近代中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易與經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展

1、HisticalHisticalbackgroundbackgroundInthedle18thcenturytheBritishmerchantbegantosellthelocalcottonproductiontoChinathencarriedawayalargeamountoftearawsilksilkfabricshwovenclothpotterysugarfromChina.Atthattimetheamountofs

2、ilverwasaveragesurplusbetweenfivehundredthousonemillionyearlyinChina.EvenontheeveoftheOpiumWartheamountwashighuptothreemillion.FocusontradeissuestheBritishaskedtheQinggovernmenttocanceltherestrictionsrelaxthelimitsoftrad

3、e.HoweveronthatmomenttheEmperofQinggovernmentrefusedthedemsoftheBritishinsistedthepolicyofnationalprotectionwhichmeanthattheemperdidnotagreetoopenthedoofthetrade.Tosomeextentthismeasurewashelpfultopreventtheinvasionofcap

4、italist.However‘thecolonialsystemannouncedthatmakingmoneyistheultimatesolepurposeofhuman’.TheBritishcolonistsbelievedthatthissituationwasextremelyunfavablefthemthendideverythingpossibletobreakthecloseddooftheQingDynasty.

5、IndertochangethedisadvantageconditionofBritaininthetradewithChinabreaktheplightofthetradedeficittheBritishbegantodumpalargenumberofopiumtoChina.AslucrativetradingOpiumtradebroughttremendousbenefitsftheWesternbourgeois.Th

6、epositionoftheBritishinthetradewithChinachangedfromtradedeficitintoatradesurplusgradually.Sincethe1830smethanhalfofthegoodswhichcamefromBritainwereopiuminChina.EachyearthenumberofWhiteSilverwhichBritishplunderedfromChina

7、werereachedtoaroundhundredsmillions.EvidentlytheopiumtradewasnotonlythesourceofprimitiveaccumulationofcapitalbutalsowastheconstituentpartofChinesecapitalistenterprise’sprimitiveaccumulationofcapital.Chinesecompradsmercha

8、ntsobtainedhugeprofitsfromtransptationsaleofopium.TheeticalTheeticalanalysisanalysisItiscommonlybelievedthatsincetheopiumtradeChinachangedfromalongtermsurpluscountryintoadeficitcountry.Butfromanotherperspectivetheopiumtr

9、ademightbejustoneofacatalystratherthanamaincause.BefetheOpiumWarevenChinawasinthefavablepositionofthefeigntradesurplusbuttheexptsweremainlytearawsilkpcelainotherprimaryproductswhileBritishexpttradingweretextilesmetalprod

10、uctscottonfromIndiathetextiletechnologyofBritainwasleadingthewldatthattime.TheBritishtextilewasbeautifulcheapwhichwastheproductwithmodernsciencetechnology.TherefeitcouldbesaidthatalthoughChinawasinthefavablesituationoftr

11、adesurplusbefetheopiumtradeitjustasuperficialphenomenoninfactthetradedisadvantagefeigntradecrisisstillexisted.FromamacroperspectivewiththedevelopmentoftheBritishIndustrialRevolutiontheproductivityofBritainhadbeenhancedfu

12、rtherwiththestimulationofcommerceintereststheBritishgoodshadagreaterprofitcompetitiveadvantagesoitwasanirresistibletrendthatBritainbecameastrongtradingnation.thesametimeBritainwasinunfavablepositionofthetradedeficitbutth

13、egreatabilityofcapitalaccumulationmadethetradingprofitsasmuchaspossibletopromotethedevelopmentofadvancedproductivefces.MeanwhiletheBritishmerchantsimptedteaothertraditionalsuppliesasarelativelycheappricefromChinathenthey

14、soldtheproductsashigherpricesintheUKmarketwhichcouldbringgenerousprofitsfBritishcapitalist.Uptothedatetheprofitscouldexceedmethantentimesofthecost.Soinfacttheexcessiveprofitswhichcamefromtheteaothermerchisetradehadsignif

15、icantmeaningtopromotethecapitalistprimitiveaccumulation.WhilethefirstbudofcapitalismappearedindozensofsilkminingmetalfabricationindustrysooninChinabuttheproptionofthecapitalisminindustrialproductionwasverysmall.Itcouldbe

16、saidthatalthoughChinawasinthepositionofthetradesurplusthecapitalistaccumulationhadnotyetoccurredtheadvantagesofitstradesurplusdidnotplayaneffectiverole.Chineseeconomywasstillafeudalselfsufficienteconomywhichwasacombinati

17、onofdomesticproductionhicraft.InsuchcircumstanceChinaasabackwardcountrywasinthepositionoflongtermfeigntradesurpluswhichmaybeaserioushazardfromanotherside.LongtermtradedeficitwithChinawasgreatlyaffectedBritishfeignexchang

18、ereserveswithChinaprimitiveaccumulationofcapitalinthemeantimebecauseofChinesecloseddopolicyitwasverydifficulttoopentheChinesemarketfBritish.Oneofthemostimptantfundamentalprinciplesofinternationaltradewastheprincipleofrec

19、iprocitysothelongtermsurplusinevitabledamagedthebenefitsofothercountries.Intheearlystageofinternationaltradethetradingsystemwasnotfullydevelopedthecapitalistcountryneededahugenumberofmoneybecauseofrapidlydevelopment.Inth

20、eerawithacteristicsofpowerpoliticsindertobeablereverserthetradeunfavablesituationtoobtaingreaterbenefitsBritaintookthewstmeasuresmugglingopium.ThroughtheopiumtradeBritainreverseditsadversesituationoftradedeficitwithChina

21、.Intheearly20yearsof19thcenturytheamountofopiumwhichtheBritishimptedintoChinaannuallywasaboutaverage4000boxes.On1830stheamountofopiumincreasedrapidlyupto1839yearthenumberchangedinto40000boxes.Asthequantityofopiumimptedfr

22、omBritainincreasedsharplyinChinafrom1830sopiumaccountedabovehalfofthetotalvalueofBritishtradewithChina.UptotheopiumwarBritishtradewithChinachangedfromadversetradebalanceintofavablebalanceoftrade.AfteropiumwarChineseimptt

23、radewasexpeditsmainimptswereopiumcottontextileproductswhileChinesemainexptswerestillteaotheragriculturalproducts.ItiscommonlybelievedthattheimptexpttradedeficitfChinawasdetrimentalhoweveritcouldbeseenthatwithChinesemarke

24、tgraduallyopeningupafter1870stheproptionoftheopiumtradegraduallyreducedwhiletheproptionofthenmalcommoditytradewasincreased.Nmalcommoditywasimpossibletorelyonviolencetocarryoutbyfce.Thecostofimptgoodswascheaperthanthesame

25、goodswhichwereproducedinthedomesticsomeproductcouldnotbeproducedinthedomesticsotosomeextenttheimptexpttradedeficitwasnotbadfChinaitmightbringmeadvantagesthandisadvantagefChina.IntheimpttradeChinesesocialeconomicstructure

26、sideologywasimpactedbyWesternindustrialproductsproductiontechnologymanagerialknowledgepoliticalthoughtnootheralieninvasioncouldmatchthisoneonChinesehisty.TosomeextenttheopiumwarpromotedChineseeconomicprogress.Economicexc