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1、<p><b> 附錄A</b></p><p> 國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第 37 號(hào) 或有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn)</p><p><b> 目的</b></p><p> 本準(zhǔn)則的目的是確保將適當(dāng)?shù)拇_認(rèn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)運(yùn)用于準(zhǔn)備、或有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn),并確保在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的附注中披露充分的信息,以使使用者能夠理解它們的性質(zhì)、時(shí)
2、間和金額。 </p><p><b> 范圍 </b></p><p> 1.本準(zhǔn)則適用于所有企業(yè)對(duì)以下各項(xiàng)之外的準(zhǔn)備、或有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn)的會(huì)計(jì)核算: </p><p> (1)以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的金融工具形成的準(zhǔn)備、或有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn): </p><p> (2)執(zhí)行中的合同(除了虧損的執(zhí)行中的合同)形成的準(zhǔn)備、或
3、有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn); </p><p> (3)保險(xiǎn)公司與保單持有人之間簽訂的合同形成的準(zhǔn)備、或有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn);</p><p> ?。?)由其他國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則規(guī)范的準(zhǔn)備、或有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn)。 </p><p> 2.本準(zhǔn)則適用于不是以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的金融工具(包括擔(dān)保)。 </p><p> 3.執(zhí)行中的合同是指雙方均未履行任何義務(wù)或雙方
4、均同等程度地履行了部分義務(wù)的合同。本準(zhǔn)則不適用于執(zhí)行中的合同,除非它是虧損的。 </p><p> 4.本準(zhǔn)則適用于保險(xiǎn)公司的準(zhǔn)備、或有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn),但不適用于其與保單持有人之間簽訂的合同形成的準(zhǔn)備、或有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn)。 </p><p> 5.如果其他國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則規(guī)范了特定的準(zhǔn)備、或有負(fù)債和或有資產(chǎn),企業(yè)應(yīng)運(yùn)用該準(zhǔn)則而不是本準(zhǔn)則,例如,關(guān)于以下項(xiàng)目的準(zhǔn)則也規(guī)范了特定的準(zhǔn)備: <
5、;/p><p> ?。?)建造合同(參見(jiàn)《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第11號(hào)建造合同》); </p><p> ?。?)所得稅(參見(jiàn)《國(guó)隊(duì)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第12號(hào)所得稅》); </p><p> ?。?)租賃(參見(jiàn)《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第17 號(hào)租賃》),但是,《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第 17 號(hào)》未對(duì)已變?yōu)樘潛p的經(jīng)營(yíng)租質(zhì)的核算提出具體要求,因而本準(zhǔn)則應(yīng)適用于這些情況; </p><p&g
6、t; ?。?)雇員福利(參見(jiàn)《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第19號(hào)一雇員福利》)。 </p><p> 6.一些作為準(zhǔn)備處理的金額可能與收入的確認(rèn)有關(guān),例如企業(yè)提供擔(dān)保以收取費(fèi)用,本準(zhǔn)則不涉及收入確認(rèn),《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第 18 號(hào)收入》明確了收入確認(rèn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并就確認(rèn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的應(yīng)用提供了實(shí)務(wù)指南,本準(zhǔn)則不改變《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第 18 號(hào)》的規(guī)定。 </p><p> 7.本準(zhǔn)則將準(zhǔn)備定義為時(shí)間或金額不確定的負(fù)債,
7、在某些國(guó)家,“準(zhǔn)備”也與一些項(xiàng)目相聯(lián)系使用,例如折舊,資產(chǎn)減值和壞賬:這些是對(duì)資產(chǎn)賬面金額的調(diào)整,本準(zhǔn)則不涉及。 </p><p> 8.其他國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則規(guī)定了支出是作為資產(chǎn)還是作為費(fèi)用處理,本準(zhǔn)則不涉及這些問(wèn)題,相應(yīng)地,本準(zhǔn)則既不禁止也不要求對(duì)提取準(zhǔn)備時(shí)所確認(rèn)的費(fèi)用予以資本化。 </p><p> 9.本準(zhǔn)剛適用于重組(包括中止?fàn)I業(yè))準(zhǔn)備,重組符合中止?fàn)I業(yè)的定義時(shí),《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第
8、35 號(hào)中止?fàn)I業(yè)》可能要求提供附加的披露。 </p><p><b> 定義 </b></p><p> 10.本準(zhǔn)則中使用的下列術(shù)語(yǔ),其定義為: </p><p> 準(zhǔn)備,指時(shí)間或金額不確定的負(fù)債。 </p><p> 負(fù)債,指因過(guò)去事項(xiàng)而發(fā)生的企業(yè)的現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù),該義務(wù)的結(jié)算預(yù)期會(huì)導(dǎo)致含經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的資源流出企業(yè)
9、。 </p><p> 義務(wù)事項(xiàng),指形成法定或推定義務(wù)的事項(xiàng),這些法定或推定義務(wù)使企業(yè)沒(méi)有現(xiàn)實(shí)的選擇, 只能結(jié)算該義務(wù)。 </p><p> 法定義務(wù),指因以下任意項(xiàng)而發(fā)生的種義務(wù): </p><p> (1)合同(通過(guò)其明確的或隱含的條款); </p><p><b> ?。?)法規(guī); </b></p>
10、;<p> ?。?)法律的其他實(shí)施。 </p><p> 推定義務(wù),福因企業(yè)的行為而產(chǎn)生的種義務(wù),其中: </p><p> ?。?)由于以往實(shí)務(wù)的成型做法、公開(kāi)的政策或相當(dāng)明確的當(dāng)前聲明,企業(yè)已向其他方面表明它將承擔(dān)特定的責(zé)任; </p><p> ?。?)結(jié)果,企業(yè)使其他方面建立了個(gè)有效預(yù)期,即它將解除那些責(zé)任。 </p><
