、選擇權(quán)、延長承諾和保證,新巴塞爾協(xié)議的規(guī)定能減少這些行為所帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而很多外資銀行不遵循新的規(guī)則,因?yàn)檫@些規(guī)則將會使一些借貸決策變得無利可圖。 </p><p>　　本文研究的目的是檢驗(yàn)阿聯(lián)酋銀行應(yīng)用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理實(shí)踐技術(shù)的效果,看它如何

35、處理不同類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以及闡述阿聯(lián)酋銀行和國外銀行在不同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方式下所受到的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響的差異。進(jìn)而對比這兩組銀行不同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方式。 </p><p>　　最好的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為大多數(shù)的阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國銀行患有貸款拖欠問題。同時(shí)除了信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這些銀行也面臨很多其他類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn):外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此本文還打算通過目前的研究確定阿聯(lián)酋商業(yè)銀行面臨的最主要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。</p><p><

36、b>　　風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理實(shí)踐 </b></p><p>　　風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理最重要的方面是使銀行員工了解風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及如何進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)如何辨識和銀行如何采用精密復(fù)雜計(jì)算方法進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析,以及利用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)辨識和復(fù)雜精密公式進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析的方法是否可行。在有效的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方式的問卷調(diào)查中(包括風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的實(shí)踐);顯示樣本的反應(yīng)是5.50,這數(shù)據(jù)表明阿聯(lián)酋銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方式有較高的有效價(jià)值,數(shù)據(jù)指出“高效的風(fēng)

37、險(xiǎn)管理方式是銀行的目標(biāo)?！边@也確認(rèn)了阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國銀行有有效的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。最小的值在4.9178,可以看出“應(yīng)用巴塞爾資本協(xié)議可以提高銀行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理效率?！边@個(gè)答案預(yù)示阿聯(lián)酋銀行應(yīng)該更加重視風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理實(shí)踐在銀行管理中的應(yīng)用以及巴塞爾協(xié)議的應(yīng)用,有助于提高銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理效率?？偟膩碚f,通過調(diào)查銀行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理水平是很有必要的。 </p><p><b>　　信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析 </b></p>

38、<p>　　之前提到過的商業(yè)銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是最重要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而且我相信,阿聯(lián)酋銀行遇到過信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)他們也可能在未來會面臨這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是最重要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。問卷中包括七個(gè)關(guān)于信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問題,這為5.443信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的效率在UAE商業(yè)銀行的重要性提供了證明,而對問題的答案具體的分析結(jié)果還需要包括客戶的個(gè)性、能力、擔(dān)保資金和條件,以及需要足夠的抵押品。 </p><p><b>　　結(jié)論 &

39、lt;/b></p><p>　　本研究的主要結(jié)論是: </p><p>　　(1)阿聯(lián)酋商業(yè)銀行面臨的最重要的三種風(fēng)險(xiǎn),第一位是外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其次是信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn),然后是操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 </p><p>　　(2)通過選擇超過90%的受訪者的信息進(jìn)行分析,得出最主要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識別方法有四個(gè),對銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)檢驗(yàn)、通過風(fēng)險(xiǎn)經(jīng)理審計(jì)、對財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析、對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)調(diào)查。 </p>

40、<p>　　(3)阿聯(lián)酋銀行是如何有效的進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估和分析、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理實(shí)踐、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)控、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識別。 </p><p>　　最后結(jié)果還提供一定數(shù)量的證據(jù)證明有效的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理在阿聯(lián)酋商業(yè)銀行的表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果表明,阿聯(lián)酋國家和外資銀行在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估和實(shí)踐、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)測和控制存在著顯著性的差異,在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識別、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)實(shí)踐管理和信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析沒有顯著性差異。 </p><p><b>　　下一步研究

41、的領(lǐng)域 </b></p><p>　　作者試圖讓本文的研究覆蓋大部分的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。然而,本文沒有詳細(xì)解說信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理,可在將來的討論中對信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)作進(jìn)一步研究分析,也可以考慮流動性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的連續(xù)性流動性對商業(yè)銀行的影響,因?yàn)槠＼浀牧鲃有钥赡軐?dǎo)致商業(yè)銀行破產(chǎn)清算。進(jìn)一步的研究話題是新巴塞爾協(xié)議和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理具體的方式。 </p><p>　　最后,在不同的國家使用相同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方法會有各