外文翻譯--輔助監(jiān)管兒童的游樂場設(shè)計

1、<p>　　2000單詞，10400英文字符,3200字</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處：Hudson S, Thompson D, Olsen H. designing playgrounds to help those supervising children.[J]. Parks & Recreation, 2003:88-93.</p><p>　　本 科 生 畢

2、業(yè) 設(shè) 計</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　（ 2014 屆）</b></p><p>　　外文題目：Designing playgrounds to help those supervising children</p><p>　　譯文題目：輔助監(jiān)管兒童

3、的游樂場設(shè)計</p><p>　　題 目： </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： </p><p>　　學(xué)　　號： </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級：

4、 </p><p>　　系 名： </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： 職稱： 講師 </p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Designing playgro

5、unds to help those supervising children.</p><p>　　Playgrounds have been an integral part of public parks and recreation from the start of the movement in the late 1800s. In fact, the first professional organ

6、ization of municipal recreation professionals was called the Playground Association of America. The importance of these early playgrounds is well documented in the writings of the early leaders of the field, including Jo

7、seph Lee, Henry Curtis and Luther Gulick. An integral part of these playgrounds was not only the equipment, but also the su</p><p>　　Over the years, public playgrounds have continued to be a mainstay in park

8、s. However, unlike the early playgrounds, the majority of park and recreation agencies have foregone the expense of providing supervisors for these play spaces. Instead, they rely on adults who may accompany children to

9、these areas to provide supervision. Because most adults are ill-prepared to provide supervision, it's not surprising that the lack of proper supervision is cited as a contributing factor in 40 percent of al</p>

10、<p>　　The lack of adequate supervision on playgrounds puts public park and recreation departments in a dilemma. On the one hand, the public pressures agencies to provide playgrounds; on the other hand, providing t

11、hese play spaces without adequate supervision places children at risk and poses a liability exposure to publicplayground owners in states where government immunity provides limited or no protection. Short of providing st

12、aff members to provide supervision to these sites, is there anything else</p><p>　　Yes. One key way that park and recreation agencies can help the public in the supervision process is to consider elements of

13、 supervision in the planning anddesign of these areas. This article will discuss some essential points of design that help facilitate supervision by caregivers who take children to playgrounds.</p><p>　　The

14、design of the playground environment can either promote or hinder the supervision process. As such, there are at least four major elements to consider in thedesign of any playground to aid adults in supervision. These el

15、ements are location of the playground site, zones for play, age-appropriate design of equipment and open sight lines. Let's take a look at each.</p><p>　　Location of the Playground Site</p><p&

16、gt;　　As a result of the location of the playground site, there are many potential hazards to children. For instance, if the playground is located in an area where a road runs adjacent to it, there's a real possibilit

17、y of a child running into the street. We're aware of a park in the Midwest where a road separated the playground from the public restroom. As most parents can attest, the second most-visited place in a park, aside fr

18、om a playground, is probably the public restrooms. This kind ofdesign is </p><p>　　A third moving object that needs to be consider is the bicycle. Bicycle trails are popular entrances to many public parks. O

19、ften, these pathways lead right to theplayground. It's important that designers lay out a pathway that doesn't interrupt the activities that are occurring on the playground. Pathways that allow cyclists to enter

20、into the playground environment set up a conflict between a moving object and a child. One other note should be made about the bicycle and the playground. Cyclists </p><p>　　Forested areas and streams are al

21、so elements in the playground environment that can present supervision hazards. These areas are attractive nuisances for children. If a caregiver isn't paying attention to children, the children can easily wander off

22、 and get into serious trouble. Having a definite boundary outlined by fences or shrubs helps delineate the playground area for both children and supervisors.</p><p>　　Utility lines running through the playgr

23、ound area can also pose potential problems. We've seen playgrounds where, over time, the power lines have sagged to such an extent that they're within reach of a child standing on a slide. In addition, support st

24、ructures for the utility lines may be enticing to children who view them as just another climbing opportunity.</p><p>　　A few years ago, parents of private school children found out one day that the business

25、 office had made a contractual arrangement with a cell phone company to erect a phone tower in the middle of an existing playground. The first that the principal or other school officials knew of this business arrangemen

