石油及天然氣地質(zhì)學(xué)

1、石油及天然氣地質(zhì)學(xué)Geology of Petroleum and Natural Gas,徐思煌資源學(xué)院石油系,(English),2,Petroleum Geology,Petroleum Geology,,,By Dr Xu Sihuang,Petroleum Geology,By Dr. Xu Sihuang40hours Lecturing 26hs +practice 8hs+ discussion 2hs+

2、others 4hsLecture in English,Lecture contents,Petroleum Geology,Part 1 Introduction,Part 2 Petroleum reservoirs and the fluids in it,Part 3 The formation of petroleum reservoir,Chapter 1,Chapter 2 Chapter 3

3、 Chapter 4,Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7,Contents,Part 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Preface Part 2 Petroleum Reservoirs and the fluids in it Chapter 2 The Fluids in Reservoir Section 1

4、 The oil (petroleum) Section 2 The natural gas: Section 3 The oil-field waters Chapter 3 The reservoir rock and cap rock Section 1 General concepts Section 2 Physical propert

5、ies of reservoir rock Section 3 The character of reservoir rock Section 4 The roof rock(cap rock) Chapter 4 The traps and reservoir of oil and gas Section 1 Concepts and classification of

6、 trap and reservoir Section 2 Character of structural trap and reservoir Section 3 Character of stratigraphic trap and reservoir Section 4 Character of other trap and reservoir,Back,Part 3 T

7、he formation of petroleum reservoirs Chapter 5 The generation of oil and gas Section 1 The organic matter Section 2 Kerogen Section 3 Main trend during kerogen forming petroleum Section 4 Te

8、mperature, time, and pressure Chapter 6 Migration of oil and gas Section 1 Terms Section 2 Primary migration Section 3 Secondary migration Chapter 7 Accumulation of oil and gas Section 1

9、 General Section 2 Differential entrapment in series traps Section 3 Petroleum alteration,Back,Part 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Preface,How about petroleum industry? important or unimportant?How ab

10、out petroleum production and reserve? rich or poor? much or less?How about this course? difficult or easy?,Chapter 1 Preface,1、 About petroleum industryPetroleum industr

11、y is the most important industry to world economy and society.Petroleum products are the most important industrial material and fuel.World petroleum production controls world iron and steel industry, petrochemical ind

12、ustry , traffic and communication, etc.Petroleum products are directly interrelated to the daily life of almost all people around the world.,Chapter 1 Preface,2、The reserve volume and producing capacity in China a

13、nd the worldoil and gas production in China in 1999world oil and gas production in 1999world oil and gas reserve volume in 1999,In 21st century natural gas will becomes very important energy source,Coal,coal,wood,s

14、olar,energy,natural gas,oil,The world energy source replacement,,,Chapter 1 Preface,3、About our courseThe aimTo study the basic contents of petroleum geology ;To train your petroleum geology ideation;Points for att

15、entionStudy in classroom and Self study after school.Discuss with others including me.The powerPay great attention! + study hard!,Study contents of our course,Petroleum reservoirs/pools (our part 2) and Th

16、eir formation (our part 3) So, in short ,Petroleum Geology Reservoirs and their formation.,,understanding,Trap a cup

17、 Likes reservoir a cup of tea (pools),,,Lecture content,Part 1 IntroductionPart 2 Petroleum reservoirs and the fluids in itPart 3 The formation of petroleum reserv

18、oir,Petroleum Geology,Part 2 Petroleum Reservoirs and the fluids in it,What are the fluids in reservoirs?Oil, gas and water,Their chemical and physical properties.What are the rocks containing and sealing petroleum

19、? reservoir rocks, cap rocks,Capability or performance of reservoir rocks; What are the reservoirs? Their measurement, classification, characters,,Part 2 Petroleum Reservoirs and the fluids in it,Chapter 2 Th

20、e fluids in reservoir----oil, natural gas and oil -field water Chapter 3 The reservoir rocks and cap rocksChapter 4 The traps and reservoir of oil and gas,Chapter 2 The fluids in reservoir----o

21、il, natural gas and oil -field water,Section 1 The oil (petroleum)Section 2 The natural gas: Section 3 The oil-field waters,Section 1 The oil /petroleum,1.1 Definition of petroleum1.2 The chemical properties of

22、 petroleum1.3 Distillation and uses of petroleum 1.4 Classification of crude oils1.5 The difference between marine and terrigenous petroleum1.6 Physical properties of petroleum,1.

