計(jì)算機(jī)英語課件學(xué)習(xí)

1、Computer English,Unit 2 Computer Architecture,Section A Computer Hardware,,Ⅰ. Introduction （引言）,Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a computer and consists of the components that can be phy

2、sically handled. The function of these components is typically divided into three categories: input, output, and storage. Components in these categories connect to microprocessors, specially, the computer’s central proce

3、ssing unit (CPU), the electronic circuitry that provides the computational ability and control of the computer, via wires or circuitry called a bus. 計(jì)算機(jī)硬件是與計(jì)算機(jī)的功能有關(guān)的設(shè)備，包含可用物理方法處理的部件。這些部件的功能一般地可分為三類：輸入、輸出和存儲(chǔ)。這些類型的部件都連接

4、到微處理器—更確切地來說是計(jì)算機(jī)的中央處理器（CPU），中央處理器是通過電線或稱為總線的電路來提供計(jì)算能力和計(jì)算機(jī)控制的電子電路。,Software, on the other hand, is the set of instructions a computer uses to manipulate data, such as a word-processing program or a video game. These progr

5、ams are usually stored and transferred via the computer’s hardware to and from the CPU. Software also governs how the hardware is utilized; for example, how information is retrieved from a storage device. The interaction

6、 between the input and output hardware is controlled by software called the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) software.,另一方面，軟件是計(jì)算機(jī)用于操作數(shù)據(jù)的指令集合，比如一個(gè)字處理程序或一個(gè)視頻游戲。這些程序通常被存儲(chǔ)到內(nèi)存中并通過硬件傳輸?shù)街醒胩幚砥骰驈闹醒胩幚砥鱾鞒?。軟件還可以管理硬件的使用方式，比如如何從存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備檢

7、索信息。輸入和輸出硬件之間的交互是由稱為基本輸入輸出系統(tǒng)的軟件控制的。,Although microprocessors are still technically considered to be hardware, portions of their function are also associated with computer software. Since microprocessors have both hardwar

8、e and software aspects they are therefore often referred to as firmware.,盡管微處理器從技術(shù)上來說仍被認(rèn)為是硬件，但它們的部分功能也與計(jì)算機(jī)軟件有關(guān)。因?yàn)槲⑻幚砥骶哂杏布蛙浖矫娴墓δ?，它們通常被稱為固件。,Ⅱ. Input Hardware (輸入硬件） Input hardware consists of external device—that

9、is , components outside of the computer’s CPU—that provide information and instructions to computer. A light pen is a stylus with a light sensitive tip that is used to draw directly on a computer’s video screen or to sel

10、ect information on the screen by pressing a clip in the light pen or by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen. The pen contains light sensors that identify which portion of the screen it is passed over

11、.,輸入硬件包含一些外部設(shè)備，即計(jì)算機(jī)中央處理器之外的部件，它們能為計(jì)算機(jī)提供信息和指令。光筆是一種帶有光敏感筆尖的輸入筆，它可用來在屏幕上直接畫圖或通過按壓光筆上的夾子或?qū)χ聊话磯汗夤P來選擇屏幕上的信息。光筆包含能夠識(shí)別光筆所經(jīng)過的屏幕部分的光敏感器。 stylus [‘stail?s] n. 輸入筆,光筆,A mouse is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one

12、hand. It has a detection device (usually a ball) on the bottom that enables the user to control the motion of an on-screen pointer, or cursor, by moving the mouse on a flat surface. As the device moves across the surface

13、, the cursor moves across the screen. To select items or choose commands on the screen, the user press a button on the mouse.,鼠標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)為用一個(gè)手把握的點(diǎn)擊設(shè)備，它的底部有一個(gè)探測設(shè)備（通常是一個(gè)球），探測設(shè)備可使用戶通過在平面上移動(dòng)鼠標(biāo)來控制屏幕上指針或光標(biāo)的移動(dòng)。當(dāng)鼠標(biāo)在平面上移動(dòng)時(shí)，光標(biāo)就在屏幕上移動(dòng)。為了

14、選擇屏幕上的項(xiàng)目或命令，用戶只需按一下鼠標(biāo)上的按鈕。,A joystick is a pointing device composed of a lever that moves in multiple directions to navigate a cursor or other graphical object on a computer screen.,控制桿是由一個(gè)杠桿組成的指示設(shè)備，該杠桿可以在多個(gè)方向上移動(dòng)來為計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上