26、t was when the trucks showed up at recess to begin the work of erecting the tower. The parents ended up taking the school administration to court over the issue. The business officials saw no p</p><p>　　Zone

27、s for Play</p><p>　　The type of play behavior children might engage in, given the space and equipment that is present, defines play zones. The play site should be divided into zones of different activity typ

28、es with buffers to prevent user conflicts and accidents. For instance, an architectural firm on the West Coast that was developing a four-field baseball complex contacted the National Program for Playground Safety concer

29、ning the placement of playground equipment. The firm had decided to put theplayground in the </p><p>　　Within the playground area itself, moving equipment, such as swings and merry-go-rounds, should be locat

30、ed away from other structures. Children exiting equipment don't necessarily watch where they're going, and can easily move into the paths of other children. In the same light, routes between safety zones should b

31、e mapped out ahead of time to avoid children disrupting each other's play patterns.</p><p>　　One design problem that we've seen many times, is placing swings in front of slides. Although the use zone

32、s may conform to the standards, one needs to remember that these use zones are the minimum for safety, not the maximum. For example, we were doing an assessment at a school where this swing-slide configuration was found

33、on, the playground. We had measured the distance between the two structures and found that it met the Consumer Product Safety Commission guidelines. Then we watched as a 5th </p><p>　　Age Developmental Desig

34、n</p><p>　　Playground equipment needs to be suitable for the developmental abilities of the users. The one-size-fits-all approach to playground equipment can contribute to serious injury on playgrounds. A pr

35、eschool has a smaller foot and leg length than a school-age child. In addition, young children don't have the decision-making abilities to know that they're at risk when they get on equipment that's too large

36、 for their size and strength.</p><p>　　Despite this fact, the majority of park and recreation departments in the U.S. continue to design playgrounds for ages 2-12. This puts both the agency and children at r

37、isk. For example, one of the authors was involved in a legal case in the Southwest where a mother put her 4-year-old on a track ride. The young girl lost her grip, fell to an inappropriate surface and broke her arm. The

38、park and recreation agency claimed that the mother was at fault for putting her child on equipment that was too </p><p>　　First, although there were two composite structures on the site, a review of the mast

39、er plans revealed that both structures were designed for ages 2-12. Thus, instead of having one structure for ages 2-5 and one structure for ages 5-12, both structures had equipment that was appropriate for ages 2 as wel

40、l as for ages 12. So, how was the parent to know which piece of equipment on the composite structure was appropriate for her child? Second, there were no signs at the site or labels on the equipm</p><p>　　Th

41、e point is that, by ignoring the CPSC guidelines that recommend that playground equipment should be separated for children ages 2 to 5 and ages 5 to 12 and that carry the weight of "professional duty of care" i

42、n most civil cases, park and recreation agencies are putting children at risk for injury and their agencies at financial risk in terms of liability.</p><p>　　In the above case, if the playground had been des

43、igned according to the CPSC guidelines and the American Society for Testing and Materials standards, and had proper signage to inform the mother about which pieces of equipment were appropriate for her child, the park an

44、d recreation agency's defense would have been valid.</p><p>　　Open Sight Lines</p><p>　　Supervision means an active, yet unobtrusive, monitoring of the play environment. It also means that t

45、he supervisor moves through the play environment and scans frequently in order to help ensure safety and promote injury prevention. Many times park and recreation agencies defeat the concept of active supervision by prov

46、iding benches around the playground for adults to sit on while the children play on equipment. If park and recreation agencies do provide benches, then the placement of the bench</p><p>　　Even enclosed struc

47、tures used for quiet play should provide for unobstructed visibility. In addition, it's important that adults have the ability to respond to emergencies by being able to get to the interior as well as the exterior of

48、 the structures to aid an injured child.</p><p>　　If park and recreation professionals believe that supervision is important to keep children safe on playgrounds, then it's prudent for park and recreatio

49、n agencies to facilitate this process through better design of their playground structures. Paying attention to the four elements discussed in this article is a start. The second part of the equation is to inform and edu

