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1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目：ResistingganizationalInertia:TheEvolutionofIndustrialDistricts出處：JournalofManagementGovernance作者：MarkLazersonGianniLenzoniINDUSTRIALDISTRICTS:COMMUNITYHOMOGENEITYThereislittlequestionthatmostofthesmalltown

2、sinwhichindustrialdistrictshavedevelopedembeddedarefairlyhomogeneouscommunitieswhichpritoWldWarIIwereheavilyreliantuponagricultural.TheveryfirstwaveofresearchontheentrepreneurialrootsofItalianindustrialdistrictshashighli

3、ghteditsagriculturaliginsespeciallythecontributionmadebysharecroppingindependentfarming(Paci1980).SharecroppingwhichencouragedcooperativeeconomicbehavihasoftenexplainedbotheconomicdevelopmentinItaly’scentralregionsitsabs

4、enceinthesouthwhereagriculturalwagelabpredominated(Silverman1968).Laterresearchhoweverhascautionedagainstsuchanoverlynarrowcausalexplanationbecauseofthemanyindustrialdistrictentrepreneurswhohavecomefromdiverseagricultura

5、lurbanbackgrounds(Fni1987Guenzi1997).Putnam(1993)alsoseespreexistingagriculturalstructuresasjustoneofthemanyinstitutionalreasonswhyItaly’scenternthhavebeeneconomicallysuccessful.AsprovincialtownsdailylifeinItalianindustr

6、ialdistrictsismarkedbyastrongsenseoflocalidentityasharedhistyitreflectsanabsenceofsignificantgeographicalmobility.Bothentrepreneurswkersnmallyliveinthesamecommunitywheretheywkfrequentlyitisalsowheretheyhavegrownup.Notsur

7、prisinglylocaldialectservestodistinguishinsidersfromoutsiders.ThesecommunitiesarecertainlydifferentfromcertainimptantregionalclusterssuchasSiliconValleywherealmostalloftheimptantactsimmigratedfromelsewhere(Saxenian1994).

8、ButthesocialhomogeneityofthesedistrictsiscommontomostItalianprovincialtownsnomatterwhattheirlevelofeconomicactivitysoitissuccessfullyswitchedtomakingknitwearattheendofWldWarIIfollowingthecollapseofthestrawhatindustrytheb

9、oominofftherackclothing(CappelloPri1973).TheexTruciolomanufacturingplantalsocontributedindirectlytodevelopingCarpi’ssecondmajindustryofmachinetoolsffurnituremakingtoneighbingMirola’sdisposablemedicalsupplyindustrydistric

10、t.DuringWldWarIIthefmerTruciolofactywasreopenedtohousethemunitionsoperationsofMagiMarelli–todayitisItaly’slargestmanufacturerofcarelectricalcomponentsthathadbeentransferredfromMilantoCarpitoescapeAlliedaerialbombardments

11、.Atthewar’sendthemanyhighlyskilledmachinistswerethrownoutofwkwhenMagiMarellireturnedtoMilantoopenedvariouskindsofsmallmachinetoolfirmsintheCarpiareamainlythosespecializingincuttingmoldingwoodfurniture(Solinas1994).Onefme

12、rMagiMarelliemployeetogetherwithtwopartners–oneofwhomwasalocalpharmacist–eventuallyestablishedseveralfirmstomakesyringesbloodtransfusiontubesothersterilizedplasticinstrumentsfmedicalusesinMirolaatownnearCarpi(Solinas1994

13、Baroncelli1998).Allofthesefirmswereeventuallysoldtodifferentmultinationalpharmaceuticalcompaniesinthe1980s1990swhichinturnhavespawnedabout100smallerlocalsubcontractingfirms.EvenPratotheparadigmaticindustrialdistrictofsma

14、llfirmswasfromthelate1800suntiltheendofthe1940sdominatedbylargeverticallyintegratedwoolmillsuntilthecombinationofwarsharpeconomicrecessionslossofoldmarketsresultedinwidespreadfactyclosuresindustrialrestructuring.Duringth

15、e1950smanyskilledexfactyhsopenedspecializedmicrofirmsthatsignificantlytransfmedtheacterofthealreadysizablesmallfirmsect(Lenzoni1979DeiOttati19941996).Thisprocesscontinueduntiltheearly1970swhenallbutahfuloftheremainingver

16、ticallyintegratedfirmsdecentralizedtheiroperations.Industrialdistrictsoftendevelopedfromthetransferofskillsknowledgebylargefirmstosmallfirmsalthoughthisprocesswasoftenhaphazardunintended.Insomeplacesthelargefirmsdissolve

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