11、;p> 或有負(fù)債,指以下二者之一: </p><p> ?。?)因過(guò)去事項(xiàng)而產(chǎn)生的潛在義務(wù),其存在僅通過(guò)不完全由企業(yè)控制的個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)不確定未來(lái)事項(xiàng)的發(fā)生或不發(fā)生予以證實(shí); </p><p> (2)因過(guò)去事項(xiàng)而產(chǎn)生、但因下列原因而未予確認(rèn)的現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù): </p><p> ?、俳Y(jié)算該義務(wù)不是很可能要求含經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的資源流出企業(yè);或 </p><
12、;p> ?、谠摿x務(wù)的金額不可以足夠可靠地計(jì)量。 </p><p> 或有資產(chǎn),指因過(guò)去事項(xiàng)而形成的潛在資產(chǎn),其存在僅通過(guò)不完全由企業(yè)控制的個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)不確定未來(lái)事項(xiàng)的發(fā)生或不發(fā)生予以證實(shí)。 </p><p> 虧損合同,指種合同,根據(jù)該合同履行義務(wù)發(fā)生的不可避免費(fèi)用超過(guò)了預(yù)期獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。 </p><p> 重組,指項(xiàng)由管理部門計(jì)劃和控制、并重大地改變了
13、企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)范圍或進(jìn)行該經(jīng)營(yíng)的方式的方案。</p><p><b> 或有負(fù)債 </b></p><p> 11.企業(yè)不應(yīng)確認(rèn)或有負(fù)債。</p><p> 12.除非含經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的資源流出的可能性極小,否則或有負(fù)債應(yīng)按第 86 段要求的那樣予以披露, </p><p> 13.企業(yè)聯(lián)合和各自對(duì)某項(xiàng)義務(wù)負(fù)有責(zé)任時(shí),義
14、務(wù)中預(yù)期由其他方面結(jié)算的部分應(yīng)作為或有負(fù)債處理,企業(yè)對(duì)很可能要求含經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的資源流出的那部分義務(wù)確認(rèn)準(zhǔn)備,除非極少的情況下不能對(duì)該義務(wù)作出可靠的估計(jì)。 </p><p> 14.或有負(fù)債可能不按最初預(yù)料的方式發(fā)展,因此,應(yīng)對(duì)它們進(jìn)行持續(xù)的評(píng)價(jià),以確定含經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的資源流出的可能性是否已變?yōu)楹芸赡?,如果?duì)應(yīng)以前作為或有負(fù)債處理的事項(xiàng)的未來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益流出的可能性變?yōu)楹芸赡芰耍瑒t應(yīng)在可能性發(fā)生變化當(dāng)期的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表上確認(rèn)一項(xiàng)
15、準(zhǔn)備(除非在極少的情況下不能作出可靠的估計(jì))。 </p><p><b> 或有資產(chǎn) </b></p><p> 15.企業(yè)不應(yīng)確認(rèn)或有資產(chǎn)。 </p><p> 16.或有資產(chǎn)通常由導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)利益可能流入企業(yè)的未計(jì)劃的事項(xiàng)或其他未預(yù)料到的事項(xiàng)形成。索賠是或有資產(chǎn)的一個(gè)例子。企業(yè)通過(guò)法律程序提出索賠,其結(jié)果具有不確定性。 </p>
16、;<p> 17.或有資產(chǎn)不應(yīng)在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中予以確認(rèn),因?yàn)榇_認(rèn)或有資產(chǎn)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致那些可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的收益得到確認(rèn)。但是,收益基本肯定會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí),相關(guān)資產(chǎn)已不是或有資產(chǎn),此時(shí)將其確認(rèn)是恰當(dāng)?shù)模?</p><p> 18.經(jīng)濟(jì)利益很可能流入時(shí),應(yīng)按第89 段的要求披露或有資產(chǎn)。 </p><p> 19.應(yīng)對(duì)或有資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行持續(xù)評(píng)價(jià),以確保情況的發(fā)展在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中得到適當(dāng)?shù)姆从?。?jīng)
17、濟(jì)利益基本肯定會(huì)流入時(shí),該資產(chǎn)和相關(guān)收益應(yīng)在變化發(fā)生當(dāng)期的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表上予以確認(rèn)。經(jīng)濟(jì)利益只是很可能會(huì)流入時(shí),企業(yè)應(yīng)披露該或有資產(chǎn)(見(jiàn)第 89 段)。</p><p><b> 計(jì)量</b></p><p> 20.確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)備的金額應(yīng)是資產(chǎn)負(fù)傻表日結(jié)算現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù)所要求支出的最好估計(jì)。 </p><p> 21.結(jié)算現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù)所要求支出的最好估計(jì),
18、應(yīng)是企業(yè)在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日結(jié)算該義務(wù),或在此時(shí)將該義務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)讓給第三方而合理支付的金額。在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日結(jié)算或轉(zhuǎn)讓義務(wù)通常不可能發(fā)生或是異常昂貴,但是,企業(yè)為結(jié)算或轉(zhuǎn)讓該義務(wù)進(jìn)行合理支付的金額的估計(jì),提供了資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日結(jié)算現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù)所要求支出的最好估計(jì)。 </p><p> 22.結(jié)果和財(cái)務(wù)影響的估計(jì)由企業(yè)管理部門根據(jù)判斷,同時(shí)輔之以類似交易的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和(某些情況下)獨(dú)立專家出具的報(bào)告來(lái)確定。應(yīng)考慮的證據(jù)包括資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日后事項(xiàng)
19、提供的附加證據(jù)。 </p><p> 23.圍繞予以確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)備的金額的不確定性,可根據(jù)情況采用不同的方式處理,如果予以計(jì)量的準(zhǔn)備涉及大量的項(xiàng)目,則應(yīng)基于其相關(guān)的可能性,對(duì)各種可能結(jié)果進(jìn)行加權(quán)來(lái)對(duì)義務(wù)進(jìn)行估計(jì),這種估計(jì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法稱為“預(yù)期價(jià)值法”。因此,給定金額的損失的可能性不同(比如說(shuō) 60%或90%)時(shí),準(zhǔn)備的金額也是不同的,如果存在可能結(jié)果的連續(xù)范圍,且該范圍中每一點(diǎn)和其他各點(diǎn)的可能性一樣,則范圍內(nèi)的各點(diǎn)均
