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1、MaterialsScienceandEngineeringA528 (2011) 7115–7123ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectMaterialsScienceandEngineeringAjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/mseaEffectsofheattreatmentprocessesonmicrostructureandcreeppr
2、opertiesofa highnitrogen15Cr–15NiausteniticheatresistantstainlesssteelVuTheHa a,b,?, WooSangJung ba Nano-MaterialScienceandEngineeringFaculty,UniversityofScienceandTechnology,113-Gwahangno,Yuseong-gu,Daejeon,RepublicofK
3、oreab MaterialsResearchDivision,KoreaInstituteofScienceandTechnology,39-1Halwolgok-dong,Wolsong-gil5,Seoungbuk-gu,Seoul,136-791,RepublicofKoreaa r t i c l e i nf oArticlehistory:Received12November2010Receivedinr
4、evisedform18March2011Accepted22June2011Available online 28 June 2011Keywords:NiobiumcarbonitrideCopperprecipitateHeattreatmentHighnitrogen15Cr–15NiCreepstrengthab s t r a c tConventionalthermo-mechanicaltreatment(C
5、TMT) andmodifiedthermo-mechanicaltreatment(MTMT)processwereappliedfor manufacturingahigh nitrogenniobium-stabilized15Cr–15Niausteniticalloy.CTMT process consistsof5 h of solutiontreatmentat 1270 ?C followedbywater
6、quenchingandsubsequentaging at 820 ?Cfor 50 h. MTMTprocessdiffers fromCTMT process in hot plasticdeformationperformedimmediatelyafter the solutiontreatmentat 1270 ?C and longer agingtime. Microstructureand
7、creeppropertiesof the steel obtainedby bothprocessingrouteswere investigated.Creeprupturetestsat 750 ?C showeddoubleincreasein rupturetime broughtabout by MTMTprocess.Examinationofcreptmicrostructureby transm
8、issionelectronmicroscopyrevealedthat the improved creep propertiesinMTMT processwere mainlydue to improveddistributionuniformityof fine nano-sizedcarbonitrideprecipitatesin the austeniticmatrix and that MTMT
9、 processhas no effectson the numberdensityanddistributionof copper precipitatespresentin the steel.However,the creep ductility in MTMT processdrasticallyreducedcomparingto CTMT process.The higher densit
10、yof grain boundariesdue to finergrainrecrystallizedmicrostructuresand the formationof highervolumefractionof coarserM23C6 precipitatesatthe boundariesare believedto be the mainreasonfor the lowercreep ducti
11、lityin MTMT process.© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionNitrogen-alloyedheatresistantausteniticstainlesssteelsarenovelmaterialswhichareunderintensestudiesanddevelop-mentduringrecentyears.Thesest
12、eelsarepotentialmaterialsforconstructioncomponentsinultra-supercriticalfossilpowerplants(steamturbines,boilertubes,etc.)duetotheirexcellentcreepstrengthandreasonablelowercostcomparingtothecostofnickel-basesuperalloys[1,2
13、].Itisofagreatinteresttoincreasethecreepstrengthofthesteelsbecauseofenvironmentalandeconomicalreasonsinoperationoftheplants[3].Thecreeppropertiesofthematerialsdependonanumberoffactors.Amongthemthemostimportantarefinedisp
14、ersionofthermallystablenano-sizedparticlesintheausteniticmatrix,grainsizeandgrainboundarycharacter,precipitationofdeleteriousphasesduringcreepandsoon.Maximumcreeprupturelifecanbeachievedonlythoughchoosingproperchemicalco
15、mpositionandoptimumconditionsforheattreatmentprocesses.Lotsofinvestiga-tions[4–7]inrecentyearshaveexaminedcreepbehaviorandcreep? Correspondingauthorat:Nano-MaterialScienceandEngineeringFaculty,Uni-versityofScienceandTech
16、nology,113-Gwahangno,Yuseong-gu,Daejeon,RepublicofKorea.Tel.:+8229586807;fax:+8229585509.E-mailaddress:vutheha@kist.re.kr(V.T.Ha).characteristicsofthesteels.However,theworksinvolvedinpro-cessingfieldforthematerialsrarely
17、canbefound.Therefore,thereisanimperativeneedtounderstandanadopt-abilityofthemate-rialstoindustriallyapplicableheattreatmentprocesses.Throughknowingresponsebehaviorofthematerialstotheheattreatmentprocessestheimportantmicr
18、ostructureconstituentsaffectingthecreeppropertiesofthematerialscanbeoptimizedwhichenabletoachievethebestperformanceofthecomponentsduringlongtermserviceathightemperatureandhighpressureconditions.Thefocusofthisstudyistoinv