50、cate the public about the importance of supervision when taking children to public playgrounds. Good design of playgrounds is t</p><p>　　輔助監(jiān)管兒童的游樂場設(shè)計</p><p>　　Hudson, Susan，Thompson, Donna，Olsen

51、, Heather</p><p>　　摘 要：這涉及游樂場需要哪些設(shè)計以幫助成人監(jiān)督考慮的因素研究。操場的位置；活動區(qū)；操場設(shè)備對兒童的發(fā)展能力的適用性。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：游樂場；游憩區(qū)；兒童；游玩；娛樂</p><p><b>　　前言</b></p><p>　　19世紀(jì)后期開始，游樂場已經(jīng)是公共公園

52、和娛樂的一個組成部分。事實(shí)上，第一個專業(yè)的市政休閑娛樂組織被稱為美國游樂場協(xié)會。Joseph Lee，Henry Curtis 和 Luther Gulick.，這些在該領(lǐng)域的早期領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者對于早期游樂場設(shè)計的重要性是有據(jù)可查的。這些游樂場的組成部分不僅僅只是提供設(shè)備，而且還被用于監(jiān)管兒童。Joseph Lee注意到監(jiān)管的重要性是當(dāng)他發(fā)現(xiàn)波士頓的游樂場由于缺乏監(jiān)管而沒有起到最大作用。在Lee看來，沒有了監(jiān)管孩子們就不能很好的玩耍。</

53、p><p>　　多年來，公共游樂場一直是公園的中流砥柱。然而，不同于早期游樂場，現(xiàn)在多數(shù)公園和娛樂機(jī)構(gòu)都為了游戲空間而輕視監(jiān)管。相反，他們都依賴于家長們自己陪孩子到這些游樂場來提供監(jiān)管。由于大多數(shù)家長們提供不了充分的監(jiān)管，所有這并不奇怪，缺乏適當(dāng)?shù)谋O(jiān)管在游樂場受傷原因中占到40%。</p><p>　　由于游樂場缺乏足夠的監(jiān)管，使公園和娛樂機(jī)構(gòu)處于兩難的境地。一方面公眾的壓力促使政府提供游樂場

54、地，另一方面，提供這些沒有足夠監(jiān)管的游樂場會使兒童處于危險之中，并對提供游樂場所的政府部門構(gòu)成了責(zé)任風(fēng)險。除了雇傭臨時工來監(jiān)管這些游樂場，公共公園和娛樂部門還能再做些什么來幫助公眾監(jiān)管在這些游樂場里玩耍的孩子？</p><p>　　答案當(dāng)然是肯定的。公園和娛樂機(jī)構(gòu)可以幫助公眾監(jiān)管兒童的一個關(guān)鍵途徑是考慮監(jiān)管的規(guī)劃和這些游樂場的設(shè)計因素。本文將討論一些有助于促進(jìn)帶著孩子去游樂場的家長的監(jiān)管的設(shè)計要點(diǎn)。</p&

55、gt;<p>　　游樂場環(huán)境設(shè)計可以促進(jìn)或阻礙監(jiān)管。因此，任何幫助家長們提供監(jiān)管的游樂場的設(shè)計都至少要考慮四大元素。這些元素分別是游樂場的位置，游樂區(qū)，與年齡相適應(yīng)的設(shè)計和開放的視野位置。</p><p><b>　　游樂場的位置</b></p><p>　　對于兒童來說，游樂場的地點(diǎn)位置有許多潛在的危險。例如，游樂場坐落在與馬路相鄰的位置，那么兒童跑到

56、馬路上的可能性就很大。在中西部的一個公園，一條馬路橫穿在游樂場與公共廁所之間。大多數(shù)家長都知道，一個公園訪問量第二大的地方除了游樂場可能就是公廁了。這種設(shè)計簡直就是一個等待發(fā)生的事故！同樣的，毗鄰游樂場卻沒有圍欄的停車場也是一個問題，因為孩子們的注意力都在游樂場和玩耍上而不會注意行駛的車輛。</p><p>　　第三個需要考慮的移動對象是自行車。許多公園都設(shè)有自行車道。通常情況下，這些車道要在公園里正確設(shè)置。對于

