[雙語翻譯]外賣外文翻譯—塑料外賣餐具和器皿的可持續(xù)替代品的研究、設(shè)計和分析（原文）

1、ScienceDirectAvailable online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.comScienceDirectEnergy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published b

2、y Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.Energy Procedia 136 (2017) 507–5121876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Publis

3、hed by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.273Available online at www.sciencedirec

4、t.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4t

5、h International Conference on Energy and Environment Research. 4th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2017, 17-20 July 2017, Porto, Portugal Study, design and analysis of sustainable al

6、ternatives to plastic takeaway cutlery and crockery Anirudh Muralidharan Gautama, Nídia Caetanoa,b,* aCIETI/ISEP (School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-0

7、15 Porto, Portugal bLEPABE/FEUP, University of Porto and School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic Institute of Porto (IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal Abstract Most of the take away materials used today is made of plasti

8、c. This presents a huge challenge in terms of waste management and pollution. It is widely known that plastic takes several hundred to thousand years to decompose, releasing toxic substances in the process. Therefore,

9、the aim of this work was to analyze alternatives to plastic takeaway cutlery, crockery from areca palm and coconut tree by products. This focuses on reviving the methods and knowledge that existed in the southern and c

10、entral parts of the Indian subcontinent for making sustainable cutlery and crockery products used in everyday life. A market analysis, design, life cycle analysis and deeper research on the fabrication will be briefly

11、presented. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research. Keywords: disposable c

12、utlery and crockery; eco friendly products; sustainable cutlery and crockery. 1. Introduction In the last few decades, the plastic industry has taken us by storm and most things are packed and processed in plastic conta

13、iners. One of the most important example is that of the take-away industry and of the disposable cutlery/crockery industry. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 228340500; fax: +351 228321159. E-mail address: nsc@isep.i

14、pp.pt , 1150077@isep.ipp.pt Anirudh Muralidharan Gautam et al. / Energy Procedia 136 (2017) 507–512 509them in a single layer on the ground and keeping them dry. To remove the fruit from the seed, the coconut is impaled

15、 on a steel-tipped spike to split the husk. The husk is then sent for retting or fibre drawing or pressing [5]. 2.4. Coconut shell Once the nuts are dehusked, water and whites are extracted from the nuts, they can be se

16、nt for processing to remove the excess fibre remaining. Very low power battery machines are used for this process or they are operated mechanically. 2.5. Banana Fibres Bananas (Musa family) is one of the most consumed

17、 fruits in the world. There are thousands of hectares of plantations in the world. The banana leaf is waterproof and has been used for serving food, packing food, takeaway for several decades in South India because it

18、imparts a subtle sweet flavour. Both fresh and dried banana leaves are used in the making of takeaway containers. The stem (Fig. 2-c) of the banana plant is usually consumed in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala (Sout

19、h India), but the outer part is thrown away. Retting of the other part of the stem through chemical or mechanical methods can result in extraction of soft fibres of the banana plants that could be used as an alternativ

20、e to conventional clothing [6,7]. (a) (b) (c) Fig. 2. a) Dehusked coconuts for fibre production; b) Discarded coconut shells after the extraction of coconut water and flesh; c) Stems of banana trees extracted for fibr

21、e production. 3. Processing 3.1. Areca nut cutlery/crockery The sheets are soaked in water, dried under a shade and pressed by a hydraulic heated die (5.5 kW) to get the desired shape and size (Fig. 3-a). The excess she

22、ath is cut and further used or powdered to make cattle fodder. The product is then transported to the distribution network. 3.2. Sal /Bauhinia vahlii wraps and plate The collected leaves are stitched (Fig. 3-c) by manua

23、l stitching machines, soaked in water and are mechanically pressed. The plate machines of the Sal leaves consume only manual power. Some companies use heat presses, since we are just considering wraps, the pressing par

24、t will be ignored. 3.3. Coconut coir Extracted coconuts are dehusked using a machine (4 kW). For lower quality fibers, once dehusked the fibers are drawn before retting. The nuts are sent for sale, the husks are then r

25、etted in backwaters or tanks. They are beaten using a wooden mallet to extract the fiber. They are drawn out as ropes using a spindle or the fibers are compressed using a hydraulic press (18.5 kW) to form a mattress ba