20、可采用。 </p><p> 24.計(jì)量一項(xiàng)單項(xiàng)義務(wù)時(shí),單個(gè)最可能的結(jié)果可能是該負(fù)債的最好估計(jì)。但是,即使在這種情況下,企業(yè)也應(yīng)考慮其他可能的結(jié)果,如果其他可能的結(jié)果大部分均比最可能的結(jié)果的金額高或低,則最好估計(jì)將是一項(xiàng)較高或較低的金額,例如,如果企業(yè)不得不糾正其為客戶建造的主要廠房中存在的嚴(yán)重失誤,則單個(gè)最可能金額可能是一次補(bǔ)救成功須花費(fèi)的費(fèi)用1000 萬(wàn)元,但是,如果存在重大的可能性,有必要作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)救,
21、則應(yīng)提取一項(xiàng)較大金額的準(zhǔn)備。 </p><p> 25.準(zhǔn)備在稅前計(jì)量,因?yàn)闇?zhǔn)備的稅后結(jié)果及變化,應(yīng)按《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第12號(hào)所得稅》進(jìn)行處理,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和不確定性 </p><p> 26.不可避免地圍繞很多事項(xiàng)和情況的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和不確定性,應(yīng)在計(jì)算準(zhǔn)備的最好估計(jì)時(shí)予以考慮。 </p><p> 27.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)描述結(jié)果的變化,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)調(diào)整可能增加負(fù)債計(jì)量的金額。在不確定的情況下
22、進(jìn)行判斷需要謹(jǐn)慎,以使收益或資產(chǎn)不會(huì)高估,費(fèi)用或負(fù)債不會(huì)低估,但是,不確定性并不說(shuō)明應(yīng)提取過(guò)多準(zhǔn)備和故意夸大負(fù)債,例如,如果一個(gè)特別相反結(jié)果的預(yù)計(jì)費(fèi)用是在謹(jǐn)慎的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行估計(jì)的,那么該結(jié)果不能人為地認(rèn)為比實(shí)際的情況更可能。需要謹(jǐn)慎以避免對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和不確定性進(jìn)行重復(fù)調(diào)整,高估準(zhǔn)備。 </p><p> 28.應(yīng)按第85 段(2)的要求披露與支出金額相關(guān)的不確定性。 </p><p><
23、b> 現(xiàn)值 </b></p><p> 29.如果貨幣時(shí)間價(jià)值的影響重大,準(zhǔn)備的金額應(yīng)是結(jié)算義務(wù)預(yù)期所要求支出的現(xiàn)值。 </p><p> 30.因貨幣時(shí)間價(jià)值的影響,與資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日后不久發(fā)生的現(xiàn)金流出有關(guān)的準(zhǔn)備,比與較后發(fā)生的同樣金額的現(xiàn)金流出有關(guān)的準(zhǔn)備更加負(fù)有義務(wù)。因此,影響重大時(shí),準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)予折現(xiàn)。 </p><p> 31.折現(xiàn)率應(yīng)是
24、反映貨幣時(shí)間價(jià)值的當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)評(píng)價(jià)及該負(fù)債特有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的稅前折現(xiàn)率。折現(xiàn)靠不應(yīng)反映未來(lái)現(xiàn)金流量估計(jì)已為其調(diào)整的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 </p><p><b> 未來(lái)事項(xiàng) </b></p><p> 32.對(duì)于可能影響結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)所須金額的未來(lái)事項(xiàng),如果有足夠的客觀證據(jù)表明它們將發(fā)生,則應(yīng)在準(zhǔn)備金額中予以反映。 </p><p> 33.預(yù)期的未來(lái)事項(xiàng)可能對(duì)計(jì)量準(zhǔn)
25、備特別重要。例如,企業(yè)可能認(rèn)為,在項(xiàng)目結(jié)束時(shí)清理場(chǎng)地的費(fèi)用將因未來(lái)技術(shù)的變化而降低。確認(rèn)的金額應(yīng)反映技術(shù)上合格且公正的觀察者所作出的合理預(yù)測(cè)。這些預(yù)測(cè)是該觀察者考慮了清理場(chǎng)地時(shí)可使用技術(shù)等因素的所有證據(jù)后作出的。因此,恰當(dāng)?shù)淖龇ㄊ?,將與應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有技術(shù)過(guò)程中積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)有關(guān)的預(yù)計(jì)費(fèi)用減少額,或現(xiàn)有技術(shù)應(yīng)用于比以前進(jìn)行過(guò)的更大或更復(fù)雜的清理項(xiàng)目的預(yù)期費(fèi)用,在預(yù)測(cè)中考慮。但是,除非得到相當(dāng)客觀的證據(jù)的支持,否則企業(yè)不應(yīng)對(duì)全新的清理技術(shù)的發(fā)展進(jìn)行預(yù)
26、期。 </p><p> 34.如果存在相當(dāng)客觀的證據(jù)表明,新法規(guī)基本肯定會(huì)頒布,那么新法規(guī)的潛在影響應(yīng)在計(jì)量現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù)時(shí)予以考慮。實(shí)務(wù)中出現(xiàn)的情況的多樣化使確定一個(gè)在每種情況下均能提供充足、客觀證據(jù)的單獨(dú)事項(xiàng)是不可能的。所要求的證據(jù)包括,需要什么樣的法規(guī)、是否在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候基本肯定會(huì)頒布和實(shí)施,在很多情況下,直至新法規(guī)頒布,才存在相當(dāng)客觀的證據(jù)。 </p><p><b>
27、資產(chǎn)的預(yù)期處置 </b></p><p> 35.資產(chǎn)預(yù)期處置形成的利得不應(yīng)在計(jì)量準(zhǔn)備時(shí)予以考慮。 </p><p> 36.資產(chǎn)預(yù)期處置形成的利得不應(yīng)在計(jì)量準(zhǔn)備時(shí)予以考慮,即使該預(yù)期處置與形成準(zhǔn)備的事項(xiàng)密切聯(lián)系也是如此。企業(yè)應(yīng)在涉及相關(guān)資產(chǎn)的國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則規(guī)定的時(shí)點(diǎn)確認(rèn)資產(chǎn)預(yù)期處置形成的利得。 </p><p><b> 補(bǔ)償 &l
28、t;/b></p><p> 37.如果結(jié)算準(zhǔn)備所要求支出的部分或全部預(yù)期會(huì)由另方補(bǔ)償,那么當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)如果企業(yè)結(jié)算該義務(wù),就基本評(píng)定會(huì)收到補(bǔ)償時(shí),確認(rèn)該補(bǔ)償。該補(bǔ)償應(yīng)作為項(xiàng)單獨(dú)的資產(chǎn)處理。對(duì)補(bǔ)償確認(rèn)的金額不應(yīng)超過(guò)準(zhǔn)備的金額。 </p><p> 38.在收益表中,與準(zhǔn)備有關(guān)的費(fèi)用可以扣除對(duì)補(bǔ)償確認(rèn)的金額后的凈額列報(bào)。 </p><p> 39.有時(shí),企業(yè)