23、1 Definition of petroleum,The word petroleum originates from the Latin words petra(“rock”) and oleum(“oil”), just as its Chinese word, 石油 means “石” and “油”.In common usage, it means any hydrocarbon(烴) mixture that can

24、 be produced from underground rocks through a drill pipe.Definition: Petroleum is a kind of mineral resources that occurs in the earth as semi-solids, liquids or gases, or mutual solutions of these.,General feature,Petr

25、oleum is mixture of hydrocarbons usually with some contaminant non-hydrocarbon compounds of nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen in small amount; also of vanadium(V) and nickel(Ni).The proportions of the constituent hydrocarbons

26、 and the contaminant are different in each petroleum accumulation or oil field.The Physical properties of petroleum are different in each accumulation/field.,1.2 The chemical properties of petroleum,A. Elemental compos

27、ition The main elements are Carbon and Hydrogen;The minor elements Sulfur,Nitrogen, and Oxygen less than 3%;Traces of heavy metals,such as V and Ni, also are present.,Table 1-1 Elemental composition of fossil fuels

28、and kerogen(wt%) (Hunt,1996),From gas to kerogen, there is a marked decrease in hydrogen and a corresponding increase in sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen relative to carbon.,The alkane series=Paraffins,The general formula

29、 is CnH2n+2.C1-4 are gases: methane/CH4，ethane/C2H6，propane/ C3H8，butane/C4H10C5-20 are liquidsC20+ are usually waxy solids.In CnH2n+2 in crude oil,, usually n≤80.Alkane series can be divided into 2 types: a. t

30、he normal alkanes: n-alkanes b. the isomeric arkanes: i-alkanes,MethaneEthanePropaneButanePentaneHexaneHeptane,IsobutaneDimethylbutaneTrimethylpentane,C. Naphthene or Cycloparaffin

31、,general formular: CnH2n, , ,n≥5The Cycloparaffins that are formed by joining the carbons in ring are the most common molecular structures in petroleum. The most common naphthenes in petroleum are methylcyclopentane(環(huán)

32、戊烷) and methylcyclohexane(環(huán)己烷). The average crude oil contains about 50% naphthenes, with the quantities increasing in the heavier fractions and decreasing in the lighter fractions.,Naphthenes,,D. The aromatic Hydrocar

33、bons,With general formular CnH2n-6;The term aromatic hydrocarbon originated from pleasant-smelling compounds in petroleum. However , most HCs have very little odor in pure state.All aromatic HCs contain at least one be

34、nzene ring. They are unsaturated cycloHC series with double bonds between carbon atoms, likes benzeneand its homologous:Benzene(苯),Naphthalene(奈),Paranaphthalene(蒽)。,E. Nitrgen,sulfur, and Oxygen compounds(Asphaltic

35、s),They are complex structural arrangements made of naphthenoaromatic nuclei, with chains and heteroatoms (O,N,S).a)Sulfur compounds：average content of sulfur in crude oil is 0.65% by weight. Low or high sul

36、fur crude oil: S1.0%b)Nitrogen compounds：Nitrogen content is usually much lower than sulfur content in crude oil. The average nitrogen content is 0.094% by wt, in most crude oil nitrogen less than 0.2%.The most importan

37、t nitrogen compound is porphyrin: Nickel(Ni) and Vanadium(V) porphyrin。c)Oxygen compounds: as saturated fatty acids:phenols,About porphyrin,Porphyrins are characterized by a tetrapyrrolic nucleus(4 pyrrole rings), pro

38、bably inherited from chlorophyll or hemin So nickel porphyrin and vanadium porphyrin are biological markers: Petroleum come from organic matter.Chlorophyll, the green photosynthetic pigment of plants;Hemin, the

39、red pigment of animal blood.There are other metals, like iron(Fe), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu), lead(Pb), arsenic(As), molybdenum(Mo), cobalt(Co), magnesium(Mg), chromium(Cr) etc, in petroleum, but only little.,1.3 Distillatio

40、n and uses of petroleum,Distillation is the principal method for separating crude oil into useful products. The common distillate fractions are: gasoline(C5-C10), kerosine (C11-C13) ,

41、 diesel oil (C14-C18) , heavy gas oil (C19-C25), lubricating oil (C26-C40), residuum (>C40) , etc.,00-10-16,,A refinery tower is equivalent to a seri

42、es of individual distillation flasks, in which the distillate fractions(餾份) from the first flask is condensed in the second flask, and then redistilled to produce a distillate for the third flask.,A distillation tower,,A

43、romatics,Naphthenoaromatics,Nitrogen,sulfur,and oxygen compounds,The light gasoline fraction of oil is dominated by the normal,iso-,and cycroparaffins. From Gasoline into the heavier fractions,There is a marked in

44、creases in the Aromatics+ naphthenoaromatics.,After diesel,NSO compounds content increases markedly, the residuum is dominated by NSO compounds.,1.4 Classification of crude oils,Some classifications have been propose

45、d by geochemists and petroleum refiners.A classification of petroleum has been proposed by Tissot and Welte based primarily on the content of the various structural types of hydrocarbon: P =Paraffin

46、 N=Naphthenes AA=Aromatics and Asphaltenes+resins S= Saturated hydrocarbon,1.4 Classification of crude oils,1)S>50%,AA40%,P>N: Paraffinic oils2)S>50%,AA40%,N>P: Naphthenic oil

