淺析英語中否定表達(dá)及其語用價值【畢業(yè)論文】

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1、　　本科畢業(yè)論文　?。?0 屆）　　英語　　淺析英語中否定表達(dá)及其語用價值　　摘要

2、;　　否定是最常見的語言現(xiàn)象之一，其在日常語言交際中占有十分重要的位置。英語中表達(dá)否定概念的方式既多樣又復(fù)雜，并且不同形式的否定表達(dá)在具體會話中有不同的語用價值。本文將對英語否定的一般形式進(jìn)行歸納分析，并以西方語言哲學(xué)家Grice的會話原則和Leech的禮貌原則為基礎(chǔ)，分析幾種不同形式的否定表達(dá)在語境中的語用功能，進(jìn)而加深對英語否定表達(dá)的認(rèn)知與理解。　　關(guān)鍵詞：否定; 否定

3、句; 語用原則; 語用價值　　Abstract　　Negation, one of the most common linguistic phenomena in languages, occupies an important position in daily linguistic communication.

4、The forms of English negation are complex and diverse, and different forms of negation have different pragmatic value in conversation. To start with, this paper analyzes and sums up the general forms of English negation.

5、 Then, based on Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Leech’s Politeness Principle, this paper makes an analysis of the pragmatic function of differen　　Key words: negation; negative sentence; pragmatic p

6、rinciple; pragmatic value　　Contents　　1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 　　2

7、. Negation in English………………………………………………………………..2 　　2.1 Definition of Negation…………………………….………………………....... 2 　　2.2 Forms of Negation…………………………………………………………..….2 <p&g

8、t;　　2.2.1 General Negation………………………………………………………....3　　2.2.2 Special Negation………………………………………………………….4　　3. Pragmatic Principles ….…………………………………………….………….....8

9、　3.1 Grice’s Cooperative Principle ……..……...........................................................8　　3.2 Leech’s Politeness Principle…………………....................................................9<

10、/p>　　3.3 Relationship between Pragmatics and Negation………………………………10　　4. Analysis of Pragmatic Function in Negation…………………………………...10　　4.1 Negation violating the CP

11、in Teleplay for Humor Effect………….…..............11　　4.2 Negation Violating the CP and Observing the PP……………………………..11　　4.3 Pragmatic Function in Negation……………………………………………….13<

12、/p>　　5. Conclusion…………………………………...........................................................13　　Bibliography……………………………….……………………………..................14　　Acknowledgem

13、ents ……………………………….………………………………...15　　Introduction　　As a significant linguistic phenomenon, negation plays a very important role in sentence processing in language and everyday so

14、cial interactions. In the west, the first man who made an important contribution to the research of negation was Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, who distinguished contradictory negation from contrary negation. After him,

15、 a lot of foreign scholars such as Jespersen and Quirk have carried out studies of negation from their points of view, Moreover, in recent years, many Ch　　People use negation to refuse others, contra

16、dict other people, lie and distinguish truth from falsity. However, different countries have different ways to express negation. On the one hand, compared to Chinese negation, English negation is more complicated and mul

17、tiform. Jespersen divides negation into general negation and special negation, while in special negation there are several forms, like double negation, transferred negation, partial negation and so on. (quoted in 宋暢, 200

18、6:4) Wang Fuzhen　　In the field of pragmatics, Grice and Leech have their own principles about communication rules, which explaining people’s language behaviors from theoretical perspective. Grice’s C

19、ooperative Principle identifies four basic maxims of conversation: 1) quantity maxim; 2) quality maxim; 3) relevant maxim; 4) manner maxim. (何自然，1988:78-79 ) And Leech’s Politeness Principle includes six maxims: tact max

20、im, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim.(何自然，198　　Based on the previous study, the author has made an attempt to study the forms of English negation

21、 and analyze their pragmatic values in specific contexts.　　Negation in English　　Negation is a universal linguistic phenomenon for almost all languages in the world and each cultu

22、re has its own negative expressions. In this chapter, the definition and classification of negation will be analyzed.　　Definition of Negation　　In logic, a statement can only be t

23、rue or false, there is no intermediate state between true or false. Givon states: “Logicians have traditionally considered negation only in terms of truth-value; that is, as an operator that ‘reverses the truth-value of

24、a proposition’.” (quoted in楊君, 2006: 1)　　However, in daily life, there is no absolute negation. Often an intermediate state occurs. In The Chambers Dictionary, the concept of negation is defined as b

25、elow: Negation, the act of saying no; denial; a negative proposition (logic); something that is the opposite (of a positive quality, state, etc); a thing characterized by the absence of qualities. (Houghton Miffli, 1993:

26、1128) Different from Givon’s view, the Chambers Dictionary’s explanation of negation has considered the intermediate state　　Negation is a common and necessary way of showing attitudes, making judgmen

27、ts and expressing ideas in daily life. In linguistics, negation is to deny the presence of objects, action, relationship, property, and state, etc. Quirk has made a brief conclusion: Negation makes a positive statement n

28、egative. (quoted in朱安莉, 2006: 1) There are three main functions of negation: nonexistence, rejection and denial.　　Forms of Negation　　Negation can be classified into many ways acc

29、ording to various viewpoints or research studies. Scholars both at home and abroad have done systematic researches and achieved their own results.　　Quirk Randolph in A Comprehensive Grammar of the En

30、glish Language deals with negation as a syntactic process within the clause. He classifies negation into three types:　　Sentential negation, through which the whole clause is syntactically treated as