29、能夠讓另一方支付結(jié)算準(zhǔn)備所要求支出的一部分或全部(例如,通過(guò)保險(xiǎn)合同、豁免條款或供應(yīng)商的保證),另一方可能補(bǔ)償企業(yè)已付的金額或直接支付這項(xiàng)金額。 </p><p> 40.在大多數(shù)情況下,企業(yè)仍對(duì)所討論的全部金額負(fù)有責(zé)任,以至于第三方出于某種原因未能支付時(shí),企業(yè)不得不結(jié)算全部金額。在這種情況下,應(yīng)對(duì)負(fù)債全額確認(rèn)準(zhǔn)備;而且,應(yīng)在企業(yè)結(jié)算該負(fù)債時(shí)就基本肯定會(huì)收到補(bǔ)償?shù)那闆r下,對(duì)預(yù)期的補(bǔ)償確認(rèn)一項(xiàng)單獨(dú)的資產(chǎn)。 <
30、;/p><p> 41.在某些情況下,第三方未能支付時(shí)企業(yè)對(duì)所討論的費(fèi)用不負(fù)有責(zé)任,在這種情況下,企業(yè)對(duì)這些費(fèi)用不承擔(dān)義務(wù),因而不應(yīng)將其包括在準(zhǔn)備中。 </p><p> 42.如第29 段指出的那樣,企業(yè)聯(lián)合和各自負(fù)責(zé)的某項(xiàng)義務(wù)中,預(yù)期由其他方面結(jié)算的部分應(yīng)作為或有負(fù)債處理。 </p><p><b> 準(zhǔn)備的變化 </b></p
31、><p> 43.在每個(gè)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日,應(yīng)對(duì)準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行檢查并予以調(diào)整,以反映當(dāng)前的最好估計(jì)。結(jié)算該義務(wù)不再是很可能要求含經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的資源流出時(shí),準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)予轉(zhuǎn)記。 </p><p> 44.如果使用折現(xiàn),則應(yīng)在各期增加準(zhǔn)備的賬而價(jià)值,以反映時(shí)間的流逝。這項(xiàng)增加應(yīng)作為利息費(fèi)用予以確認(rèn)。 </p><p><b> 準(zhǔn)備的使用 </b></p&g
32、t;<p> 45.準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)僅僅用于最初為其確認(rèn)的支出。 </p><p> 46.只有與原準(zhǔn)備有關(guān)的支出才能沖減該準(zhǔn)備,將支出沖減原先為其他目的確認(rèn)的準(zhǔn)備會(huì)隱藏兩個(gè)不同事項(xiàng)的影響。 </p><p><b> 未來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)虧損 </b></p><p> 47.對(duì)未來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)虧損不應(yīng)確認(rèn)準(zhǔn)備, </p><
33、p> 48.未來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)虧損不符合第 10 段中負(fù)債的定義,以及第 14 段為準(zhǔn)備設(shè)定的一般確認(rèn)條件。 </p><p> 49.對(duì)未來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)虧損的預(yù)期,表明特定的經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)可能發(fā)生減值。企業(yè)應(yīng)按《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第36號(hào)資產(chǎn)減值》對(duì)這些資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行減值測(cè)試。 </p><p><b> 虧損合同 </b></p><p> 50.如果企業(yè)有
34、項(xiàng)虧損合同,那么該合同下的現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù)應(yīng)作為準(zhǔn)備予以確認(rèn)和計(jì)量。 </p><p> 67.很多合同(例如,一些日常訂單)可以在不須支付給對(duì)方補(bǔ)償?shù)那闆r下取消,因此不存在義務(wù),其他一些合同對(duì)合同當(dāng)事人同時(shí)確立了權(quán)利和義務(wù),如果某些事項(xiàng)使一項(xiàng)合同成為虧損合同,則該合同屬于本準(zhǔn)則范圍的內(nèi)容,且存在應(yīng)予確認(rèn)的負(fù)債,那些不是虧損的執(zhí)行中的合同不在本準(zhǔn)則規(guī)范, </p><p> 51.本準(zhǔn)則將虧損
35、合同定義為一種合同,根據(jù)該合同履行義務(wù)發(fā)生的不可避免費(fèi)用超過(guò)了預(yù)期獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,一項(xiàng)合同下不可避免費(fèi)用反映了退出該合同的最低凈費(fèi)用,即履行該合同的費(fèi)用與未能履行該合同而發(fā)生的補(bǔ)償或處罰兩者之中較低者, </p><p> 52.在為虧損合同設(shè)立單獨(dú)準(zhǔn)備之前,企業(yè)應(yīng)對(duì)該合同標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)發(fā)生的減值損失進(jìn)行確認(rèn)(參見(jiàn)《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第 36 號(hào)資產(chǎn)減值》)。 </p><p><b>
36、 重組 </b></p><p> 53.以下是可能符合重組定義的事項(xiàng)的例子: </p><p> (1)在一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的營(yíng)業(yè)場(chǎng)所的關(guān)閉,或營(yíng)業(yè)場(chǎng)所由一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)移至另一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū); </p><p> ?。?)對(duì)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)性質(zhì)和經(jīng)營(yíng)重點(diǎn)有重大影響的重要重組。 </p><p> 54.僅在滿足第14 段為準(zhǔn)備設(shè)立的
37、一般確認(rèn)條件時(shí),才能對(duì)重組費(fèi)用確認(rèn)準(zhǔn)備,第 72--83段對(duì)如何將一般確認(rèn)條件應(yīng)用于重組,提供了指南。 </p><p> 55.重組的推定義務(wù)僅在個(gè)企業(yè)有以下情況時(shí)產(chǎn)生: </p><p> ?。?)有項(xiàng)詳細(xì)、正式的重組計(jì)劃,該計(jì)劃至少明確了以下事項(xiàng): </p><p> ?、偕婕暗臓I(yíng)業(yè)或營(yíng)業(yè)的部分; </p><p> ?、谑苡绊懙闹饕?/p>
38、經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所; </p><p> ?、垡蚪K止服務(wù)而將得到補(bǔ)償?shù)墓蛦T的分布、職能和大概人數(shù); </p><p><b> ④將承擔(dān)的支出; </b></p><p><b> ?、萦?jì)劃何時(shí)實(shí)施; </b></p><p> (2)通過(guò)開(kāi)始實(shí)施該計(jì)劃,或向那些受具影響的方面通告該計(jì)劃的主要方面,已使那
