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1、Theresearchofdigitalimageprocessingtechnique1IntroductionInterestindigitalimageprocessingmethodsstemsfromtwoprincipalapplicationareas:improvementofpictialinfmationfhumaninterpretationprocessingofimagedatafstagetransmissi

2、onrepresentationfautonomousmachineperception.Thischapterhasseveralobjectives:(1)todefinethescopeofthefieldthatwecallimageprocessing(2)togiveahisticalperspectiveoftheiginsofthisfield(3)togiveanideaofthestateoftheartinimag

3、eprocessingbyexaminingsomeoftheprincipalareainwhichitisapplied(4)todiscussbrieflytheprincipalapproachesusedindigitalimageprocessing(5)togiveanoverviewofthecomponentscontainedinatypicalgeneralpurposeimageprocessingsystem(

4、6)toprovidedirectiontothebooksotherliteraturewhereimageprocessingwknmallyisrepter.1.1WhatIsDigitalImageProcessingAnimagemaybedefinedasatwodimensionalfunctionf(xy)wherexyarespatial(plane)codinatestheamplitudeoffatanypairo

5、fcodinates(xy)iscalledtheintensitygrayleveloftheimageatthatpoint.Whenxydigitalimage.Thefieldofdigitalimageprocessingreferstoprocessingdigitalimagesbymeansofadigitalcomputer.Notethatadigitalimageiscomposedofafinitenumbero

6、felementseachofwhichhasaparticularlocationvalue.Theseelementsarereferredtoaspictureelementsimageelementspelspixels.Pixelisthetermmostwidelyusedtodenotetheelementsofadigitalimage.WeconsiderthesedefinitionsinmefmaltermsinC

7、hapter2.Visionisthemostadvancedofoursensessoitisnotsurprisingthatimagesplaythesinglemostimptantroleinhumanperception.Howeverunlikehumanwhoarelimitedtothevisualboftheelectromagic(EM)spectrumimagingmachinescoveralmosttheen

8、tireEMspectrumrangingfromgammatoradiowaves.Theycanoperateonimagesgeneratedbysourcesthathumanarenotaccustomedtoassociatingwithimage.Theseincludeultrasoundelectronmicroscopycomputergeneratedimages.Thusdigitalimageprocessin

9、gencompassesawidevariedfieldofapplication.Thereisnogeneralagreementamongauthsregardingwhereimageprocessingstopsotherrelatedareassuchasimageanalysiscomputervisionstart.Sometimesadistinctionismadebydefiningimageprocessinga

10、sadisciplineinwhichboththeinputoutputofaprocessareimages.Webelievethistobealimitingsomewhatartificialboundary.Fexampleunderthisdefinitioneventhetrivialtaskofcomputingtheaverageintensityofanimage(whichyieldsasinglenumber)

11、wouldnotbeconsideredanimageprocessingoperation.Ontheotherhtherearefieldssuchascomputervisionwhoseultimategoalistousecomputertoemulatehumanvisionincludinglearningbeingabletomakeinferencestakeactionsbasedonvisualinputs.Thi

12、sareaitselfisabranchofartificialintelligence(AI)whoseobjectiveistoemulatehumanintelligence.ThisfieldofAIisinitsearlieststagesofinfancyintermsofdevelopmentwithprogresshavingbeenmuchslowerthaniginallyanticipated.Theareaofi

13、mageanalysis(alsocalledimageundersting)isinbetweenimageprocessingcomputervision.TherearenoclearcutboundariesinthecontinuumfromimageprocessingatoneendtoFIGURE1.1AdigitalpictureproducedinFIGURE1.2Adigitalpicture1921fromaco

14、dedtapebyatelegraphprintermadein1922fromatapepunchedWithspecialtypefaces(McFarlane)afterthesignalshadcrossedtheAtlantictwice.SomeerrsareVisible.(McFarlane)TheearlyBartlanesystemswerecapableofcodingimagesinfivedistinctlev

15、elofgray.Thiscapabilitywasincreasedto15levelsin1929.Figure1.3istypicaloftheimagesthatcouldbeobtainedusingthe15toneequipment.Duringthisperiodintroductionofasystemfdevelopingafilmplatevialightbeamsthatweremodulatedbythecod

16、edpicturetapeimprovedthereproductionprocessconsiderably.Althoughtheexamplesjustcitedinvolvedigitalimagestheyarenotconsidereddigitalimageprocessingresultsinthecontextofourdefinitionbecausecomputerwerenotinvolvedintheircre

17、ation.Thusthehistyofdigitalprocessingisintimatelytiedtothedevelopmentofthedigitalcomputer.Infactdigitalimagesrequiresomuchstagecomputationalpowerthatprogressinthefieldofdigitalimageprocessinghasbeendependentonthedevelopm

18、entofdigitalcomputersofsupptingtechnologiesthatincludedatastagedisplaytransmission.TheideaofacomputergoesbacktotheinventionoftheabacusinAsiaMinmethan5000yearsago.Merecentlythereweredevelopmentsinthepasttwocenturiesthatar

19、ethefoundationofwhatwecallcomputertoday.Howeverthebasisfwhatwecallamoderndigitalcomputerdatesbacktoonlythe1940swiththeintroductionbyJohnvonNeumannoftwokeyconcepts:(1)amemytoholdastedprogramdata(2)conditionalbranching.The

20、retwoideasarethefoundationofacentralprocessingunit(CPU)whichisattheheartofcomputertoday.StartingwithvonNeumanntherewereaseriesofadvancesthatledtocomputerspowerfulenoughtobeusedfdigitalimageprocessing.Brieflytheseadvances

21、maybesummarizedasfollow:(1)theinventionofthetransistbyBellLabatiesin1948(2)thedevelopmentinthe1950s1960softhehighlevelprogramminglanguagesCOBOL(CommonBusinessientedLanguage)FTRAN(FmulaTranslat)(3)theinventionoftheintegra

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