57、設(shè)計師來說，制定出一個不會干擾游樂園里活動的自行車道是很重要的。這是解決讓騎自行車的人進(jìn)入游樂場而建立一個移動對象與兒童之間沖突的辦法。自行車和游樂場之間另外需要注意應(yīng)對的是，騎自行車的人在進(jìn)入游樂場設(shè)施時需要戴上頭盔。因為在游樂場里，兒童是不適合戴頭盔的。讓孩子戴頭盔在游樂場里玩耍，孩子的頭可能會被夾住從而會導(dǎo)致潛在的生命危險。</p><p>　　公園里的林區(qū)和溪流也是危害對兒童的監(jiān)管的要素。這些區(qū)域很容易干

58、擾到對兒童的監(jiān)管。監(jiān)護(hù)者稍不小心，孩子們就很容易的走丟，從而會使事態(tài)變得嚴(yán)重。通過圍欄或灌木勾勒出明確的界線，有助于為兒童和監(jiān)護(hù)人劃定游樂區(qū)。</p><p>　　通過游樂場的公用線路也可能會造成潛在的問題?？梢钥吹?，隨著時間的推移游樂場里的電力線路已經(jīng)下垂到小孩站在滑板上就能摸到的程度。此外，孩子們還會把支撐公用線路的架子看成是一個攀爬的好機(jī)會。</p><p>　　幾年前，一所民辦學(xué)校

59、的家長們發(fā)現(xiàn)有一天學(xué)校董事會與一家移動電話公司作出合約，要架設(shè)一個電話塔在學(xué)校操場中間。當(dāng)架設(shè)電話塔的卡車開進(jìn)操場時，學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才知道有這事。最終家長們因為這事把學(xué)校告上了法庭。學(xué)校董事會辯解道，塔是沒有問題的，甚至還會給學(xué)校帶來額外的收益。但法官還是判了家長們勝訴，理由是一個安全的環(huán)境是孩子們最大的利益。當(dāng)為兒童提供空間場地時，主導(dǎo)原則應(yīng)該是兒童的最大利益。</p><p><b>　　游樂區(qū)<

60、/b></p><p>　　在提供的場地和設(shè)施里，孩子們能自由自在玩耍的地方叫做游樂區(qū)。游樂區(qū)應(yīng)該分為不同活動類型區(qū)域，以防止孩子們發(fā)生沖突和意外。例如，西海岸的一家建筑設(shè)計公司通過《有關(guān)游樂場安全的全國方案》開發(fā)了一種名叫“four-field baseball”的兒童游樂設(shè)施。該公司把游樂場建在復(fù)雜的中心區(qū)域。他們的理由是，監(jiān)護(hù)人不僅能夠看到一個孩子在玩球，而且也能看到另一個孩子在游樂設(shè)施上玩耍。不用擔(dān)

61、心場地里的孩子還被飛球擊中，也不用擔(dān)心中場手會因為追逐一個球而沖進(jìn)游樂區(qū)。此外，因為監(jiān)護(hù)人可以看到游樂區(qū)里的孩子，所有他們就不用足夠接近就能及時插手陷入麻煩或者是制造麻煩的孩子。</p><p>　　在游樂區(qū)里，移動的設(shè)施，如秋千和旋轉(zhuǎn)木馬，應(yīng)該遠(yuǎn)離其他建筑物。孩子在離開游樂設(shè)施的時候并不一定會看他們要去哪里，并能很容易的走到其他孩子的路線上。同樣的，安全區(qū)域之間的路要提前標(biāo)記出來以避免干擾到其他兒童玩耍。<

62、;/p><p>　　這個問題已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過很多次了，就是在滑梯前面放置秋千。即使使用區(qū)域可能符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但那樣的安全性也是最低的。例如對某學(xué)校操場上的秋千滑梯布局的評估。測得兩個結(jié)構(gòu)間的距離，并發(fā)現(xiàn)其滿足《Consumer Product Safety Commission》的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是，就在這個操場，一個五年級的小學(xué)生“飛出”秋千，兩只腳落在了滑梯滑道的旁邊。幸運(yùn)的是，當(dāng)時沒有其他孩子在場。如果他直接落在對面的滑梯上，他