39、些受影響的方面建立了個(gè)有效預(yù)期,即企業(yè)將實(shí)施該重組。 </p><p> 56.通過(guò)拆卸廠房、出售資產(chǎn)或者公開(kāi)宣布計(jì)劃的主要方面等,可以提供企業(yè)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始實(shí)施重組計(jì)劃的證據(jù),公開(kāi)宣布重組的具體計(jì)劃,只有在其通過(guò)一種特定方式并相當(dāng)詳細(xì)(即明確了計(jì)劃的主要內(nèi)容)以至于使其他方面(諸如客戶、供應(yīng)商和雇員或其代表)建立了一個(gè)有效預(yù)期(即企業(yè)將進(jìn)行重組)時(shí),才構(gòu)成一項(xiàng)排定義務(wù)。 </p><p>
40、 57.為了使計(jì)劃在傳達(dá)給那些受影響的方面時(shí)足以形成推定義務(wù),該計(jì)劃的實(shí)施需要盡早安排,并在不可能再對(duì)計(jì)劃作重大修改的時(shí)間限度內(nèi)完成,如果預(yù)期重組開(kāi)始之前將有長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的延遲,或重組將持續(xù)一段不合理的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,那么該計(jì)劃現(xiàn)在不可能使其他方面建立一個(gè)企業(yè)承諾重組的有效預(yù)期,因?yàn)樵摃r(shí)間限度內(nèi)企業(yè)有機(jī)會(huì)改變其計(jì)劃。 </p><p> 58.管理部門或董事會(huì)在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日前作出的重組決定,在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日不形成一項(xiàng)推定義務(wù),
41、除非企業(yè)在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始實(shí)施重組計(jì)劃,或以一種相當(dāng)特定的方式將重組計(jì)劃的主要方面?zhèn)鬟_(dá)給那些受影響的方面,使他們建立一個(gè)企業(yè)將實(shí)施重組的有效預(yù)期。在某些情況下,企業(yè)僅在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日之后才開(kāi)始實(shí)施重組,或?qū)⑵渲饕矫鎮(zhèn)鬟_(dá)給那些受其影響的方面,如果重組很重要,以至于不對(duì)其進(jìn)行披露將影響財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的使用者作出正確的評(píng)價(jià)和決定,那么根據(jù)《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第10 號(hào)或有事項(xiàng)和資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日后事項(xiàng)》的規(guī)定,可能要求對(duì)此予以披露。 </p>
42、;<p> 59.雖然推定義務(wù)不只是因管理部門的決定產(chǎn)生的,但義務(wù)可能因這種決定及其他以前的事項(xiàng)產(chǎn)生,例如,與雇員代表就解雇費(fèi)進(jìn)行的協(xié)良或與購(gòu)買者就轉(zhuǎn)讓一項(xiàng)營(yíng)業(yè)進(jìn)行的談判,可能已經(jīng)完成只等董事會(huì)批準(zhǔn),一旦獲得批準(zhǔn),并傳達(dá)給了其他方面,而且滿足第 72 段的條件,企業(yè)就承擔(dān)了一項(xiàng)重組的推定義務(wù)。 </p><p> 60.在某些國(guó)家,最終決策權(quán)屬于董事會(huì),其成員包括管理部門以外的利益代表(例如,雇
43、員),或董事會(huì)作出決策前必須通知這些代表。因?yàn)槎聲?huì)作出這些決策涉及與這些代表的溝通,因此這項(xiàng)決策可能形成一項(xiàng)重組的推定義務(wù)。 </p><p> 61.直到企業(yè)承諾轉(zhuǎn)讓,即簽有個(gè)約束性的轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議,才產(chǎn)生營(yíng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)讓的義務(wù)。 </p><p> 62.即使企業(yè)已作出決定轉(zhuǎn)讓某項(xiàng)營(yíng)業(yè)并公開(kāi)宣布該決定,直到確定了購(gòu)買者并簽有約束性的轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議,才說(shuō)明對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)讓作出了承諾。在簽有約束性轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議之前,企
44、業(yè)可以改變主意,而且如果根據(jù)可接受條款找不到購(gòu)買者,企業(yè)完全可以采取其他行動(dòng)。如果轉(zhuǎn)讓營(yíng)業(yè)構(gòu)成重組的一部分,應(yīng)按《國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第 36號(hào)資產(chǎn)減值》的要求,對(duì)該營(yíng)業(yè)的資產(chǎn)作減值測(cè)試。如果轉(zhuǎn)讓僅是重組的一部分,則在約束性轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議簽訂之前,可能對(duì)重組的其他部分產(chǎn)生了一項(xiàng)推定義務(wù)。 </p><p> 63.重組準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)僅僅包括重組引起的直接支出,即重組所必需的,但與企業(yè)持續(xù)進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)無(wú)關(guān)的直接支出。 </p>
45、;<p> 64.重組準(zhǔn)備不包括以下發(fā)生的費(fèi)用: </p><p> (1)再培訓(xùn)或安置留用職員; </p><p><b> ?。?)推銷; </b></p><p> ?。?)投資新系統(tǒng)或銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò); 這些支出與未來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)有關(guān),在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日不是重組義務(wù),這些支出應(yīng)以與重組無(wú)關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行確認(rèn)。</p><
46、;p> 65.截止重組日發(fā)生的可辯認(rèn)未來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)虧損不包括在準(zhǔn)備中,但當(dāng)它們與第 10 段定義的虧損合同有關(guān)時(shí),可以例外。 </p><p> 66.按第51 段的要求,在計(jì)量重組準(zhǔn)備時(shí),不應(yīng)考慮資產(chǎn)預(yù)期處置形成的利得,即使資產(chǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)讓構(gòu)成重組的一部分也是如此。 </p><p><b> 披露 </b></p><p> 67.對(duì)
47、于每類準(zhǔn)備,企業(yè)應(yīng)披露: </p><p> (1)期初和期末的帳面價(jià)值; </p><p> (2)當(dāng)期增加的準(zhǔn)備,包括對(duì)現(xiàn)存準(zhǔn)備部分的增加; </p><p> ?。?)本期使用的金額(即發(fā)生并沖銷準(zhǔn)備的金額); </p><p> ?。?)當(dāng)期轉(zhuǎn)回的未使用金額; </p><p> ?。?)本期因時(shí)間流逝而增
48、加的折現(xiàn)金額,以及折現(xiàn)率的變化。 </p><p> 不要求提供比較信息 </p><p> 68.對(duì)于每類準(zhǔn)備,企業(yè)應(yīng)披露以下內(nèi)容: </p><p> ?。?)有關(guān)這些經(jīng)濟(jì)利益流出的金額或時(shí)間的不確定性的說(shuō)明。如果必須提供充足的信息,那么企業(yè)應(yīng)按第 48 段的要求,披露就末來(lái)事項(xiàng)所作的主要假設(shè); </p><p> ?。?)預(yù)期補(bǔ)償
