[雙語翻譯]廣場設(shè)計外文翻譯--活動、鍛煉與戶外空間規(guī)劃設(shè)計（英文）

1、ReviewActivity, exercise and the planning and design of outdoor spacesCatharine Ward Thompson*OPENspace Research Centre, Edinburgh College of Art, University of Edinburgh, 74 Lauriston Place, Edinburgh EH3 9DF, UKa r t i

2、 c l e i n f oArticle history:Available online 6 February 2013Keywords:Physical activityHealthPhysical environmentEnvironmental designBuilt environmentPublic realma b s t r a c tThis paper reviews research into the relat

3、ionships between attributes of outdoor environments and levelsof activity and exercise in populations using those environments. It takes an environmental designer’s viewof relevant and effective research and research app

4、roaches that can provide evidence for policy andpractice. The paper has a tripartite structure, examining theories, research methods, and findings thatcontribute to understanding links between physical activity and the p

5、lanning and design of outdoor spaces.It considers concepts, methods and evidence relevant to adults’, older adults’ and children’s activities andidentifies those that appear to offer greatest potential for future researc

6、h. It also identifies gaps in ourunderstanding, the need for well-conceptualized models of environmentebehaviour interactions to elu-cidate these, and the importance of collecting and presenting evidence in ways that are

7、 sympathetic todesign practice. If evidence is to lead to effective and salutogenic changes in our physical environment, thenfindings that translate readily into a design framework will be most beneficial.? 2013 Elsevier

8、 Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionThis paper is aimed at those with an interest both in the design of physical environments that might encourage less sedentary and more active lifestyles, and in the research neede

9、d to provide supporting evidence. It does not attempt to replicate the growing number of systematic reviews and other broad overviews of evidence on the relationships between physical environment and health (e.g., Frank,

10、 Engelke, Humpel, Owen, Kaczynski New York City, 2010; Owen, Humpel, Leslie, Bauman, Sallis, 2009; Transportation Research Board, 2005). Rather, it arises from a landscape architect’s perspective on what kinds of res

11、earch might be useful for designers and the oppor- tunities and challenges inherent in undertaking such work. For those unfamiliar with this domain, it provides an introduction to relevant theories and methods used in re

12、searching links be- tween physical activity and the planning and design of outdoor spaces. It then considers findings that draw on these methods, and the gaps in our knowledge, in the hope of encouraging further research

13、 to improve our understanding of what designs work best in promoting and enhancing healthy activity in peo- ple’s daily lives.2. BackgroundThe recently reawakened policy interest in environmental design and its potential

14、 contribution to health arises partly from the current health crises in the western world e rising levels of obesity, Type 2 diabetes, cardio-vascular disease, cancer, and mental illness e and their consequences for the

15、cost of health- care. Many such illnesses are not the result of exposure to pol- lutants or organic disease vectors but are in part the consequence of availability and choice in what food people eat, or how and where the

16、y spend their leisure time, in addition to the increas- ingly sedentary nature of most jobs and work contexts in the developed world. Recent research suggests that sedentary behaviour is an independent risk factor for he

17、alth, above and beyond the effect of low levels of physical activity (Sugiyama, Healy, Dunstan, Salmon, Sallis Rhodes, Courneya, Blanchard, Sallis, 2009; Scottish Government, 2008). This approach is of particular inte

18、rest to those responsible for planning and designing the environment.3.2. Affordances in the environmentGibson’s (1979) concept of affordance is an important feature of an ecological approach that emphasises the reciproc

19、al relationship between perceiver and environment. James Gibson, along with his wife Eleanor (Gibson, 2000), developed the term ‘a(chǎn)ffordances’ torefer to the cues that the environment offers an individual in terms of perc

20、eption and behaviour. They are “perceptual properties of the environment that have functional significance for an individual” (Heft, 2010, p. 18). This concept of environmental affordance has played an important part in

21、the subsequent development of research into landscape and environmental preference as well as environmentebehaviour interactions. By emphazising the infor- mation available from the surrounding environment as a key ele-

22、ment of landscape users’ perception and action, the concept is attractive to planners and designers because it opens up ways to consider how the physical environment might be managed or manipulated to support different h

23、uman experiences and activities. Affordances, says Heft (2010), are properties of the environment that are both objectively real and psychologically significant. He has described how affordances can be seen as opportunit

24、ies for action e highly relevant in the context of environment and physical activity. He makes clear that some environments attract action and others repel, and that such relationships are culturally laden. Thus afford-

25、ance as a concept offers a theoretical stance that highlights the relationship between functional properties of environmental fea- tures and the characteristics e physical, cognitive and emotional e of individuals.3.3. B

26、ehaviour settingsRelated to the concept of affordance is the notion of behaviour settings e contexts for behaviour that arise from social and envi- ronmental structures. An example of a behaviour setting might be a schoo

27、l class session. As this example illustrates, behaviour set- tings support recurring patterns of activity (Barker, 1976). Barker’s identification of these structured contexts in which “standingFig. 1. The health map e a