外文翻譯----植物的物理特性

1、<p>　　The physical properties of plants</p><p>　　An obvious physical property of any plant is its form.planting designers are usually concerned with the mature silhouette* of a plant,but its intermediat

2、e shapes should also be considered,particularly when a plant develops slowly.</p><p>　　Most plant forms are rounded and more horizontal than vertical in shape. Rounded or horizontal shapes are less dramatic

3、than those with vertical emphasis because they are more expected and they more naturally follow the shape of the terrain. Vertical shapes demand attention,even startling the viewer at times.</p><p>　　Native

4、plants forms usually conform to land forms(see figure 2-1). In mountainous reions the vertical shapes prevail,reflecting the sharp peaks and jagged rock configurations pf the area. Horizontal plant forms are most commom

5、on the plains,and in rolling or hilly terrain rounded plant forms predpminate. Landscape designers do well toremeber this,using the natural plant forms of an area in a design and reserving the unusual forms for emphasis

6、.</p><p>　　Although the foerm of each plant is unique, there are general classifivations of forms. Trees can be round, columnar,vase-shaped,weeping,pyramidal,or oval. The outline of a tree depends on its br

7、anching pattern. Narrow crotch angles at the point where lateral branches separate form the trunk cause upright forms, the more rounded forms are caused by wider angles.</p><p>　　Shrubs may be round,oval,pyr

8、amidal,or oblong;the may be prostrate or creeping. Part of a plant’s form is the result of the growth habit of the plant. In some evergreens,for example,the branches overlay one another. The plant’s form takes on an irre

9、gular line because of this layering.growth habit should always be considered to be an element of form.</p><p>　　The best way to study plant forms is to visit a park,arboretum,or other area where mature are i

10、n plentiful supply. Compare the forms closely to classify specific plants and note the minor differences within classifications. Visit to a nursery are helpful for studying the forms of young or intermediategrowth stages

11、 of plants.</p><p>　　The silhouette formed by a group of plants is probably the most important contribution of form to landscape composition. The form of plants in silhouette must allow for function(shade,sc

12、reening,wind protection,enclosure,and so on),while providing pleasing lines at the same time.</p><p>　　Stems,leaves,bark,and buds are the physical features that determine the texture of a plant. Textures ran

13、ging from fine through medium to coarse are visible because of the size and shape of these features and the way light and shadow play off them.</p><p>　　Larger leaves,stems,and buds usually create an effect

14、of coarseness. But the number of branches and leaves and the spacing between them also affect the texture. Thick,tight foliage results in finer texture,while widely separated foliage gives a coarser texture. Patterns of

15、light and shadow depend more upon individual leaf surfaces in a tight,dense shape; in a loose structure,the masses of leaves and corresponding voids dictate light and shadow,causing a coarser than compound leaves of even

16、 large</p><p>　　Plant texture can be felt as well as seen. One good way to study texture is by closing your eyes and feeling the plants. The leaves,branches ,bark and buds,of various plants all feel distinct

17、ly different. Some are smooth,some prickly,some downright thorny;each sensation is apart of the plant’s textural character.</p><p>　　The farther one stands form a plant,the finer its texture will appear. For

18、 that reason,the distance of view must be considered during the textural study of planting design.</p><p><b>　　Color</b></p><p>　　Color results from light penetration,absorption,and

19、reflection. Light rays of variable lengths enter a plant leaf to be either absorbed or reflected. If all light rays are absorbed,none are reflected back to the surface;the result is the absence of color-or black. If all

20、rays are refiected back to surface, the rays are a mixture of different color rays,which results in a color hue.</p><p>　　Light rays produce red,orange,yellow,green,bulue,and violet colors. Blends of these c

21、olor rays produce all of the primary,secondary,and tertiary hues we see. Intenseity is a meansurement of the quality of the basic color in the blend. Bright greens,for example,are said to be intense. Another measurement

22、of light reflection produces a dark color;a color;a larger amount of light reflection produces a lighter shade. Plants with a dark blue-green foliage reflect large amounts of light. The foliage o</p><p>　　Pl

23、ant foliage colors range from black-green(grayish),to blue-green,to the bright greens,to red-greens,and finally to yellow-greens. The green predominates because of the presence of the chlorophyll in the leaves. Some leav