49、的金額,說(shuō)明就該預(yù)期補(bǔ)償已確認(rèn)的資產(chǎn)的金額。 </p><p> 69.除非結(jié)算時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益流出的可能性極小,否則企業(yè)應(yīng)在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日就每類或有負(fù)債簡(jiǎn)短地披露其性質(zhì),并在可行的情況下,再披露: </p><p> (1)其財(cái)務(wù)影響的估計(jì)(按第36--52段進(jìn)行計(jì)算); </p><p> (2)與流出的金額或時(shí)間有關(guān)的不確定性的說(shuō)明; </p>&
50、lt;p> ?。?)補(bǔ)償?shù)目赡苄浴?</p><p> 70.在確定哪些準(zhǔn)備或或有負(fù)債可以合并為一個(gè)類別時(shí),必須考慮這碑項(xiàng)目的性質(zhì)是否相當(dāng)類似,以至可用一個(gè)單獨(dú)的說(shuō)明來(lái)滿足第 85 段(1)和(2)以及第 86 段(1)和(2)的要求,因此,將與不同產(chǎn)品保證有關(guān)的金額作為單獨(dú)一類準(zhǔn)備處理可能是恰當(dāng)?shù)?,但將與一般擔(dān)保有關(guān)的金額和受法律程序約束的金額作為單獨(dú)一類準(zhǔn)備處理則是不適當(dāng)?shù)摹?</p>
51、<p> 71.如果準(zhǔn)備和或有負(fù)債由相同的一系列情況形成,企業(yè)應(yīng)按第 84--86 段的要求進(jìn)行披露,披露的方式應(yīng)表明該準(zhǔn)備和或有負(fù)債之間的關(guān)系。 </p><p> 72.如果經(jīng)濟(jì)利益很可能流入,企業(yè)應(yīng)在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日簡(jiǎn)短地披露或有資產(chǎn)的性質(zhì)。并在可行的情況下,再披露其財(cái)務(wù)影響的估計(jì)數(shù),該估計(jì)數(shù)按第 36--52 段中設(shè)立的原則進(jìn)行計(jì)算。 </p><p> 73.披露或有
52、資產(chǎn)以避免就收益產(chǎn)生的可能性提供誤導(dǎo)信息是重要的。 </p><p> 74.如果因不可行而沒(méi)有披露第86 和89段要求的信息,則應(yīng)說(shuō)明該事實(shí)。 </p><p> 75.在極少的情況下,披露第84--89 段所要求的部分或全部信息,預(yù)期會(huì)嚴(yán)重?fù)p害處在與其他方面就準(zhǔn)備、或有負(fù)債或或有資產(chǎn)發(fā)生爭(zhēng)端的企業(yè)的地位。在這樣的情況下,企業(yè)不需要披露這些信息,但應(yīng)披露該爭(zhēng)端的般性質(zhì)、以及沒(méi)有披露該
53、信息的事實(shí)和原因。</p><p><b> 附錄B</b></p><p> IAS37 Provisions,Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets</p><p> This International Accounting Standard was approved by the
54、IASC Board in July 1998 and became effective for financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 July 1999. </p><p> Introduction </p><p> 1. IAS 37 prescribes the accounting a
55、nd disclosure for all provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets, except: </p><p> (a) those resulting from financial instruments that are carried at fair value; </p><p> (b) t
56、hose resulting from executory contracts, except where the contract is onerous. Executory contracts are contracts under which neither party has performed any of its obligations or both parties have partially performed the
57、ir obligations to an equal extent; </p><p> (c) those arising in insurance enterprises from contracts with policyholders; </p><p> (d) those covered by another International Accounting Standa
58、rd. </p><p> Provisions </p><p> 2. The Standard defines provisions as liabilities of uncertain timing or amount. A provision should be recognised when, and only when: </p><p>
59、 (a) an enterprise has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event; </p><p> (b) it is probable (i.e. more likely than not) that an outflow of resources embodying economic ben
60、efits will be required to settle the obligation; </p><p> (c) a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The Standard notes that it is only in extremely rare cases that a reliable esti
61、mate will not be possible. </p><p> 3. The Standard defines a constructive obligation as an obligation that derives from an enterprise's actions where: </p><p> (a) by an established patt
62、ern of past practice, published policies or a sufficiently specific current statement, the enterprise has indicated to other parties that it will accept certain responsibilities; </p><p> (b) as a result, t
63、he enterprise has created a valid expectation on the part of those other parties that it will discharge those responsibilities. </p><p> 4. In rare cases, for example in a law suit, it may not be clear whe
64、ther an enterprise has a present obligation. In these cases, a past event is deemed to give rise to a present obligation if, taking account of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that a present obligation
65、exists at the balance sheet date. An enterprise recognises a provision for that present obligation if the other recognition criteria described above are met. If it is more likely than not that no present obligati</p&g
66、t;<p> 5. The amount recognised as a provision should be the best estimate of the expenditurequired to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date, in other words, the amount that an enterprise would
