[雙語翻譯]--橋梁工程外文翻譯--大型橋梁結構健康監(jiān)測技術的發(fā)展（原文）

1、Engineering Structures 27 (2005) 1715–1725www.elsevier.com/locate/engstructTechnology developments in structural health monitoring of large-scale bridgesJ.M. Ko?, Y.Q. NiDepartment of Civil and Structural Engineering, Th

2、e Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong KongAvailable online 14 July 2005AbstractThe significance of implementing long-term structural health monitoring systems for large-scale bridges, in order to se

3、cure structural and operational safety and issue early warnings on damage or deterioration prior to costly repair or even catastrophic collapse, has been recognized by bridge administrative authorities. Developing a long

4、-term monitoring system for a large-scale bridge—one that is really able to provide information for evaluating structural integrity, durability and reliability throughout the bridge life cycle and ensuring optimal mainte

5、nance planning and safe bridge operation—poses technological challenges at different levels, from the selection of proper sensors to the design of a structural health evaluation system. This paper explores recent technol

6、ogy developments in the field of structural health monitoring and their application to large-scale bridge projects. The need for technological fusion from different disciplines, and for a structural health evaluation par

7、adigm that is really able to help prioritize bridge rehabilitation, maintenance and emergency repair, is highlighted. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Large-scale bridge; Structural health monitori

8、ng (SHM); Instrumentation system; Damage detection; Bridge maintenance1. IntroductionThe development of structural health monitoring tech- nology for surveillance, evaluation and assessment of exist- ing or newly built b

9、ridges has now attained some degree of maturity. On-structure long-term monitoring systems have been implemented on bridges in Europe [1–4], the United States [5,6], Canada [7,8], Japan [9,10], Korea [11,12], China [13–1

10、5] and other countries [16–18]. Bridge struc- tural health monitoring systems are generally envisaged to: (i) validate design assumptions and parameters with the po- tential benefit of improving design specifications and

11、 guide- lines for future similar structures; (ii) detect anomalies in loading and response, and possible damage/deterioration at an early stage to ensure structural and operational safety; (iii) provide real-time informa

12、tion for safety assessment immediately after disasters and extreme events; (iv) provide evidence and instruction for planning and prioritizing bridge? Corresponding author. Tel.: +852 2766 5037; fax: +852 2766 1354. E-ma

13、il address: cejmko@inet.polyu.edu.hk (J.M. Ko).0141-0296/$ - see front matter © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.02.021inspection, rehabilitation, maintenance and repair; (v) mon-

14、 itor repairs and reconstruction with the view of evaluating the effectiveness of maintenance, retrofit and repair works; and (vi) obtain massive amounts of in situ data for leading- edge research in bridge engineering,

15、such as wind- and earthquake-resistant designs, new structural types and smart material applications.The development and implementation of a structural health monitoring system capable of fully achieving the above object

16、ives and benefits is still a challenge at present, and needs well coordinated interdisciplinary research for full adaptation of innovative technologies developed in other disciplines to applications in the civil engineer

17、ing community. Actually, structural health monitoring has been a subject of major international research in recent years [19–21]. The research in this subject covers sensing, communication, signal processing, data manage

18、ment, system identification, information technology, etc. It requires collaboration between civil, mechanical, electrical and computer engineering among others. The current challenges for bridge structural health monitor

19、ingJ.M. Ko, Y.Q. Ni / Engineering Structures 27 (2005) 1715–1725 1717Table 1 Major bridges in China instrumented with long-term monitoring systemsNo. Bridge name Bridge type Location Main span (m) Sensors installed1 Jian

20、gyin Bridge (after upgrade) [28] suspension Jiangsu 1385 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (9), (10), (13)2 1st Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge [29] steel truss Jiangsu 160 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (14)3 2nd Nanjing Yangtz

21、e River Bridge [30] cable-stayed Jiangsu 628 (1), (2), (3), (4), (7), (9), (13), (16)4 Runyang South Bridge [31] suspension Jiangsu 1490 (1), (2), (3), (4), (6)5 Runyang North Bridge [31] cable-stayed Jiangsu 406 (1), (2