15、的光標(biāo)或其他圖形對(duì)象導(dǎo)航。joystick [‘???st?k]控制桿,操縱桿，游戲桿lever [li:v?; le- ] （杠）桿,游戲桿navigate ['neivigeit] 導(dǎo)航,A keyboard is a typewriter-like device that allows the user to type in text and commands to the computer. Some keybo

16、ards have special function keys or integrated pointing devices, such as a trackball or touch-sensitive regions that let the user’s finger motions move an on-screen cursor.,鍵盤是一種打字機(jī)式的設(shè)備，它允許用戶為計(jì)算機(jī)輸入文本和命令。有些鍵盤具有特殊的功能鍵或集成的指示

17、設(shè)備，如軌跡球或允許用戶的手指移動(dòng)來移動(dòng)屏幕光標(biāo)的觸敏區(qū)。,An optical scanner uses light-sensing equipment to convert images such as a picture or text into electronic signals that can be manipulated by a computer. For example, a photograph can be s

18、canned into a computer and then included in text document created on the computer. The two most common scanner types are the flatbed scanner, which is similar to an office photocopier, and the handheld scanner, which is

19、passed manually across the image to be processed. 光學(xué)掃描儀使用感光設(shè)備來將圖形或文本轉(zhuǎn)化為計(jì)算機(jī)可處理的電信號(hào)。例如，一個(gè)圖像可被掃描進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)，然后包含到計(jì)算機(jī)創(chuàng)建的文本文檔中。兩種最常用的掃描儀是類似于辦公室復(fù)印機(jī)的平板掃描儀和用手工掃描被處理圖像的手持掃描儀。,,A microphone is a device for converting sound into sign

20、als that can then be stored, manipulated, and played back by the computer. A voice recognition module is a device that converts spoken words into information that the computer can recognize and process.,話筒是一種能將聲音轉(zhuǎn)化成計(jì)算機(jī)可存

21、儲(chǔ)、處理和演奏的信號(hào)的設(shè)備。語音識(shí)別模塊是一種能將語詞轉(zhuǎn)化成計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別和處理的信息的設(shè)備。,A modem, which stands for modulator-demodulator, is a device that connects a computer to a telephone line and allows information to be transmitted to or received from anoth

22、er computer. Each computer that sends or receives information must be connected to a modem. The information sent from one computer is converted by the modem into an audio signal, which is then transmitted by telephone li

23、nes to the receiving modem, which converts the signal into information that the receiving computer can understand.,調(diào)制解調(diào)器（表示調(diào)制器-解調(diào)器）是一種連接計(jì)算機(jī)和電話線并將信息傳輸?shù)搅硪粋€(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)或從另一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)接收信息的設(shè)備。每一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)要發(fā)送或接收信息必須連接到一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器。從一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)出的信息被調(diào)制解調(diào)器轉(zhuǎn)換成音

24、頻信號(hào)，然后通過電話線傳輸?shù)浇邮照{(diào)制解調(diào)器，由接收調(diào)制解調(diào)器將信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)化成接收計(jì)算機(jī)能懂的信息。,Ⅲ. Output Hardware (輸出硬件） Output hardware consists of external devices that transfer information from the computer’s CPU to the computer user. A video display, or s

25、creen, converts information generated by the computer into visual information. Display commonly take one of two forms: a video screen with a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a video screen with a liquid crystal display (LCD).,輸

26、出硬件包含一些外部設(shè)備，這些外部設(shè)備可將來自計(jì)算機(jī)CPU的信息傳輸給計(jì)算機(jī)用戶。一個(gè)視頻顯示器或屏幕能將計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)生的信息轉(zhuǎn)化為可視信息。顯示器常采用如下兩種形式之一：使用陰極射線管（CRT）的屏幕和使用液晶顯示器（LCD）的屏幕。,A CRT-based screen, or monitor, looks similar to a television set. Information from the CPU is displaye

27、d using a beam of electrons that scans a phosphorescent surface that emits light and creates images. An LCD-based screen displays visual information on a flatter and smaller screen than a CRT-based video monitor. LCDs a