63、會摔在滑道的出口處。</p><p><b>　　與年齡相適應(yīng)的設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　游樂場的設(shè)施要與兒童的年齡相適應(yīng)。一個通用的游樂場設(shè)施會對兒童造成嚴(yán)重的人身傷害。學(xué)前班的孩子的腿腳長度要比上小學(xué)的孩子短。此外，當(dāng)年幼的兒童在尺寸比他們大的多的游樂設(shè)施上玩耍時，根本不具備對危險的判斷能力。</p><p>　　盡管如此，美國的大

64、部分公園和娛樂部門還是繼續(xù)在設(shè)計可供2-12歲兒童玩耍的游樂場。這使得部門與兒童都處于風(fēng)險之中。例如，這里有一件關(guān)于在西南地區(qū)的一位母親把她4歲的女兒放到賽道上開賽車的民事糾紛。這位小女孩因為車輛失控而被甩出車外摔斷了胳膊。公園和娛樂部門聲稱，母親應(yīng)負(fù)主要責(zé)任，因為是她自己把她的孩子帶到對孩子來說尺寸太大的游樂設(shè)施上。但是，在這件事上有兩個問題。</p><p>　　首先，雖然場地上有兩個綜合游樂設(shè)施，但調(diào)查表明

65、這兩種設(shè)施都是為2-12歲兒童而不是分別為2-5歲和5-12歲年齡段兒童設(shè)計的。那么，家長怎么可能知道哪臺設(shè)施是適合她的孩子的呢？第二，在游樂設(shè)施上沒有標(biāo)志或者說明這臺設(shè)施是適合什么樣的年齡段的，“十歲以下兒童應(yīng)在父母指導(dǎo)下玩耍”這唯一出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志還是在這位母親出事之后。最終，該游樂場花了超過10萬美元的費(fèi)用以解決這件糾紛。問題的關(guān)鍵在于，在很多民事案件中，公園和娛樂部門都無視CPSC關(guān)于2-5歲兒童和5-12歲兒童的游樂設(shè)施應(yīng)該有區(qū)別的

66、建議，并且也不重視"professional duty of care" 條款。他們這是把孩子們至于危險之中，并且自己的機(jī)構(gòu)也要承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)賠償?shù)娘L(fēng)險。</p><p>　　在上述情況下，如果游樂場依據(jù)美國消費(fèi)品安全委員會的準(zhǔn)則和美國測試和材料標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計，并有適當(dāng)?shù)闹甘九迫ジ嬷赣H這件游樂設(shè)施適不適合她的孩子，那么公園和娛樂機(jī)構(gòu)的辯護(hù)是有效的。</p><p><b&g

67、t;　　開放的視野</b></p><p>　　監(jiān)管是指在一個不顯眼的環(huán)境下照看兒童玩耍的行為。這也意味著，為了確保兒童的安全和避免受到傷害，監(jiān)護(hù)者需要進(jìn)入游樂區(qū)并頻繁的查看。很多時候，公園和娛樂部門認(rèn)為在游樂區(qū)邊上提供長椅以使家長們可以坐在那里看著孩子們在設(shè)施上玩耍就是主動監(jiān)管的理念。如果公園和娛樂部門確實(shí)提供了長椅，那么長椅的放置就成為監(jiān)管游樂區(qū)至關(guān)重要的環(huán)節(jié)。開放性視野依賴于監(jiān)護(hù)者的視覺角度存在

68、的。為了促進(jìn)這項工作，游樂設(shè)施的布局應(yīng)該是沒有視覺障礙的。</p><p>　　用于安靜玩耍的封閉式設(shè)施，應(yīng)提供通暢的可見性。此外，監(jiān)護(hù)者在遇到突發(fā)狀況時能夠自由進(jìn)出游樂區(qū)是很重要的。</p><p>　　如果公園和娛樂部門的專業(yè)人士認(rèn)為，對于保護(hù)游樂場兒童安全監(jiān)管是非常重要的，那么公園和娛樂部門就會更好的設(shè)計自己的游樂場來促進(jìn)監(jiān)管。本文中討論的四大要素只是個開始。第二部分的內(nèi)容是當(dāng)帶孩子