67、rationally pay to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date or to transfer it to a third party at that time. </p><p> 6. The Standard requires that an enterprise should, in measuring a provision: &l
68、t;/p><p> (a) take risks and uncertainties into account. However, uncertainty does not justify the creation of excessive provisions or a deliberate overstatement of liabilities; </p><p> (b) dis
69、count the provisions, where the effect of the time value of money is material, using a pre-tax discount rate (or rates) that reflect(s) current market assessments of the time value of money and those risks specific to th
70、e liability that have not been reflected in the best estimate of the expenditure. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as an interest expense; </p><
71、;p> (c) take future events, such as changes in the law and technological changes, into account where there is sufficient objective evidence that they will occur; and </p><p> (d) not take gains from th
72、e expected disposal of assets into account, even if the expected disposal is closely linked to the event giving rise to the provision. </p><p> 7. An enterprise may expect reimbursement of some or all of th
73、e expenditure required to settle a provision (for example, through insurance contracts, indemnity clauses or suppliers' warranties). An enterprise should: </p><p> (a) recognise a reimbursement when, a
74、nd only when, it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received if the enterprise settles the obligation. The amount recognised for the reimbursement should not exceed the amount of the provision; and </p&g
75、t;<p> (b) recognise the reimbursement as a separate asset. In the income statement, the expense relating to a provision may be presented net of the amount recognised for a reimbursement. </p><p>
76、8. Provisions should be reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted reflect thecurrent best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle t
77、he obligation, the provisioshould be reversed. </p><p> 9. A provision should be used only for expenditures for which the provision was originally recognised. </p><p> Provisions - Specific A
78、pplications </p><p> 10. The Standard explains how the general recognition and measurement requirements for provisions should be applied in three specific cases: future operating losses; onerous contracts
79、; and restructurings. </p><p> Contingent Liabilities </p><p> 11. An enterprise should not recognise a contingent liability. , unless the </p><p> 12. A contingent liability
80、is disclosed, as required by paragraph 86possibility of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is remote. </p><p> 13. Where an enterprise is jointly and severally liable for an obligation, th
81、e part of tobligation that is expected to be met by other parties is treated as a contingentThe enterprise recognises a provision for the part of the obligation for which an outflow of resources embodying economic benefi
82、ts is probable, except in the extremely rare circumstances where no reliable estimate can be made. </p><p> 14. Contingent liabilities may develop in a way not initially expected. Therefore, theare assesse
83、d continually to determine whether an outflow of resources embodying probable. If it becomes probable that an outflow of economic benefits has become future economic benefits will be required for an item previously dealt
84、 with as a contingent liability, a provision is recognised in the financial statements of the period in which the change in probability occurs (except in the extremely rare circumstan</p><p> Contingent Ass
85、ets </p><p> 15. An enterprise should not recognise a contingent asset. </p><p> 16. Contingent assets usually arise from unplanned or other unexpected events that give rise to the possibili
86、ty of an inflow of economic benefits to the enterprise. An example is a claim that an enterprise is pursuing through legal processes, where the outcome is uncertain. </p><p> 17. Contingent assets are not
