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1、Computerwking:ATopDownApproach6thEditionSolutionstoReviewQuestionsProblemsVersionDate:May2012Thisdocumentcontainsthesolutionstoreviewquestionsproblemsfthe5theditionofComputerwking:ATopDownApproachbyJimKuroseKeithRoss.The

2、sesolutionsarebeingmadeavailabletoinstructsONLY.PleasedoNOTcopydistributethisdocumenttoothers(evenotherinstructs).PleasedonotpostanysolutionsonapubliclyavailableWebsite.We’llbehappytoprovideacopy(uptodate)ofthissolutionm

3、anualourselvestoanyonewhoasks.Acknowledgments:Overtheyearsseveralstudentscolleagueshavehelpeduspreparethissolutionsmanual.SpecialthanksgoestoHongGangZhangRakeshKumarPrithulaDhungelVijayAnnapureddy.Alsothankstoallthereade

4、rswhohavemadesuggestionscrectederrs.Allmaterial?copyright19962012byJ.F.KuroseK.W.Ross.Allrightsreserved11.Attimet0thesendinghostbeginstotransmit.Attimet1=LR1thesendinghostcompletestransmissiontheentirepacketisreceivedatt

5、herouter(nopropagationdelay).Becausetherouterhastheentirepacketattimet1itcanbegintotransmitthepackettothereceivinghostattimet1.Attimet2=t1LR2theroutercompletestransmissiontheentirepacketisreceivedatthereceivinghost(again

6、nopropagationdelay).ThustheendtoenddelayisLR1LR2.12.Acircuitswitchedwkcanguaranteeacertainamountofendtoendbwidthfthedurationofacall.Mostpacketswitchedwkstoday(includingtheInter)cannotmakeanyendtoendguaranteesfbwidth.FDMr

7、equiressophisticatedanaloghardwaretoshiftsignalintoappropriatefrequencybs.13.a)2userscanbesupptedbecauseeachuserrequireshalfofthelinkbwidth.b)Sinceeachuserrequires1Mbpswhentransmittingiftwofeweruserstransmitsimultaneousl

8、yamaximumof2Mbpswillberequired.Sincetheavailablebwidthofthesharedlinkis2Mbpstherewillbenoqueuingdelaybefethelink.Whereasifthreeuserstransmitsimultaneouslythebwidthrequiredwillbe3Mbpswhichismethantheavailablebwidthofthesh

9、aredlink.Inthiscasetherewillbequeuingdelaybefethelink.c)Probabilitythatagivenuseristransmitting=0.2d)Probabilitythatallthreeusersaretransmittingsimultaneously=??333133??????????pp=(0.2)3=0.008.Sincethequeuegrowswhenallth

10、eusersaretransmittingthefractionoftimeduringwhichthequeuegrows(whichisequaltotheprobabilitythatallthreeusersaretransmittingsimultaneously)is0.008.14.IfthetwoISPsdonotpeerwitheachotherthenwhentheysendtraffictoeachotherthe

11、yhavetosendthetrafficthroughaproviderISP(intermediary)towhichtheyhavetopayfcarryingthetraffic.BypeeringwitheachotherdirectlythetwoISPscanreducetheirpaymentstotheirproviderISPs.AnInterExchangePoints(IXP)(typicallyinastalo

12、nebuildingwithitsownswitches)isameetingpointwheremultipleISPscanconnectpeertogether.AnISPearnsitsmoneybygingeachofthetheISPsthatconnecttotheIXParelativelysmallfeewhichmaydependontheamountoftrafficsenttoreceivedfromtheIXP

13、.15.Googlesprivatewkconnectstogetherallitsdatacentersbigsmall.TrafficbetweentheGoogledatacenterspassesoveritsprivatewkratherthanoverthepublicInter.ManyofthesedatacentersarelocatedinclosetolowertierISPs.TherefewhenGoogled

14、eliverscontenttoauseritoftencanbypasshighertierISPs.WhatmotivatescontentproviderstocreatethesewksFirstthecontentproviderhasmecontrolovertheuserexperiencesinceithastousefewintermediaryISPs.Seconditcansavemoneybysendingles

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