28、re frequently used in laptop computers.,一個(gè)基于陰極射線管的屏幕或監(jiān)控器看起來像一個(gè)電視機(jī)。來自CPU的信息使用電子束顯示出來，其中電子束掃描熒光屏，熒光屏便發(fā)出光和產(chǎn)生圖像。一個(gè)液晶顯示屏將可視信息顯示在比基于陰極射線管的視頻監(jiān)控器更平和更小的屏幕上。液晶顯示器頻繁地用于膝上型計(jì)算機(jī)。,Printers take text and image from a computer and print

29、them on paper. Dot-matrix printers use tiny wires to impact upon an inked ribbon to form characters. Laser printers employ beams of light to draw images on a drum that then picks up fine black particles called toner. The

30、 toner is fused to a page to produce an image. Inkjet printers fire droplets of ink onto page to form characters and pictures.,打印機(jī)從計(jì)算機(jī)上取出文本和圖像，并將它們打印在紙上。點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī)使用細(xì)小的金屬絲打擊墨帶來形成字符。激光打印機(jī)使用光束繪圖于光鼓上，然后光鼓吸收稱為墨粉的黑色細(xì)顆粒，將墨粉熔化到頁面上來

31、產(chǎn)生圖像。噴墨打印機(jī)將墨水細(xì)粒噴射在紙上來形成字符和圖像。,點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī) 激光打印機(jī) 噴墨打印機(jī),,IV. Storage Hardware （存儲(chǔ)硬件） Storage hardware provides permanent storage of information and programs for retrieval by the computer. The tw

32、o main types of storage devices are disk drives and memory. There are several types of disk drives: hard, floppy, magneto-optical, and compact. Hard disk drives store information in magnetic particles embedded in a disk.

33、 Usually a permanent part of the computer, hard disk drives can store large amounts of information and retrieve that information quickly.,存儲(chǔ)硬件可為計(jì)算機(jī)檢索提供永久的信息和程序存儲(chǔ)。兩種主要的存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備是磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器和內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器。有如下幾種磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器：硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器、軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器、磁光驅(qū)動(dòng)器和光盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器。硬盤

34、驅(qū)動(dòng)器將信息存儲(chǔ)到嵌入在磁盤中的磁性粒子中。硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器通常是計(jì)算機(jī)的永久部件，它能存儲(chǔ)大量的信息和快速地檢索信息。,Floppy disk drives also store information in magnetic particles embedded in removable disks that may be floppy or rigid. Floppy disks store less information than

35、a hard disk drive and retrieve the information at a much slower rate. Magneto-optical disc drives store information on removable discs that are sensitive to both laser light and magnetic fields. They can typically store

36、 as much information as hard disks but have slightly slower retrieval speeds. 軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器也是將信息存儲(chǔ)到嵌入在或軟或硬的可移動(dòng)磁盤的磁性粒子中。軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器比硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器存儲(chǔ)更少的信息而且檢索信息的速度也較慢。磁光盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器將信息存儲(chǔ)在對(duì)激光和磁場都敏感的可移動(dòng)磁盤上。它們一般能存儲(chǔ)如硬盤那么多的信息，但數(shù)據(jù)檢索速度較慢。,軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器

37、 磁光盤機(jī),Compact disc drives (CD-ROM) store information on pits burned into the surface of a disc of reflective material. The information stored on CD-ROMs cannot be erased or overwritten with new information. They can s

38、tore about as much information as a hard drive but have a slower rate of information retrieval. 光盤（CD-ROM)將信息存儲(chǔ)在用反射性材料制作的磁盤表面上燒制出的小坑中。光盤中存儲(chǔ)的信息是無法刪除的或用新信息覆蓋的。它們大約能存儲(chǔ)如硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器那么多的信息，但信息檢索速度較慢。,Memory refers to the computer c

39、hips that store information for quick retrieval by the CPU. Random access memory (RAM) is used to store the information and instructions that operate the computer’s program. Typically, programs are transferred from stora

