精益生產的定義一些概念和實際問題【外文翻譯】

1、外文翻譯原文：原文：Definingleanproduction:someconceptualpracticalissuesDiscriminantvalidityofleanSowhatisthenthedifferencebetweenTQMleanproductionInthefollowingsectionLeanTQMarecomparedbasedontheanalysismadebyHackmanWageman(1995)

2、.Thediscussionisdonewiththreedifferentaspectsbasicassumptionschangeprinciplesinterventions:BasicassumptionsQuality.InleanqualitydoesnotreceivethesameamountofattentionasintheTQMliterature.Themainfocusintheleanliteratureis

3、onjustintime(JIT)production.JITisassumedtodecreasetotalcostaswellashighlightproblems.Thisisdonethroughreducingtheresourcesinthesystemsothatbuffersdonotcoveruptheproblemsthatarise.Intheshttermperspectivethereductionofreso

4、urcesimpliesadirectreductionofcost.Inthelongrunthereductionsubsequenteliminationofbuffersisassumedtohighlighttheproblemsthatexistinproductionthusbeingavitalsourceofcontinuousimprovement(e.g.Shingo1984Ohno1988Krafcik1988A

5、commonopinionisthatthepurposeofleaniswasteelimination.).Theliteraturereviewdoesnotshowsupptfthisbeingtheverypurposebutwasteeliminationisdefinitelyanimptantaspectoftheconcept.Someauthsarguethatwasteisreducedindertoincreas

6、ethevaluefthecustomer(e.g.Dennis2002Bicheno2004)whereasothersarguethatitisastrategyfreducingcost(e.g.Ohno1988Monden1998).ReducingwasteisalsoasignificantpartofTQMbutunderthebannerofpoqualitycosts(seeHackmanWageman1995Srqv

7、ist1998).AmajdifferencebetweenTQMleaninthisaspectistheprecisionindefiningwaste.Inthemajityoftheleanliteraturewastemudaisbasedonthesevenfms[1]definedbyOhno(1988)whereasTQMhasaverygeneraldefinitionofpoqualitycostsincluding

8、everythingthatcouldbeeliminatedthroughManagementbyfact.Theliteratureonleandoesnotreallystressthemanagementbyfactsexplicitly.Howeverthisisimplicitinthedeionofleanpracticesmanyofwhichareanalyticaltoolsdesignedtohelpachieve

9、JITproduction.AlthoughthisisasharedperspectivebetweenleanTQMthereisadifference.WithinTQMtheanalysisofvariabilitythroughusingstatisticaltoolsisacentralconcept(HackmanWageman1995).Intheleantraditionthisisnotseenasequallyim

10、ptant.Infactsomeauthsargueagainsttheuseofstatisticaltoolsfanalyzingproductionperfmancerecommendingalternativetoolssuchasincreasedinspectionvisualizationofproblems(e.g.Dennis2002Liker2004).Learningcontinuousimprovement.In

11、thewdsofHackmanWageman(1995)TQMis“prolearningwithavengeance”(p.330).Thelearningaspectsarenotemphasizedasmuchinliteratureonlean.Asdiscussedabovetheleanliteratureisgenerallyweakeronthehumanbehavisidefocusingmeoninstrumenta

12、ltechniquesfimprovingsystemperfmance.Thereisaclearfocusoncontinuousimprovementwhichimpliesthatsomefmoflearningisrequired.Howeverthequestioniswhoislearning.TQMisfocusedonstimulatingcreativityindividualefftsfimprovement(Ha

13、ckmanWageman1995)whereasleanplacesstrongemphasisonthestardizationofwkcollectivelearning(NiepceMolleman1998ThompsonWallace1996).InterventionsAnalysisofcustomerrequirements.CustomerfocusisoneofthehallmarksofTQMwhereeveryim

14、provementshouldbebasedonaninvestigationofthecustomersrequirementswhetherthecustomerisinternalexternal.Theleanconceptdoesnotemphasizecustomerinterests.Someauthsarguethattheverypurposeofleanistopleasethecustomer(e.g.Dennis

15、2002)butmethodsfanalyzingcustomerrequirementsareextremelyrareinthereviewedliteraturesuggestingthisisnotatypicalleanintervention.Supplierpartnerships.ThesuppliersareseenasimptantinbothleanTQM.Bothconceptstressthepointthat