24、es turns to yellow or red-orange shades in the fall because chlorophyll is replaced bythe pigments anthrocyanin(red),carotene (orange),and xanthophyll (yellow) in varying amounts. The prensence of these pigments causes l

25、ight rays to be bent and reflect differently, so the leave</p><p>　　Colors are warm or cool,depending upon their hue. Warm colors are those ranging from yellow through orange and into the red hues. Colors ra

26、nging from green through blue and into the violet color. Warm colors are bright,inviting,and lively;cool colors are restful and receding,and they are not as conspicuous. Landscaping moods relate most directly to color hu

27、es.</p><p>　　It is usually the color of a plant’s foliage that is considered most in the fruit,bark,and seeds also produce colors worthy of consideration. While the colors in a landscape do not usually clash

28、, good design provides for a better blend.</p><p><b>　　植物的物理特性</b></p><p><b>　　外形</b></p><p>　　對(duì)于任何植物來(lái)說(shuō)，最顯而易見(jiàn)的物理特性就是他的外形。植物造型設(shè)計(jì)師通常以植物成年后的外形輪廓特征作為考量的重點(diǎn)，但未成熟，在

29、生長(zhǎng)期的形態(tài)也應(yīng)該被納入考量之中，尤其是當(dāng)一些植物生長(zhǎng)緩慢。</p><p>　　大多數(shù)的植物的外形是加圓加粗生長(zhǎng)的，圓柱的或水平生長(zhǎng)形態(tài)的外觀比那些主要強(qiáng)調(diào)垂直型的植物要少很多想象空間，因?yàn)樗麄兏泻先藗兊钠诖幼匀坏倪m應(yīng)生長(zhǎng)地帶的形貌條件。，因此樹(shù)立生長(zhǎng)的植物也應(yīng)該被重視，甚至?xí)r不時(shí)的</p><p>　　本土植物的形貌通常適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)氐牡匦蔚孛?，。在山地，垂直形態(tài)更占優(yōu)勢(shì)，與當(dāng)?shù)馗呗?/p>

30、峻峭的山峰和粗獷多樣的巖石相得映彰；水平生長(zhǎng)的植物外形在平原最常見(jiàn)，而在丘陵地帶，圓柱狀生長(zhǎng)的植物最占優(yōu)勢(shì)。園藝景觀設(shè)計(jì)師必須牢記應(yīng)該用本土植物于自己的設(shè)計(jì)之中，同時(shí)保留一些不常見(jiàn)形態(tài)的植物作為點(diǎn)綴強(qiáng)調(diào)</p><p>　　景觀植物的外形各有千秋，但他們基本上是可以被歸類(lèi)于一些基本類(lèi)型的。比如說(shuō)，林木可能是圓形的，柱狀的，瓶狀的，下垂?fàn)畹?，金字塔狀的，或者是橢圓卵狀的。一個(gè)樹(shù)木的外部特征主要取決于它的外部分枝的形

31、態(tài)。就好像跨角小的新枝從老枝分出繼續(xù)生長(zhǎng)，最終使得整株株型筆直，而相對(duì)較圓的形態(tài)則要依靠大角度的側(cè)枝的生長(zhǎng)而成。</p><p>　　灌木可能是團(tuán)狀的，有可能是橢圓形的，又有可能是有棱角的錐形的，甚至于是長(zhǎng)方形的。他們有可能被做成匍匐生長(zhǎng)的模樣或者是蔓生的，一個(gè)植物某部分的形態(tài)是其生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性的結(jié)果。在一些常綠植物中，比如樹(shù)枝互相交錯(cuò)，層次分明，植物的外形呈現(xiàn)出不規(guī)則的線條感正是因?yàn)檫@種交錯(cuò)分層現(xiàn)象，所以生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性應(yīng)該

32、被看作植物造型形成的因素之一。</p><p>　　了解植物形態(tài)的最好的途徑就是去參觀一些公園，植物園，以及其他種植大量成熟植物的地方。親身去比較各種形態(tài)特征，區(qū)分特殊的植物，并且記下各目類(lèi)間的細(xì)小的差別。而參觀苗圃則對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)了解幼年期或者生長(zhǎng)期的植物相當(dāng)有幫助</p><p>　　由一組植物組成的植物群的外擴(kuò)大致是園林景觀構(gòu)成中最重要的部分了。在整個(gè)園林景觀中的植物的形態(tài)必須在提供優(yōu)美線條