87、recognised in financial statements since this may result in the recognition of income that may never be realised. However, when the realisation of income is virtually certain, then the related asset is not a contingent a
88、sset and its recognition is appropriate. </p><p> 18. A contingent asset is disclosed, as required by paragraph 89 economic benefits is probable. </p><p> 19. Contingent assets are assessed
89、continually to ensure that developments are appropriately reflected in the financial statements. If it has become virtually certain that an inflow of economic benefits will arise, the asset and the related income are rec
90、ognised in the financial statements of the period in which the change occurs. If an inflow of economic benefits has become probable, an enterprise discloses the contingent asset.</p><p> Measurement </p
91、><p> 20. The amount recognised as a provision should be the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date. </p><p> 21. The best estimate
92、of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation is the amount that an enterprise would rationally pay to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date or to transfer it to a third party at that time. It wi
93、ll often be impossible or prohibitively expensive to settle or transfer an obligation at the balance sheet date. However, the estimate of the amount that an enterprise would rationally pay to settle or transfer the oblig
94、ation gives the best estimate of the e</p><p> 22. The estimates of outcome and financial effect are determined by the judgement of the management of the enterprise, supplemented by experience of similar tr
95、ansactions and, in some cases, reports from independent experts. The evidence considered</p><p> 23. Uncertainties surrounding the amount to be recognised as a provision are dealt with by various means acco
96、rding to the circumstances. Where the provision being measured involves a large population of items, the obligation is estimated by weighting all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities. The name for thistati
97、stical method of estimation is 'expected value'. The provision will therefore be different depending on whether the probability of a loss of a given amount is, for example</p><p> outcomes, and each
98、 point in that range is as likely as any other, the mid-point of thrange is used. </p><p> 24. Where a single obligation is being measured, the individual most likely outcome may be the best estimate of th
99、e liability. However, even in such a case, the enterprise considers other possible outcomes. Where other possible outcomes are either mostly higher or mostly lower than the most likely outcome, the best estimate will be
100、a higher or lower amount. For example, if an enterprise has to rectify a serious fault in a major plant that it has constructed for a customer, the individual most li</p><p> 25. The provision is measured b
101、efore tax, as the tax consequences of the provision, , Income Taxes. and changes in it, are dealt with under IAS 12,Income Taxes.</p><p> Risks and Uncertainties </p><p> 26. The risks and u
102、ncertainties that inevitably surround many events and the best estimate of a circumstances should be taken into account in reachin the best estmeate of a provision.</p><p> 27. Risk describes variability of
103、 outcome. A risk adjustment may increase the amount at which a liability is measured. Caution is needed in making judgements under conditions of uncertainty, so that income or assets are not overstated and expenses or li
104、abilities are not understated. However, uncertainty does not justify the creation of excessive provisions or a deliberate overstatement of liabilities. For example, if the projected costs of a particularly adverse outcom
105、e are estimated on a pruden</p><p> 44. Disclosure of the uncertainties surrounding the amount of the expenditure is made under paragraph 85(b)</p><p> Present Value </p><p> 28
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