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1、StructuralSystemstoresistlateralloadsCommonlyUsedstructuralSystemsWithloadsmeasuredintensofthousskipsthereislittleroominthedesignofhighrisebuildingsfexcessivelycomplexthoughts.Indeedthebetterhighrisebuildingscarrytheuniv
2、ersaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtclarityofexpression.Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomfgrthoughts.Indeeditiswithsuchgrthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhighrisebuildingshasevolved.Perhapsmeimptantthenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohav
3、ebecomecommonplaceintoday’stechnology.Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstructionthemostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhighrisebuildingscanbecategizedasfollows:1.Momentresistingframes.2.Bra
4、cedframesincludingeccentricallybracedframes.3.Shearwallsincludingsteelplateshearwalls.4.Tubeintubestructures.5.Tubeintubestructures.6.Ceinteractivestructures.7.Cellularbundledtubesystems.Particularlywiththerecenttrendtow
5、ardmecomplexfmsbutinresponsealsototheneedfincreasedstiffnesstoresistthefcesfromwindearthquakemosthighrisebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframesbracedbentsshearwallsrelatedsystems.Furtherfthetallerbui
6、ldingsthemajitiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthreedimensionalarrays.Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessfhighrisebuildings.Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmentalfunction
7、alcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights.Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture.Tothecontrarymanyexamplesoffinearchitectureha
8、vebeencreatedwithonlymoderatesupptfromthestructuralengineerwhileonlyfinestructurenotgreatarchitecturecanbedevelopedAgainanalysiscanbebySTRESSSTRUDLanyoneofaseriesoftwo–threedimensionalanalysiscomputerprograms.againcenter
9、tocenterdimensionsareusedcommonlyinthepreliminaryanalysis.ShearwallsTheshearwallisyetanotherstepfwardalongaprogressionofeverstifferstructuralsystems.Thesystemisacterizedbyrelativelythingenerally(butnotalways)concreteelem
10、entsthatprovidebothstructuralstrengthseparationbetweenbuildingfunctions.Inhighrisebuildingsshearwallsystemstendtohavearelativelyhighaspectratiothatistheirheighttendstobelargecomparedtotheirwidth.Lackingtensioninthefounda
11、tionsystemanystructuralelementislimitedinitsabilitytoresistoverturningmomentbythewidthofthesystembythegravityloadsupptedbytheelement.LimitedtoanarrowoverturningOneobvioususeofthesystemwhichdoeshavetheneededwidthisintheex
12、teriwallsofbuildingwheretherequirementfwindowsiskeptsmall.Structuralsteelshearwallsgenerallystiffenedagainstbucklingbyaconcreteoverlayhavefoundapplicationwhereshearloadsarehigh.Thesystemintrinsicallymeeconomicalthansteel
13、bracingisparticularlyeffectiveincarryingshearloadsdownthroughthetallerflosintheareasimmediatelyabovegrade.Thesystemhasthefurtheradvantageofhavinghighductilityafeatureofparticularimptanceinareasofhighseismicity.Theanalysi
14、sofshearwallsystemsismadecomplexbecauseoftheinevitablepresenceoflargeopeningsthroughthesewalls.Preliminaryanalysiscanbebytrussanalogybythefiniteelementmethodbymakinguseofaproprietarycomputerprogramdesignedtoconsiderthein
15、teractioncouplingofshearwalls.FramedBracedTubesTheconceptoftheframedbracedbracedtubeeruptedintothetechnologywiththeIBMBuildinginPittsburghbutwasfollowedimmediatelywiththetwin110stytowersoftheWldTradeCenterNewYkanumberofo
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