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1、8–1Chapter 8 The National Airspace SystemNational Airspace System (NAS): The common network of U.S. airspace — air navigation facilities, equipment and services, airports or landing areas; aeronautical charts, informatio

2、n and services; rules, regulations and procedures, technical information, and manpower and material.International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): The United Nations agency for developing the principles and techniques

3、 of international air navigation, and fostering planning and development of international civil air transport.IntroductionThe National Airspace System (NAS) is the network of United States (U.S.) airspace: air navigation

4、 facilities, equipment, services, airports or landing areas, aeronautical charts, information/services, rules, regulations, procedures, technical information, manpower, and material. Included are system components shared

5、 jointly with the military. The system’s present configuration is a reflection of the technological advances concerning the speed and altitude capability of jet aircraft, as well as the complexity of microchip and satell

6、ite-based navigation equipment. To conform to international aviation standards, the U.S. adopted the primary elements of the classification system developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).This ch

7、apter discusses airspace classification; en route, ter- minal, approach procedures, and operations within the NAS.Airspace Classification Airspace in the U.S. is designated as follows: [Figure 8-1]Class A—Generally, that

8、 airspace from 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) up to and including flight level (FL) 600, including the airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles (NM) of the coast of the 48 contiguous states and Alaska. Un

9、less otherwise authorized, all pilots must operate their aircraft under instrument flight rules (IFR).Class B—Generally, that airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports in term

10、s of airport operations or passenger enplanements. The configuration of each Class B airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a surface area and two or more layers (some Class B airspace areas resemble upsi

11、de-down wedding cakes), and is designed to contain all published instrument procedures once an aircraft enters the airspace. An air traffic control (ATC) clearance is required for all aircraft to operate in the area, and

12、 all aircraft that are so cleared receive separation services within the airspace.Class C—Generally, that airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports th

13、at have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar approach control, and have a certain number of IFR operations or passenger enplanements. Although the configuration of each Class C area is indi- vidually tai

14、lored, the airspace usually consists of a surface area with a 5 NM radius, an outer circle with a 10 NM radius that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation and an outer area. Each person must es

15、tablish two- way radio communications with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while within the airspace.8–3Special use airspace: Ai

16、rspace in which certain activities are subject to restrictions that can create limitations on the mixed use of airspace. Consists of prohibited, restricted, warning, military operations, and alert areas.Class D—Generally

17、, that airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower. The configuration of each Class D airspace area is individual

18、ly tailored and when instrument procedures are published, the airspace will normally be designed to contain the procedures. Arrival extensions for instrument approach procedures (IAPs) may be Class D or Class E airspace.

19、 Unless otherwise authorized, each person must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while

20、 in the airspace.Class E—Generally, if the airspace is not Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D, and it is controlled airspace, it is Class E airspace. Class E airspace extends upward from either the surface or a design

21、ated altitude to the overlying or adjacent controlled airspace. When designated as a surface area, the airspace will be configured to contain all instrument procedures. Also in this class are federal airways, airspace be

22、ginning at either 700 or 1,200 feet above ground level (AGL) used to transition to and from the terminal or en route environment, en route domestic, and offshore airspace areas designated below 18,000 feet MSL. Unless de

23、signated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 MSL over the U.S., including that airspace overlying the waters within 12 NM of the coast of the 48 contiguous states and Alaska, up to but not including 18

24、,000 feet MSL, and the airspace above FL600.Class G—That airspace not designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E. Class G airspace is essentially uncontrolled by ATC except when associated with a temporary control tower.Specia

25、l Use Airspace Special use airspace is the designation for airspace in which certain activities must be confined, or where limitations may be imposed on aircraft operations that are not part of those activities. Certain

26、special use airspace areas can create limitations on the mixed use of airspace. The special use airspace depicted on instrument charts includes the area name or number, effective altitude, time and weather conditions of

27、operation, the controlling agency, and the chart panel location. On National Aeronautical Charting Office (NACO) en route charts, this information is available on the panel opposite the air/ground (A/G) voice communicati

28、ons.Prohibited areas contain airspace of defined dimensions within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. Such areas are established for security or other reasons associated with the national welfare. These areas ar

29、e published in the Federal Register and are depicted on aeronautical charts. The area is charted as a “P” with a number (e.g., “P-123”). As the name implies, flight through this airspace is not permitted.Restricted areas

30、 are areas where operations are hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft and contain airspace within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restrictions. Activities within these areas must

31、 be confined because of their nature, or limitations imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities, or both. Restricted areas denote the existence of unusual, often invisible, hazards to aircra

32、ft (e.g., artillery firing, aerial gunnery, or guided missiles). IFR flights may be authorized to transit the airspace and are routed accordingly. Penetration of restricted areas without authorization from the using or c

33、ontrolling agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft and its occupants. ATC facilities apply the following procedures when aircraft are operating on an IFR clearance (including those cleared by ATC to maintain vi

34、sual flight rules (VFR)-On-Top) via a route that lies within joint-use restricted airspace:1. If the restricted area is not active and has been released to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the ATC facility will

35、 allow the aircraft to operate in the restricted airspace without issuing specific clearance for it to do so.2. If the restricted area is active and has not been released to the FAA, the ATC facility will issue a clearan

36、ce which will ensure the aircraft avoids the restricted airspace.Restricted areas are charted with an “R” followed by a number (e.g., “R-5701”) and are depicted on the en route chart appropriate for use at the altitude o

37、r FL being flown.Warning areas are similar in nature to restricted areas; however, the U.S. government does not have sole jurisdiction over the airspace. A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from 3

38、 NM outward from the coast of the U.S., containing activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be

39、located over domestic or international waters or both. The airspace is designated with a “W” and a number (e.g., “W-123”).Instrument approach procedures (IAPs): A series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfe