longman communication 3000資料

1、1 LONGMAN COMMUNICATION 3000Longman Communication 3000The Longman Communication 3000 is a list of the 3000 most frequent words in both spoken and written English, based on statistical analysis of the 390 million words

2、 contained in the Longman Corpus Network – a group of corpuses or databases of authentic English language. The Longman Communication 3000 represents the core of the English language and shows students of English whi

3、ch words are the most important for them to learn and study in order to communicate effectively in both speech and writing.Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network shows that these 3000 most frequent words in spoken a

4、nd written English account for 86% of the language. This means that by knowing this list of words, a learner of English is in a position to understand 86% or more of what he or she reads. Of course, “knowing” a word

5、 involves more than simply being able to recognise it and know a main meaning of it. Many of the most frequent words have a range of different meanings, a variety of different grammatical patterns, and numerous sign

6、ificant collocations. Nonetheless, a basic understanding of the Longman Communication 3000 is a very powerful tool and will help students develop good comprehension and communication skills in English.‘This [frequenc

7、y] information is gold dust for the language learner. LDOCE shows in graphic and immediate form which words are really worth learning and knowing how to use.’ Jeremy Harmer, ELT authorTo ensure that users have access

8、to the appropriate information, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English marks all the words that are in the Longman Communication 3000 in red accompanied by special symbols: W1 , W2 , and W3 for words that

9、 are in the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most frequent words in written English, and S1 , S2 and S3 for the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most frequent words in spoken English. Nowadays, many learner’s dictionaries include in

10、formation about the most frequent words in English, but Longman dictionaries are the only ones to highlight the differences between spoken and written frequency.These frequency markers added to the headwords in the

11、dictionary give users access to a wealth of information that can help the selection of the appropriate word or phrase in a variety of situations. Not only are the words and meanings given descriptive labels, for exa

12、mple formal or informal, AmE (American English) or BrE (British English), humorous, old-fashioned, but now they have the added information about relative frequency in spoken and written language.Take for example the

13、verb book (in the meaning of book a table at a restaurant). It is marked as S2 – one of the top 2000 words of spoken English. Note that is has no marker for written English because according to corpus analysis, it

14、 is not part of the top 3000 most frequent words in written English. However, the entry also indicates that a synonym for book is reserve which is in the top 3000 most frequent words in written English. The conclusio

15、n to be drawn from this is that in speaking (for instance when phoning a hotel or restaurant), book is the most appropriate verb to use when asking for a room or table to be kept for you. In writing, however, it wou

16、ld be more appropriate to use reserve.‘There are two distinct modes of English: thoughtful, accurate and more formal, reflected mostly by written English; and spontaneous, real-time, less formal language, typified by

17、 spontaneous speech and some informal writing.’Professor Geoffrey Leech, Emeritus Professor of English Language and Linguistics – University of LancasterLearning a language can be exciting, but also sometimes diffi

18、cult and frustrating because there are so many things to learn and it is difficult to know what to focus on. The frequency markers that identify the Longman Communication 3000 help students see clearly which words

19、are frequent in written and spoken English, and enable them to focus more attention on mastering the meanings, grammatical patterns and collocations of these words.attraction n W3 attractive adj S2, W2 audience n S2

20、, W2 aunt n S3, W3 author n W2 authority n W1 automatic adj S3 automatically adv S3, W3 autumn n W3 available adj S1, W1 average adj S2, W2 average n S2 avoid v S2, W1 awake adj S3 award n S3, W2 award v W3 aware adj S1,

21、 W1 awareness n W3 away adv S1, W1 awful adj S1 awkward adj S3baby n S1, W1 back adv S1, W1 back n S1, W1 back v S2, W3 back adj S2, W3 background n S2, W2 backwards adv S3 bacon n S3 bad adj S1, W1 badly adv S3, W3 bag

22、n S1, W2 bake v S3 balance n S2, W2 balance v S3 ball n S1, W2 ban n W3 band n S2, W2 bang v S3 bang n S3 bank n S1, W1 bar n S1, W1 barrier n W3 base v S1, W1 base n S2, W2 baseball n S3, W2 basic adj S2, W1 basically a