47、s 3)S>50%,AA10%: Aromatic intermediate oils5)S≦50%,AA≧50%,P≦10%,N≧25%: Aromatic naphthenic oils 6)S≦50%,AA≧50%,P≦10%,N≦25%:

48、 Aromatic Asphaltic oils,,,,,,,,,,,Paraffinic,Naphthenic,Paraffinic –naphthenic,Aromatic intermediate,Aromatic naphthenic,Aromatic Asphaltic,P =Paraffin,N=Naphthenes,AA=Aromatics and Asphaltenes+res

49、ins,25,40,50,50,40,60,50,60,90,10,75,1.5 The difference between marine petroleum and terrigenous petroleum,1. On oil type2. On wax content3. On sulfur content4. On trace element content, as V,Ni, V/Ni5. On stable

50、isotopes of carbon,Self study it,1.6 Physical properties of petroleum,1) Density and Specific gravity 2) Viscosity(粘度)3) Fluorescence(熒光性)4) Color5) Smell6) Calorific Value,1) Density and Specific gravity,Oil dens

51、ity usually less than 1000kg/m3, oil is lighter than water. But some crude oils, dense oils, can heavier than water, their density can larger than 1000kg/ m3 . To develop dense oil is very difficult,

52、.,Viscosity is an inverse measure of the ability of a substance(fluid) to flow. The greater the viscosity of a fluid, the more difficult it flows. Oil viscosity is generally dependent chiefly on the amount of gas

53、dissolved in It and on the temperature.,2) Viscosity,3)     Fluorescence(熒光性),All oils exhibit more or less fluorescence, the aromatic oils are the most fluorescent. Fluorescent color of cru

54、de oil can be yellow, green, or blue. Fluorescence must be observed under ultraviolet radiation. Fluorescence is used in well logging to locate oil shows in cores, cuttings, and drilling mud.,4) Colo

55、r5) Smell6) Calorific Value,,Self study,Now,we have finished section 1. Let’s start section 2,Section 2 The Natural Gas,2.1 Concepts about natural gas2.2 The chemical proportion of natural gas2.3 The physica

56、l properties of natural gas2.4 About gas hydrate,2.1 Concepts about natural gas,Natural gas: In this course, it means the gas occurs in lithosphere. Associated gas: the gas occurs with oil Non-associated ga

57、s: the gas occurs alone. Aggregated gas: The gas in gas reservoir， Condensed gas， The gas in oil and gas reservoir Decentralized gas: The gas dissolved in oil，the gas dissolved

58、in oil-fields water, the liquefied gas, the coal bed gas, and the methane hydrate(甲烷水合物).,,,2.2 The chemical proportion of natural gas,A.  Hydrocarbon gas:Methane/CH4, main composition of gas Ethane/ C2H6

59、, Propane/ C3H8, takes small amount of gasButane/ C4H10B.Non-hydrocarbon gas: N2, CO2, H2S, H2, CO, SO2, Hg, etc.,,2.3 The Physical Properties,A.Density and special gravity

60、 of natural gas Density means the weight of a given volume, such as kilograms per cubic meter. The density of a natural gas depends on its pressure(p), temperature(t), apparent molecular weight(m) and comp

61、ressibility factor(z).Dg=0.1196571*p*mg/(z*t),2.3 The Physical Properties,B. The density of nature gas under the reservoir condition is larger than that of standard gas, usually 150-250kg/m3. The special gravity of n

62、atural gas means the ratio of natural gas density to that of air. Also the ratio of molecular weight of natural gas to that of air(28.97): rg=mg/28.97,2.3 The Physical Properties,C. The solubilitya.

63、 in water Henly formula: Q=C*P Q:solubility, C:solution coefficient, P: pressure.b. in crude oil the solubility depends on the pressure, temperature, composition of gas, the content of light H

64、C in crude oil.,2.4 About the gas hydrate,Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds in which the ice structure of water is distorted to form cages that contain the gas molecules. The hydrates are solids resembling wet sn

65、ow in appearance, and they form both above and below 0℃under specific pressure- temperature conditions. The water molecules form two kinds of unit cell structures .,,The smaller unit structure contains 46 water molecule

66、s, which can hold up to 8 methane molecules. Gases such as CH4, C2H6, H2S, and CO2 can fit into this structure. The larger unit cell contains 136 molecules of water. Gases such as propane and iso-butane can fit into

67、it. These are the only gaseous hydrocarbons that form hydrates. The pentanes and n-butane molecules are too large.,,A methane hydrate in which all the ice stages are completely filled with methane contains about 172 m3

68、 CH4 of hydrate at STP. In nature the more typical ratio is 40 m3 CH4/m3 of hydrate. Natural hydrate units generally have six or seven H2O molecules per CH4 molecule.,,The pressure-temperature diagram for methane and a

69、 0.6 gravity gas (C1 +C2 +C3) is shown in Figure 7-8. Hydrates are formed by increasing pressures and are decomposed by increasing temperatures. Since the pressure required to form gas hydrates increases logarithmicall