機械通氣患者的鎮(zhèn)靜

1、機械通氣患者的鎮(zhèn)靜sedation in mechanical ventilaton,河北醫(yī)科大學第三醫(yī)院危重醫(yī)學科王智勇,Maintaining an optimal level of comfort and safety for critically ill patients is a universal goal for critical care practitioners.——SCCM,,,Tracheal sucti

2、oning,,isolation, immobilization, physical restrains, lack of communication, and sleep deprivation,,anger, frustration, anxiety, and mental stress,EXCESSIVE STIMULATION,Pain,Pain and anxiety may adversely affect respirat

3、ory function, contribute to the development of a stress response, and increase cardiac morbidity,應激水平上升,交感神經(jīng)興奮,↙ ↘,皮質(zhì)醇↑胰高血糖素↑,兒茶酚氨↑,↘,↙,心排血量↓組織供氧↓ 耗氧量↑,↓,心肌缺氧組織缺氧,↓,高應激狀態(tài)的不利影響,機體高分解代謝—低蛋

4、白血癥組織缺氧性損害—消化道出血、DIC高血糖、高游離氨基酸血癥高水平的細胞因子對機體的損害多器官功能不全,危重病人的身心應激因素與神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌代謝反應,Intensivists must ensure adequate analgesia (for pain relief) and sedation (for anxiolytic, hypnotic, and amnestic needs) of the ICU patien

5、t.,Failure to meet appropriate sedation goals may have deleterious physical and emotional effects on the critically ill patient,(Over or Under)-Sedation in 69% ICU Patients,——Critical Care, 2000, 4(S): S110,Achieving Op

6、timal Patient Comfort in the ICU,,,Undersedation,AnxietyAgitationHypertensionTachycardiaArrhythmiasMyocardial ischemiaWound disruption Patient injury,氣管插管、胃管、A/V導管意外拔除,%,Carrion, CCM 2000；28：63,Achieving Optimal P

7、atient Comfort in the ICU,,,Oversedation,DepersonalizationDelayed emergenceDelayed weaning Pressure injuryVenous stasisMuscle atrophyIncreased cost,Inadequate administration of sedatives can lead to patient anxiety

8、 and agitation and add to the stress response, neurohumoral and endocrine responses that may compromise patient outcome,ICU危重病人需要鎮(zhèn)靜，更重要的是需要合適的鎮(zhèn)靜。,危重患者的鎮(zhèn)靜方式,長期持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)靜 vs 間斷鎮(zhèn)靜目標鎮(zhèn)靜 vs 經(jīng)驗鎮(zhèn)靜,長期持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)靜 vs 間斷鎮(zhèn)靜,隨機, 對照試驗ICU

9、中接受機械通氣的成人患者(n = 128)分組干預組: 每日中斷鎮(zhèn)靜藥物, 直至患者清醒對照組:持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)靜由ICU醫(yī)生判斷何時中斷鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,—— Kress JP, Pohlman PS, O’Connor MF, et al. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1471-7,長期持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)靜 vs 間斷鎮(zhèn)靜,長期持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)靜 vs 間斷鎮(zhèn)靜,機械通氣時間延長呼吸機相關(guān)性肺炎延遲性鎮(zhèn)靜或麻痹住ICU或住院時間延長

10、醫(yī)療費用增加,目標鎮(zhèn)靜 vs 經(jīng)驗鎮(zhèn)靜,設計: 隨機, 對照臨床試驗患者: 機械通氣患者(n = 321)干預: 患者隨機分為由護士執(zhí)行目標鎮(zhèn)靜(n = 162)非設定目標鎮(zhèn)靜(n = 159),—— Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, et al. Crit Care Med 1999; 27(12): 2609-15,目標鎮(zhèn)靜 vs 經(jīng)驗鎮(zhèn)靜,目標鎮(zhèn)靜 vs 經(jīng)驗鎮(zhèn)靜,S

11、edation Assessment,A sedation goal should be established and regularly redefined for each patient. Regular assessment and response to therapy should be documented. (Grade C)The use of a validated sedation assessme

12、nt scale (SAS, MAAS, or VICS) is recommended. (Grade B),,Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分標準,1級 焦慮、激動或煩躁或兩者兼具2級合作、定向力良好、安靜3級 僅對命令有反應4級對輕叩眉間反應靈敏5級對輕叩眉間反應遲鈍6級對輕叩眉間反應無反應,SEDATION THERAPY,理想的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,藥代動力學特點：臨床作用確切起效快速無

13、耐藥和停藥綜合征藥理作用不受病理影響(休克、內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂)無藥物相互作用,理想的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,藥效動力學特征通過脂溶性迅速重新分布長時間給藥后無積蓄清除可靠，即使在肝腎功能受損患者代謝產(chǎn)物無活性,理想的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,全身作用無急慢性毒性，無酶誘導和快速耐藥無呼吸抑制無循環(huán)干擾無不良內(nèi)分泌作用不增加肌肉張力,理想的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,藥理治療學特性給藥簡單方便、無需復雜裝置對塑料或玻璃無吸附與其他藥物無物理性相互作用水溶性好，無

14、靜脈刺激性價格便宜,Sedation Therapy——Benzodiazepines,Sedation Therapy——Diazepam,Diazepam can cause prolonged dose-related drowsiness, confusion, and impairment of psychomotor and intellectual functions. Paradoxic excitement can

15、occur. Hypotension, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, and apnea have been associated with rapid parenteral injection. Allergic reactions have been reported. Irritation at the infusion site and thrombo

16、phlebitis may occur.,Sedation Therapy——Diazepam,Prolonged elimination of diazepam and its metabolites limits its usefulness in the ICU.,Sedation Therapy——Midazolam,It is two to three times as potent as diazepamIts onset

17、 of action begins within 1-2 minutes Its duration of action is 0.5-2 hoursIt can be administered at a rate of 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 mg/kg,Sedation Therapy——Midazolam,Midazolam or diazepam should be used for rapid sedation o

18、f acutely agitated patients. (Grade C)Midazolam is recommended for short term use only, as it produces unpredictable awakening and time to extubation when infusions continue

19、longer than 48–72 hours. (Grade A),Sedation Therapy——Midazolam,Intermittent doses of 2.5-5 mg / 2-3 hAdminister in 0.5-1mg / 1-3 min until the desired level of sedation i

20、s achievedLoading doses may be very between 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kgMaintenance infusion rates range from 0.1 to 20 µg/kg/min,Midazolam vs Propofol,咪唑安定和異丙酚在ICU中的應用,n=103，需機械通氣的各類重癥病人Intensive Care Med,1996;17(2):1204-

21、1213,Midazolam vs Propofol,隨機比較咪唑安定與異丙酚在ICU中的長期鎮(zhèn)靜作用,n=67；兩組相比，P<0.001Intensive Care Med,1997;23(12):1258-1263,CAUTION,Sedated patients are at risk for venous stasis, thromboembolic events, pressure ulceration, and