中國藥科大學中藥學專業(yè)英語課件-甘草

1、甘 草,Radix Glycyrrhizae[English Name] Liquorice Root,Origins,Gancao is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbs, and classified as a superior herb in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. The Chinese name Gancao means the sweet he

2、rb, hence its name.Since ancient times in China, it has been called the National Venerable Master (國老) because it has the merit of harmonizing and mollifying drugs in a prescription and eliminating various toxicities.I

3、t is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. , Glycyrrhiza inflate Bat. Or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , family Leguminosae.,harmonize：調(diào)和 mollify：緩和,Plant Morphology,Glycyrrhiza uralensis: 甘草 A pe

4、rennial herb , 30～100 cm high, covered with white pubescences, glandular scars or glandular hairs throughout. Rhizome cylindrical ; main root relatively long, stout, outer bark reddish-brown to dark brown, taste sweet.,p

5、ubescences: 軟毛，絨毛， 到達青春期； glandular : 腺體的,Stem erect, branchelets with ridges. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, leaflets 7～17, ovate or broadly ovate, entire; stipules deciduous.Flowers in axillary racemes, de

6、nse; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed; corolla papilion-aceous (butterfly-like), purplish-red or bluish-purple; stamens 10, diadelphous; ovary sessile, tapering upwards to become a style.,Plant Morphology,,branchlet,羽狀的,,托葉,,總

7、狀花序,,花萼,,花冠,,雄蕊,,子房,花柱,Legume (pod) curved to be sickle-like, densely covered with brown prickly glandular hairs. Seeds 2～8, black, smooth. Flowering season Jun.～Jul. ; fruiting season Jul.～Aug..It is usually grown wild

8、 in sunny calcareous grasslands and along the sandy riverbanks, and now also cultivated. Distributed in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China.,Legume：莢果 prickly: 多刺的 calcareous glasslands：鈣質(zhì)草原,Plant Morpholo

9、gy,Glycyrrhiza inflate Bat. : Plant without glandular hairs; leaflets 3-7; Legume small, inflated. Distributed in Xinjiang and Gansu.Glycyrrhiza glabra L.: Plant without glandular hairs; leaflets 19; Legume flat and st

10、raight, glabrous. Distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai and Gansu.,Plant Morphology,Collection and Preparation,The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from stems and rootlets, cut into sections (about 1m long), su

11、nned to be 60～70% dried, the roots and the rhizomes being bundled into bales, and then preserved in a ventilated dry place until dried completely. Some of liquorice roots are deprived of the cork. It is called starchy li

12、quorice(粉甘草).,ventilated: 通風的 bales：大包，捆,Description,Radix Glycyrrhiza Uralensis: Roots cylindrical. 2～100 cm long, 0.6～3.5 cm in diameter. Externally reddish-brown or grayish-brown, showing irregular longitudinal wrin

13、kles and furrows, numerous transverse lenticel-like protrusions and sparse rootlet scars. Sometimes the outer bark scaling off, the exposed surface appearing yellow.,furrows：溝紋 sparse：稀疏的,Texture compact, fr

14、acture fibrous, yellowish-white, starchy, cambium ring distinct, rays radiate, some with clefts. Rhizomes cylindrical, externally with bud scars, pith present in the centre of fracture. Odour, slight; taste, sweet and ch

15、aracteristic.,cleft：裂隙; bud scars：芽痕 ; pith：髓,Description,纖維性的,Radix Glycyrrhizae Inflatae: Roots and rhizomes woody and stout, some branched, the outer bark rough, greyish-brown, Texture compact, more lignified

16、 fibres and less starchy, Rhizomes with more and large advantitious buds.Radix Glyvyrrhizae Glabrae: Texture of root and rhizomes relatively compact, some branched, the outer bark not rough, greyish-brown, lenticels sma

17、ll and indis- tinct.,Description,Microscopical characters,Transverse section: Cork consisting of several layers of brown cells. Cortex relatively narrow. Phloem rays broad, mostly curved, frequently with clefts; mo

18、st phloem fibres in bundles, unlignified or slightly lignified, surrounded by parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate; sieve tube tissue often pressed to be collapsed. Fascicular cambium distinct. Xylem

19、 rays 3～5 cells wide; vessels frequent up to 160 μm in diameter; xylem fibres in boundless, surrounded by parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate. Roots without pith at the centre; rhizomes possessing p

20、ith at the centre.,phelloderm,【顯微特征】橫切面：(1)木栓層細胞紅棕色；(2)韌皮部由韌皮纖維束、韌皮薄壁細胞及篩管群等間隔排列；(3)形成層環(huán)不甚明顯；(4)木質(zhì)部導管直徑大，單個或2～3個成束；(5)韌皮部和木質(zhì)部均有晶纖維；(6)薄壁細胞含淀粉粒。,Powder: Brownish-yellow. Fibres in bundles, 8～14μm in diameter,

21、thick-walls,slightly lignified, surrounded by parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate, forming crystal fibres. Prisms of calcium oxalate frequent. Bordered pitted vessels large, reticulated vessels rare

22、. Cork cells reddish-brown, polygonal, slightly lignified.,Microscopical characters,多角形,甘草粉末粉末：(1)晶纖維細長，壁極厚，微木化；含晶細胞壁增厚；(2)木栓細胞棕紅色，壁薄，微木化。,Chemical Constituents,Triterpenoidal saponins: 6～14% glycyrrhizin （甘草甜素

23、），which upon hydrolysis yields glucuronic acid （葡萄糖醛酸）and glycyrrhetinic acid（甘草次酸）,Flavonoids: liquritin（甘草苷）, liquiritigenin（甘草苷元）(the aglycone of liquiritin) （甘草苷的苷元），isoliquiritin（異甘草苷）, isoliquiritigenin（異甘草苷元）。,

24、三萜皂甙類化合物,黃酮類化合物,(1) Anti-ulcer effect: The drug is effective for the treatment of gastric ulcer, probably because of the flavonoids it contains. 抗?jié)冏饔茫核委熚笣兊淖饔?，可能因為它所含的黃酮類化合物。 (2) Adrenocortical hormonelike actio

25、ns. 腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素樣作用。,Pharmacology,(3) Detoxifying effect: Glycyrrhizin possesses detoxifying action on drugs, poisonous foods and toxins of metabolic metabolic products. Glycyrrhizin when degraded yields glucuronic acid

26、, which in the liver will combine with toxic materials to form glucuronide to produce a detoxifying action. 解毒作用：甘草對多種藥物中毒、食物中毒和代謝產(chǎn)物中毒等都有一定的解毒作用。甘草甜素降解時產(chǎn)生葡萄醛酸，在肝臟中它與毒物結(jié)合成葡萄醛酸類物質(zhì)而起解毒作用。,Pharmacology,(4) Antitussive

27、, expectorant and antiasthmatic effects. 鎮(zhèn)咳，去痰和平喘作用。 (5) Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. 抗炎作用和抗變態(tài)反應作用。,Pharmacology,Action,To reinforce the function of the spleen and replenish qi, to remove he

28、at and counteract toxicity, to dispel phlegm and relieve cough, and to moderate drug actions.能補脾益氣，清熱解毒，去痰止咳，調(diào)和諸藥。,Weakness of the spleen and the stomach, lassitude and weakness, palpitation and shortness of breath, co

29、ugh with much phlegm, spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs, carbuncles and sores. It is often used for reducing the toxic or drastic actions of other drugs.It is also used as a flavouring agent in food in