2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、1785FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMALSbyImmanuelKanttranslatedbyThomasKingsmillAbbottPREFACEAncientGreekphilosophywasdividedintothreesciences:physicsethicslogic.Thisdivisionisperfectlysuitabletothenatureofthethin

2、gtheonlyimprovementthatcanbemadeinitistoaddtheprincipleonwhichitisbasedsothatwemaybothsatisfyourselvesofitscompletenessalsobeabletodeterminecrectlythenecessarysubdivisions.Allrationalknowledgeiseithermaterialfmal:thefmer

3、considerssomeobjectthelatterisconcernedonlywiththefmoftheunderstingofthereasonitselfwiththeuniversallawsofthoughtingeneralwithoutdistinctionofitsobjects.Fmalphilosophyiscalledlogic.Materialphilosophyhoweverhastodowithdet

4、erminateobjectsthelawstowhichtheyaresubjectisagaintwofoldftheselawsareeitherlawsofnatureoffreedom.Thescienceofthefmerisphysicsthatofthelatterethicstheyarealsocallednaturalphilosophymalphilosophyrespectively.Logiccannotha

5、veanyempiricalpartthatisapartinwhichtheuniversalnecessarylawsofthoughtshouldrestongroundstakenfromexperienceotherwiseitwouldnotbelogici.e.acanonftheunderstingthereasonvalidfallthoughtcapableofdemonstration.Naturalmalphil

6、osophyonthecontrarycaneachhavetheirempiricalpartsincethefmerhastodeterminethelawsofnatureasanobjectofexperiencethelatterthelawsofthehumanwillsofarasitisaffectedbynature:thefmerhoweverbeinglawsaccdingtowhicheverythingdoes

7、happenthelatterlawsaccdingtowhicheverythingoughttohappen.Ethicshowevermustalsoconsidertheconditionsunderwhichwhatoughttohappenfrequentlydoesnot.Wemaycallallphilosophyempiricalsofarasitisbasedongroundsofexperience:ontheot

8、herbthatwhichdeliversitsdoctrinesfromapriiprinciplesalonewemaycallpurephilosophy.Whenthelatterismerelyfmalitislogicifitisrestrictedtodefiniteobjectsoftheunderstingitismetaphysic.motivesuchapreceptwhileitmaybeapracticalru

9、lecanneverbecalledamallaw.Thusnotonlyaremallawswiththeirprinciplesessentiallydistinguishedfromeveryotherkindofpracticalknowledgeinwhichthereisanythingempiricalbutallmalphilosophyrestswhollyonitspurepart.Whenappliedtomani

10、tdoesnotbrowtheleastthingfromtheknowledgeofmanhimself(anthropology)butgiveslawsapriitohimasarationalbeing.Nodoubttheselawsrequireajudgementsharpenedbyexperienceinderontheonehtodistinguishinwhatcasestheyareapplicableonthe

11、othertoprocurefthemaccesstothewillofthemaneffectualinfluenceonconductsincemanisactedonbysomanyinclinationsthatthoughcapableoftheideaofapracticalpurereasonheisnotsoeasilyabletomakeiteffectiveinconcretoinhislife.Ametaphysi

12、cofmalsistherefeindispensablynecessarynotmerelyfspeculativereasonsindertoinvestigatethesourcesofthepracticalprincipleswhicharetobefoundapriiinourreasonbutalsobecausemalsthemselvesareliabletoallstsofcruptionaslongaswearew

13、ithoutthatcluesupremecanonbywhichtoestimatethemcrectly.Finderthatanactionshouldbemallygooditisnotenoughthatitconfmtothemallawbutitmustalsobedonefthesakeofthelawotherwisethatconfmityisonlyverycontingentuncertainsinceaprin

14、ciplewhichisnotmalalthoughitmaynowthenproduceactionsconfmabletothelawwillalsooftenproduceactionswhichcontradictit.Nowitisonlyapurephilosophythatwecanlookfthemallawinitspuritygenuineness(inapracticalmatterthisisoftheutmos

15、tconsequence):wemusttherefebeginwithpurephilosophy(metaphysic)withoutittherecannotbeanymalphilosophyatall.Thatwhichminglesthesepureprincipleswiththeempiricaldoesnotdeservethenameofphilosophy(fwhatdistinguishesphilosophyf

16、romcommonrationalknowledgeisthatittreatsinseparatescienceswhatthelatteronlycomprehendsconfusedly)muchlessdoesitdeservethatofmalphilosophysincebythisconfusionitevenspoilsthepurityofmalsthemselvescounteractsitsownend.Letit

17、notbethoughthoweverthatwhatisheredemedisalreadyextantinthepropaedeuticprefixedbythecelebratedWolftohismalphilosophynamelyhissocalledgeneralpracticalphilosophythattherefewehavenottostrikeintoanentirelynewfield.justbecause

18、itwastobeageneralpracticalphilosophyithasnottakenintoconsiderationawillofanyparticularkindsayonewhichshouldbedeterminedsolelyfromapriiprincipleswithoutanyempiricalmotiveswhichwemightcallapurewillbutvolitioningeneralwitha

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