[雙語翻譯]視覺傳達設(shè)計外文翻譯--視覺傳達的設(shè)計原則

1、4900 英文單詞， 英文單詞，28500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 9200 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Maneesh Agrawala, Wilmot Li, Floraine Berthouzoz. Design principles for visual communication.[J]. Communications of the Acm, 2011, 54(4):60-69.Design Principles for

2、Visual CommunicationManeesh Agrawala, Wilmot Li,and Floraine BerthouzozVisual communication VIA diagrams, sketches, charts, photographs, video, and animation is fundamental to the process of exploring concepts and dissem

3、inating information. The most-effective visualizations capitalize on the human facility for processing visual information, thereby improving comprehension, memory, and inference. Such visualizations help analysts quickly

4、 find patterns lurking within large data sets and help audiences quickly understand complex ideas.Over the past two decades a number of books have collected examples of effective visual displays. One thing is evident fr

5、om inspecting them: the best are carefully crafted by skilled human designers. Yet even with the aid of computers, hand-designing effective visualizations is time-consuming and requires considerable effort. Moreover, the

6、 rate at which people world- wide generate new data is growing exponentially year to year. Gantz et al. estimated we collectively produced 161 exabytes of new information in 2006, and the compound growth rate between 200

7、7 and 2011 would be 60% annually. We are thus expected to produce 1,800 exabytes of information in 2011, 10 times more than the amount we produced in 2006. Yet acquiring and storing this data is, by itself, of little val

8、ue. We must understand it to produce real value and use it to make decisions.The problem is that human designers lack the time to hand-design effective visualizations for this wealth of data. Too often, data is either po

9、orly visualized or not visualized at all. Either way, the results can be catastrophic; for example, Tufte explained how Morton Thiokol engineers failed to visually communicate the risks of launching the Challenger Spa

10、ce Shuttle to NASA management in 1986, leading to the vehicle’s disasterous failure. While Robison et al.20 argued the engineers must not be blamed for the Challenger accident, better communication of the risks might hav

11、e prevented the disaster.Skilled visual designers manipulate the perception, cognition, and communicative intent of visualizations by carefully applying principles of good design. These principles explain how visual tech

12、niques can be used to either emphasize important information or de-emphasize irrelevant details; for example, the most important information in a subway map is the sequence of stops along each line and the transfer stops

13、 that allow riders to change lines. Most subway passengers do not need to know the true geographic path of each line. Based on this insight, map designer Harry Beck redesigned the map of the London Underground in 1933 us

14、ing two main principles: straightening the subway lines and evenly spacing the stops to visually emphasize the sequence of stops and transfer points (see Figure 1).Such design principles connect the visual design of a v

15、isualization with the viewer’s perception and cognition of the underlying information the visualization is meant to convey. In the field of design, there is a long-standing debate regarding the interaction of aesthetic a

16、nd functional properties of designed artifacts. We do not seek to engage in this debate here; rather, we focus on how particular design choices affect the perception and cognition of the visualization, not the aesthetic

17、style of the visualization. Accordingly, we use the term “design principle” as a shorthand for guidelines that help improve viewers’ comprehension of visually encoded information.emphasize the shape of the missing geomet

18、ry and spatial relationships among parts. our system incorporates such principles to generate interactive cutaway and exploded- view illustrations (middle, right).Stage 1. Identify design principles. We identify domain-s

19、pecific design principles by analyzing the best hand- designed visualizations within a particular information domain. We connect this analysis with research on perception and cognition of visualizations;Stage 2. Instanti

20、ate design principles. We encode the design principles into algorithms and interfaces for creating visualizations; andStage 3. Evaluate design principles. We measure improvements in information processing, communication,

21、 and decision making that result from our visualizations. These evaluations also serve to validate the design principles.We have used this three-stage approach to build automated visualization design systems in two domai

22、ns: cartographic visualization and technical illustration. In the domain of cartographic visualizations we have developed automated algorithms for creating route maps and tourist maps of cities.8 In the domain of technic

23、al illustration we have developed automated techniques for generating assembly instructions of furniture and toys and for creating interactive cutaway and exploded-view illustrations of complex mechanical, mathematical,

24、and biological objects. Here, we focus on articulating the techniques we have used to identify and evaluate the design principles for each domain. These techniques generalize to other domains, and applying our three-stag

25、e approach will result in a better understanding of the strategies people use to make inferences from visualizations.Figure 3. exploded views of complex mathematical surfaces are designed to reveal local geometric featur

26、es (such as symmetries, self-intersections, and critical points).stage 1. identify Design Principles Design principles are prescriptive rules describing how visual techniques affect the perception and cognition of the in