19、estigatetheeffectsoftwodiffer-entheattreatmentprocessesoncreeppropertiesinahighnitrogenniobium-stabilizedheatresistant15Cr–15Niausteniticstainlesssteel.Thecreeppropertiesandmicrostructureofthesteelproducedbytheheattreatm
20、entshavebeenexaminedandcompared.Thedif-ferencebetweencreeppropertiesofthesteelintheappliedheattreatmentprocesseshasbeendiscussedandcorrelatedwiththemicrostructurechangesbroughtaboutbydifferentappliedthermo-mechanicalcond
21、itionsofthetwoheattreatmentroutes.2.AlloydesignconceptBasechemicalcompositionFe–15Cr–15Ni–4Mn–0.46Si–1.25Mo–3Cu–Nb–C–N(wt%)oftheinvestigatedausteniticsteelwasformulatedbyconsultingtheSchaefflerdiagram[8]. Forthe0921-509
22、3/$–seefrontmatter ©2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.061V.T.Ha,W.S.Jung/MaterialsScienceandEngineeringA528 (2011) 7115–7123 7117Fig.2.CreeprupturestrengthofthestudiedsteelobtainedbyC
23、TMTandMTMTprocessincomparisonwithrupturestrengthofstandardtype347stainlesssteel[11].Fig.3.Creepstrainvs.timecurvesforthestudiedsteelshowinglowercreepduc-tilityofthesamplesobtainedbyMTMTprocess.investigatedsteel.Creeprupt
24、ureelongationdataareremarkablyhigherforCTMTprocessasseeninFig.3.4.2.MicrostructuresFig.4aandbshowsgrainstructureinthecreptspecimensobtainedbyCTMTandMTMTprocess,respectively.Themainchar-acteristicofthegrainstructureinCTMT
25、-specimensisamultimodalgrainsizedistributionwithaveragegrainsizeofaround220?m.Thedeviationofthegrains’diametersfromtheaveragevalueindi-catedthatabnormalgraingrowthhasoccurredduringthesolutiontreatment.RecrystallizedMTMT-
26、specimensshoweduniformgrainsizestructurewithaveragegrainsizeofaround40?m.Themicrostructuresofquenchedsolutiontreatedspecimensinthebothheattreatmentscontainasmallnumberofun-dissolvedcoarserNb(C,N)precipitatesinheritedfrom
27、as-castconditionsandlargerquantity(about130particles/?m2)ofevenlydistributedfineparticleswithsize15–40nm(Fig.5a).Selectedareadiffrac-tionpattern(Fig.5b)andEDSanalysis(Fig.5c)indicatedthatthesenano-sizedprecipitatesarepur
28、eniobiumcarbonitrideswith-outexception.Todistinguishthecarbonitridespresentalreadyinthesolutiontreatedmicrostructurefromthoseformedduringthesubsequentagingandcreep,theformerwillbecalledprimarypre-cipitatesandthelatterwil
29、lbedesignatedassecondaryprecipitates.Theprecipitatemorphologyinas-agedandas-creptmicrostruc-turechangedsignificantlybyprecipitationofthesecondarynano-sizedcarbonitrides.Thenewlyformedparticlesusuallyhaverodorcuboidalshap
30、ewithlengthrangedfrom10to60nmandwidthrangedfrom10to30nm.Selectedareadiffractionpattern(SADP)ofthinfoilsamplespreparedfromCTMT-andMTMT-specimensshowedparallelorientationrelationshipofthelatticeplanesofthebothprimaryandsec
31、ondarynano-sizedcarbonitrideswiththelatticeplanesoftheausteniticmatrix(Fig.6d).EDSanalysis(Fig.6c)demonstratedthatthesecondarycarbonitridesarerichinNbandCr,havethesamechemicalcom-positionof(at.%):Nb58.5–59.5,Cr38–40,Fe2–
32、3,inbothCTMT-andMTMT-specimens.InCTMT-specimensmostofthesecondarycarbonitridespreferentiallyaggregatedwiththepre-existedpri-marycarbonitridestoformelongatedclustersconsistingofahighnumberoftightlydistributedparticles(Fig
33、.6a).Theclusterswerenon-uniformlydistributedthroughouttheausteniticmatrix.Theirdensitycanreachalevelofseveraltensclusters/?m2 insomeareaswhileincertainareasonlyafewclusters/?m2 canbefound.InMTMT-specimens,onthecontrary,t
34、hesecondaryandtheprimarycarbonitrideswereevenlydistributedwithinthematrix(Fig.6b).ItwasobservedthatthesecondarycarbonitridesinMTMT-specimensformedpreferentiallyatthepointswherethedislocationsintersectedwitheachotherassee
35、ninFig.7.Inmanycases,theparticlesformedalsoatthepre-existedprimarynano-sizedcarbonitridesFig.8).Certainnumberofcoarserelon-gatedpuresecondaryNb(C,N)precipitates(Fig.6b)wasobservedtoformduringaginginMTMTprocess.Quantitati
36、vely,recrystallizedMTMT-specimenscontainedsignificantlylowernumberofthenano-sizedcarbonitrideswhichisoppositewithourexpectationsinincreasinganumberoftheprecipitatesthroughperformedhotrolling.Apartfromthefinenano-sizedcar
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