40、ge on a disk drive to RAM. RAM is also known as volatile memory because the information within the computer chips is lost when power to the computer is turned off.,存儲(chǔ)器指的是可存儲(chǔ)供CPU快速檢索信息的計(jì)算機(jī)芯片。隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器（RAM）用于存儲(chǔ)運(yùn)行計(jì)算機(jī)程序所使用的信息和

41、指令。一般地，程序從磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器上的存儲(chǔ)器傳輸?shù)絉AM。 RAM也稱為易失性存儲(chǔ)器，因?yàn)楫?dāng)供給計(jì)算機(jī)的電被關(guān)掉之后該存儲(chǔ)芯片中的信息就被丟失。,Read-only memory（ROM） contains critical information and software that must be permanently available for computer operation, such as the operating sys

42、tem that directs the computer’s actions from start up to shut down. ROM is called nonvolatile memory because the memory chips do not lose their information when power to the computer is turned off.,只讀存儲(chǔ)器（ROM）包含著計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行永久可用

43、的關(guān)鍵信息和軟件，如指揮計(jì)算機(jī)從啟動(dòng)到關(guān)閉的所有活動(dòng)的操作系統(tǒng)。ROM也稱為非易失性存儲(chǔ)器，因?yàn)榻o計(jì)算機(jī)的供電被關(guān)閉之后這種存儲(chǔ)器芯片的信息不會(huì)被丟失。,Some devices serve more than one purpose. For example, floppy disks may also be used as input devices if they contain information to be used an

44、d processed by the computer user. In addition, they can be used as output devices if the user wants to store the results of computations on them.,有些設(shè)備具有不止一種用途。例如，如果軟盤含有計(jì)算機(jī)用戶要使用和處理的信息時(shí)，它可用作輸入設(shè)備。 另外，如果用戶要將計(jì)算的結(jié)果存儲(chǔ)到軟盤上，則它可用作

45、輸出設(shè)備。,軟盤 軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器,V. Hardware Connections ( 硬件連接) To function, hardware requires physical connections that allow components to communicate and interact. A bus provides a common interconnec

46、ted system composed of a group of wires or circuitry that coordinates and moves information between the internal parts of a computer.,為使計(jì)算機(jī)能夠工作，硬件要求能實(shí)現(xiàn)部件之間通信和交互的物理連接。一組總線提供一個(gè)由一組電線或電路組成的公共互聯(lián)系統(tǒng)，這組電路用于協(xié)調(diào)計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)部部件的操作或移動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)部部件

47、之間的信息。,A computer bus consists of two channels: one that the CPU uses to locate data, called the address bus, and another to send the data to that address, called the data bus. A bus is characterized by two features: how

48、 much information it can manipulate at one time, called bus width, and how quickly it can transfer these data.,一組計(jì)算機(jī)總線包含兩個(gè)通道：一個(gè)是CPU用以尋找數(shù)據(jù)的總線，稱為地址總線；另一個(gè)是用以發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)到指定地址的總線，稱為數(shù)據(jù)總線。一組總線可用兩個(gè)性能指標(biāo)來表征：一次能處理多少信息—稱為總線寬度，和傳輸數(shù)據(jù)有多快。,A s

49、erial connection is a wire or set of wires used to transfer information from the CPU to an external device such as a mouse, keyboard , modem, scanner, and some types of printers. This type of connection transfers only on

50、e piece of data at a time, and is therefore slow. The advantage to using a serial connection is that it provides effective connections over long distances.,一個(gè)串行連接是一根電線或一組電線，用于傳輸來自CPU的信息到外部設(shè)備，如鼠標(biāo)、鍵盤、調(diào)制解調(diào)器、掃描儀和某些類型的打印機(jī)等等。

51、這種連接一次只能傳輸一片數(shù)據(jù)，因而較慢。使用串行連接的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它能提供長距離的有效連接。,A parallel connection uses multiple sets of wires to transfer blocks of information simultaneously. Most scanner and printers use this type of connection. A parallel connection

52、 is much faster than a serial connection, but it is limited to distances of less than 3 m (10 ft) between the CPU and the external device.,一個(gè)并行連接使用多組導(dǎo)線同時(shí)傳輸信息塊。大多數(shù)掃描儀和打印機(jī)使用這種類型的連接。一個(gè)并行連接比串行連接快得多，但是CPU和外部設(shè)備之間的并行連接的距離被限制在3m