33、的同時(shí)為功能服務(wù)。</p><p>　　莖、葉、樹(shù)皮、蓓蕾是決定植物紋理質(zhì)感的物理特征。這些紋理質(zhì)地特征因著這些部分的尺寸大小，形態(tài)特征以及光影變化在其上產(chǎn)生的不同的影響而產(chǎn)生了由觸感舒適到一般再到粗糙的變化</p><p>　　大一點(diǎn)的葉、莖和花通常產(chǎn)生給人粗獷感覺(jué)的效果，但同時(shí)枝葉的數(shù)量以及其間的間隙也影響著質(zhì)感紋理，稠密緊湊的樹(shù)葉要有更好的紋理特征，而分隔稀疏的葉子則給人粗獷的紋理質(zhì)

34、地。</p><p>　　光影的效果在稠密緊湊的植物上的效果更取決于單片葉子的表面。在一個(gè)稀疏的造型中，交錯(cuò)堆積的葉片以及相對(duì)的空間支配著光和影的效果，反而產(chǎn)生了一種比葉量豐富且葉形較大，開(kāi)裂較深的植物更叫粗獷的效果。就像橡木的葉子，展現(xiàn)比相同尺寸的其他葉子更好的質(zhì)感紋理。</p><p>　　植物的質(zhì)感能被感覺(jué)也能被看見(jiàn)的，一個(gè)很好的學(xué)習(xí)了解植物紋理質(zhì)感的方法就是閉上眼睛去感覺(jué)那些植物。

35、各種各樣的植物的葉，莖，樹(shù)皮和蓓蕾本來(lái)就不同。有一些是平滑的，有一些是多刺的，有一些則是通體布刺的；每一種感覺(jué)都是植物質(zhì)感特性的一部分。</p><p>　　站的離植物越遠(yuǎn)，植物所顯現(xiàn)的特質(zhì)則越好，因此，觀賞的距離理所應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)氖侵参镌炀霸O(shè)計(jì)中好好考慮的</p><p><b>　　顏色</b></p><p>　　色彩來(lái)自于光線的射入，吸收以及反

36、射。各種波長(zhǎng)的光線射入葉片當(dāng)中或者被吸收或者被反射，如果所有的光線都被吸收，沒(méi)有反射回葉表面，那么結(jié)果就是沒(méi)有顏色或是純粹的黑色；反過(guò)來(lái)，如果所有顏色都被反射到表面，那么這些不同色彩的光線將混合在一起，最終導(dǎo)致只有一種顏色。</p><p>　　光產(chǎn)生了赤、橙、黃、綠、藍(lán)和紫六種顏色。這些混合產(chǎn)生了我們所么看到的主要的、次要的以及第三要的色彩。強(qiáng)度是混合色中各原色質(zhì)量的量度值，比如亮綠就應(yīng)該被稱(chēng)為強(qiáng)烈的；另一個(gè)色

37、彩亮度是它吸收反射光的值，少量的反射光產(chǎn)生較暗的色彩，大量的反射光產(chǎn)生更亮的陰影。長(zhǎng)有深藍(lán)綠色葉子的植物能反射大量的光線。大多數(shù)植物的葉子都是綠色，這就意味著綠色光線是被反射最多的光線。椰子的顏色從深綠到藍(lán)綠再到亮綠，接著是紅綠，最終到黃綠色這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)變化。樹(shù)葉種主要的綠色色調(diào)是由于葉子中的葉綠素的作用。在秋天，一些葉子變黃或者變成橘紅色，是因?yàn)槿~子中的葉綠素被大量其它顏色如紅色，橘色、黃色色素所替代，這些色素使得光線很難被折射或者反射

38、而導(dǎo)致了葉子色彩的變化。</p><p>　　色彩因著他本身的特性而產(chǎn)生冷色或者暖色的效果，暖色主要是那些從黃色到紅色這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的各種色彩，而從藍(lán)綠到藍(lán)在到紫色這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的色彩是冷色調(diào)的。暖色給人明快、熱情、活潑的視覺(jué)感受，二愣色澤給人放松、內(nèi)斂、不惹眼、不張揚(yáng)的感覺(jué)。景觀所帶給人的心情最主要和色彩聯(lián)系在一起的。</p><p>　　通常葉子的顏色在實(shí)際過(guò)程中被重視的程度最深，因?yàn)槿~子在一