22、), (3), (4)6 Sutong Bridge [32] cable-stayed Jiangsu 1088 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (16), (18)7 Tsing Ma Bridge [15] suspension Hong Kong 1377 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (12), (18)8

23、 Kap Shui Mun Bridge [15] cable-stayed Hong Kong 430 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (12), (18)9 Ting Kau Bridge [15] cable-stayed Hong Kong 475 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (12), (18)10 Shenzhen Western Corrido

24、r [15] cable-stayed Hong Kong 210 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (8), (15), (16), (17), (18)11 Stonecutters Bridge [15] cable-stayed Hong Kong 1018 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (15), (16), (17)

25、, (18)12 Tongling Yangtze River Bridge [33] cable-stayed Anhui 432 (1), (2), (4), (11),(13)13 Wuhu Bridge [34] cable-stayed Anhui 312 (2), (3), (4), (5), (10), (12)14 Humen Bridge [35] suspension Guangdong 888 (3), (6),

26、(11), (12)15 Zhanjiang Bay Bridge [6] cable-stayed Guangdong 480 (1), (2), (3), (5), (6), (9), (11), (14), (16)16 Xupu Bridge [36] cable-stayed Shanghai 590 (2), (3), (4), (7), (12)17 Lupu Bridge [37] arch Shanghai 550 (

27、2), (3), (4), (12)18 Dafosi Bridge [38] cable-stayed Chongqing 450 (2), (3), (4), (5), (10), (12)19 Binzhou Yellow River Bridge [14] cable-stayed Shandong 300 (1), (2), (3), (4), (6), (10)20 4th Qianjiang Bridge [39] arc

28、h Zhejiang 580 (1), (2), (3), (4), (9),(13)Note: (1)—anemometers; (2)—temperature sensors; (3)—strain gauges; (4)—accelerometers; (5)—displacement transducers; (6)—global positioning systems; (7)—weigh-in-motion systems;

29、 (8)—corrosion sensors; (9)—elasto-magnetic sensors; (10)—optic fiber sensors; (11)—tiltmeters; (12)—level sensors; (13)—total stations; (14)—seismometers; (15)—barometers; (16)—hygrometers; (17)—pluviometers; (18)—video

30、 cameras.monitoring of large-scale bridges. Fig. 1 illustrates such an application where fiber optic sensors are deployed along the deck length of the suspension Jiangyin Bridge for both strain and temperature measuremen

31、t. The most attractive feature of fiber optic sensors is their capability of distributed sensing and measurement which will result in elaborate condition monitoring for large-scale bridges. The existent main obsta- cle t

32、o wide acceptance of fiber optic sensors for bridge mon- itoring application is the lack of engineering demonstration of the durability of the sensors in a harsh environment and long-term performance of their attachment

33、to construction materials. Another promising application of fiber optic sensors for cable-supported bridges is the embedment of sensors in- side the bridge cables for both temperature and strain mea- surement. An interdi

34、sciplinary research team in Hong Kong Polytechnic University has devised such a fiber optic sens- ing system for the cable-stayed Sutong Bridge. In this design shown in Fig. 2, seven out of the wires compos- ing the cabl

35、e cross-section have been replaced by stainless steel tubes for the deployment of fiber optic sensors. Optic fibers in terms of the Brillouin scattering sensors are laid‘strain-free’ inside each steel tube for distribute

36、d tempera- ture measurement along the cable length. The technology of Brillouin-optical time-domain reflectometry (B-OTDR) is used, by which a laser pulse is launched into the optic fiber that serves as the sensing eleme

37、nt and the temperature mea- surement is achieved by combining the scattering informa- tion with propagation time of the laser pulses along the fiber. It is noted that seven galvanized wires have been added at the outermo

38、st of the cable cross-section to keep the total area of the wires unaltered. Meanwhile, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are embedded in the cable ends for strain measure- ment. The strain of the cable near its anchorag

39、es is mea- sured with FBG arrays epoxied onto the outside surface of the steel tubes, as shown in Fig. 2. The FBG arrays consist of three FBG strain sensors spaced 2 m apart. The FBGs are sensitive to both strain and tem

40、perature. The tempera- ture of the FBGs is obtained from the B-OTDR system, and therefore the strain applied to the FBGs can be determined. Because the FBG arrays are installed along the steel tubes which are used to acc