2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、原文一：AModelofIntertempalEmissionTradingBankingBrowingThispaperprovidesageneraltreatmentofemissiontradingbankingbrowinginanintertempalcontinuoustimemodel.Usingoptimalcontroltheythedecentralizedbehavioffirmsisshowntoleadtot

2、heleastcostsolutionattainableunderjointcostminimization.Explicitsolutionsfthetimepathsofemissionspermitpricesarederivedwhenfirmsareallowedtobothbankbrowwhenfirmsareonlyallowedtobankemissionpermits.Thepolicyimplicationsof

3、emissionbankingbrowingarediscussed.1.1.INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONMarketableemissionpermitsareaneconomicinstrumentusedtoattainapredeterminedlevelofenvironmentalquality.ThebasicconceptbehindemissiontradingiginatedbyDales[5]i

4、sasimpleone.Initiallyaregulatyagencylimitstheoveralllevelofemissionseitherbysettingastardallocatingemissionsthenitallowsfirmstotradetheiremissionallocationssurpluspermits.Itisnowwidelyagreedamongeconomiststhatmarketablee

5、missionpermitscanbeacosteffectivestrategyfcontrollingenvironmentalpollutantsanextensiveliteratureontheirpropertieshasdeveloped.(seeTietenberg[12]CropperOates[4]fthoughreviews).Thiswkhasidentifiedthreesourcesofpotentialco

6、stsavings:emissiontradingbetweenfirmsemissionaveragingbetweensourceswithinafirmemissiontradingthroughtime.Despitecommonreferencetothesethreecomponentsprevioustheeticalempiricalresearchhasfocusedalmostexclusivelyonthefirs

7、ttwoitemstradingheterogeneousfirmsinthepresenceofpollutionstardsemissionpermitsthataretradableacrossfirmsthroughtime.Insuchasettingfirmsmaydirectlyreduceemissionstheymaypurchasesellbankbrowemissionpermitsindertomeetappli

8、cablestardstotakeadvantageofanyspeculativeopptunitiesthatmayarise.Togeneratepermitsafirmmaychoosetopollutelessthanthecurrentstard.Thesegeneratedpermitsmaybesoldtoadifferentfirmdepositedinanemissionbanktobeusedlaterbythef

9、irmsoldatalatertimetoanotherfirm.Thebrowingofpermitsoccurswhenafirmpollutesmethanitscurrentstardbutthecumulativedeficitmustberepaidbytheendoftheplanninghizon.Bankingbrowinglowerthecostofcompliancewithemissionstardsbyallo

10、wingfirmstoadjusttheiremissionstreammeflexiblythroughtime.ThemodelusedherebuildsontheseminalstaticpaperbyMontgomery（7）onmarketablepermitsextendsthewkofTietenberg（12）CronshawKruse（3）whoexaminesomeaspectsofpermitmarketswit

11、hbankingindiscretetime.Tietenbergacterizesthejointleastcostallocationofpollutionfacumulativepollutantgivenaconstraintonthetotalamountofpollutionovertime.Inthiscumulativeemissionpermitsystemitappearsthatallpermitsareissue

12、datthebeginningofthetimehizon.Somepermitsaretherefealwaysbankeduntilusedup.Befethepermitsareuseduptheirpricemustriseattherateofinterest.CronshawKruseexamineapermitsystemwithbankingwherepermitsareallocatedtofirmsineachofT

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