23、dv S1 basis n S2, W1 basket n S3 bat n S3 bath n S2, W3 bathroom n S2, W3 battery n S2 battle n W2 be auxiliary S1, W1 be v S1, W1 beach n S2, W2 bean n S2 bear v S2, W2 beard n S3 beat v S2, W2beat n S3 beautiful adj S1

24、, W2 beauty n S3, W2 because conj S1, W1 because prep S1, W1 become v S1, W1 bed n S1, W1 bedroom n S1, W2 beef n S3 beer n S2, W3 before adv S1, W1 before conj S1, W1 before prep S1, W1 beforehand adv S3 begin v S1, W1

25、beginning n S1, W2 behalf n S3, W3 behave v S3, W3 behaviour n S2, W1 behind prep, adv S1, W1 being n S2, W3 belief n S3, W2 believe v S1, W1 bell n S2, W3 belong v S2, W2 below adv, prep S2, W2 belt n S2, W3 bench n S2,

26、 W3 bend v S3, W3 beneath adv, prep W2 benefit n S2, W1 benefit v S2, W3 beside prep S3, W2 best adj S1, W1 best adv S1, W2 bet v S1 bet n S3 better adj S1, W1 better adv S1, W1 between adv, prep S1, W1 beyond prep, adv

27、S2, W1 bicycle n W3 bid n W3 big adj S1, W1 bike n S2 bill n S1, W1 bin n S2 bird n S2, W2 birth n S2, W2 birthday n S1, W3 biscuit n S2 bit adv, pron S1, W1 bit n S1, W1 bite v S2 bite n S3 bitter adj S3, W3 black adj S

28、1, W1 blade n S3 blame v S2, W3 blank adj S3 bless v S3 blind adj S2, W3 block n S2, W2block v S3 bloke n S2 blonde adj S3 blood n S2, W1 blow v S2, W3 blow n S3, W3 blue adj S1, W2 board n S1, W1 boat n S1, W2 body n S1

29、, W1 boil v S3 boiler n S3 boiling adj S3 bomb n S3, W3 bone n S2, W2 bonus n S2 book n S1, W1 book v S2 boom n S3 boot n S2, W3 border n S3, W2 bored adj S3 boring adj S2 born v S1, W2 borrow v S2, W3 boss n S2, W3 both

30、 determiner, predeterminer, pron S1, W1 bother v S1, W3 bottle n S1, W2 bottom adj S1, W3 bottom n S1, W3 bounce v S3 bound adj S2, W3 bowl n S2, W3 box n S1, W1 boy n S1, W1 boyfriend n S3 brain n S2, W2 branch n S2,

31、W2 brave adj S3 bread n S2, W3 break n S2, W2 break v S1, W1 breakfast n S2, W2 breast n S3 breath n S3, W2 breathe v S3, W3 brick n S2, W3 bridge n S2, W2 brief adj S2, W2 briefly adv S2, W3 bright adj S2, W2 brilliant

32、adj S2, W3 bring v S1, W1 broad adj S2, W2 brother n S1, W1 brown adj S2, W2 brush n S3 brush v S3 buck n S1 bucket n S2buddy n S3 budget n S1, W2 bug n S3 build v S1, W1 builder n S3 building n S1, W1 bump v S3 bunch n

33、S2 burn v S2, W3 burn n S3 burst v W3 bury v W3 bus n S1, W2 business n S1, W1 busy adj S1, W2 but conj S1, W1 but prep S2, W3 but adv S2, W3 butcher n S3 butter n S2 button n S2 buy v S1, W1 buyer n S3, W3 by adv S1, W1

34、 by prep S1, W1 bye interjection S1 bye n S3cabinet n S2, W2 cable n W3 cake n S2, W3 calculate v S2, W3 calculation n S2 calculator n S3 calendar n S3 call n S1, W1 call v S1, W1 calm adj S3, W3 camera n S2, W3 camp n S

35、3, W3 campaign n S2, W1 can modal S1, W1 can n S2 cancel v S2 cancer n S2, W2 candidate n W2 candle n S3 candy n S3 cap n S3 capable adj S2, W2 capacity n S3, W2 capital n S3, W1 capital adj S2, W3 captain n W3 capture v