31、negative;　　Local negation, in which one constituent (not necessarily a clause element) is negated;　　Predication negation, a minor type applying only after certain auxiliaries, in

32、 which the predication is negated. (Quirk, 1985: 775)　　Quirk’s classification of negation has been accepted by the majority of scholars. He classifies negation from syntactic p

33、oint, that is to say, he analyzes sentence components firstly, and then classifies negation forms. What’s more, he has put forward two important concepts: the scope of negation and the focus of negation. <

34、p>　　Different from Qurik’s theory, domestic scholar Wang Fuzhen (2000) classifies negative sentence into at least twelve kinds according to the form and meaning of negation in his book. This classification is simpler

35、than Quirk’s, for professor Wang classifies negative sentences very meticulous and we can be clear at a glance. 　　Jespersen studies negative sentences and argues that English negation can be classi

36、fied as general negation and special negation. (quoted in 宋暢, 2006:4) General negation refers to the negation of the predicate part, while special negation is that of the other part of a sentence such as object clause. C

37、ompared to others’, Jespersen’s classification is comparatively simple and can be accepted easily. With the help of Jespersen’s research, in this paper, the author follows the division between gene

38、2.2.1 General Negation　　In English, when a sentence adopts a negative adverb “not” to negate the predicate as well as the whole sentence, we called the sentence as general negation. (王福禎, 2000: 3) Ge

39、neral negative sentences include five forms.　　A. subject + linking verb + not + predicative　　For examples:　　1) He is not a doctor.　　2) I

40、sn’t it right?　　B. subject + modal verb/auxiliary verb +not + action verb + others　　For examples: 　　3) Money could not buy happiness.　　4

41、) He hasn’t finished his homework.　　C. subject + do/does/did + not +action verb +others　　For examples: 　　5) Sorrow doesn’t buy bread.　　6

42、) I don’t know how to get there.　　D. subject + action verb + no/not + object + others　　For examples: 　　7) A rolling stone gathers no moss.<p&g

43、t;　　8) He made no reply then.　　E. There be + no/not/not any + subject (+ adverbial)　　For examples: 　　9) There is no holding back the wheel of history.</p&

44、gt;　　10) There is not a moment to be lost.　　2.2.2 Special Negation 　　Apart from general negation, there are many other forms of negative sentences, which can be called

45、 special negation or non-predicate negation. In the paper, the author makes a brief introduction to these sentences.　　A. Partial negation　　Partial negation is a type of negation

46、in which the existence or truth is partially negated. 　　a. Use phrases like “not…all (both, every, everything, etc)”, “not all (both, every, everything, etc)”, “all (both, every, everything, etc)…not

47、”.　　For examples: 　　11) I don’t remember all those details. 　　12) Not both methods are practical.　　13) All that glisters is not gold. &l

48、t;/p>　　b. Use “and” to connect two words that modify negator. 　　For examples: 　　14) He did not speak clearly and correctly. 　　Usually, the word

49、s behind “and” is always negated. But if “and” is replaced by “as well as”, the part before “as well as” is always the negated one.　　For examples: 　　15) We did not see quiet ligh

50、t from Venus in the morning as well as in the evening. 　　B. Absolute negation　　Absolute negation refers to a type of negation in which the existence or truth is wholly or complet

51、ely negated.　　a. no, none + affirmative predicate + others　　For examples: 　　16) None of the answers is right. 　　17) Nothing in the world

52、 is difficult for one who sets his mind on it. 　　b. subject + negative predicate + indefinite pronoun/noun　　For examples: 　　18) We do not like any of them. &

53、lt;/p>　　19) I have never met him before. 　　c. subject + negative predicate + (indefinite) adverb　　For examples: 　　20) He didn’t speak clearly o

54、r correctly. 　　21) He didn’t go anywhere yesterday.　　d. subject + affirmative predicate + negative words　　For examples: 　　22) He spoke

55、neither clearly nor correctly. 　　e. all + affirmative predicate + words with negative meaning 　　For examples: 　　23) All his plans came to nothing.

56、　　24) All this is uninteresting. 　　C. Double negation　　Quirk explains the characteristics of double negation as follows:　　Double negative sentence

57、s are somehow similar to the double negative of logic: each negative has its separate value, and it is possible to find paraphrases, which cancel out each negative, leaving an entirely positive sentence in meaning. Synta

58、ctically, however, the sentences are negative. (Quirk, 1985: 799) 　　In English, there are two types of frequently used constructions of double negation: one with two negators and the other with only

59、one obvious negator.　　a. negator + word with negative affix　　For examples: 　　25) What’s done cannot be undone. 　　26) Nothing is impossib

60、le to a willing mind. 　　b. negator + word or phrase implying negation 　　For examples: 　　27) There is no doubt that we will succeed in designing the project.&

61、lt;/p>　　28) No gains without pains. 　　29) He will never go there unless he is invited. 　　c. negator + negator 　　For examples: <p

62、>　　30) No one has nothing to offer to society. 　　31) She was nothing if not matter-of-fact.　　d. negative sentence + negative sentence 　　For examples: <

63、/p>　　32) It never rains but it pours. 　　33) There is no one who lives in the neighborhood who doesn’t know him.　　D. Transferred negation 　　Tran

64、sferred negation, in a broad sense, refers to any grammatical phenomenon that the negative operator or the negative element moves from its original place to a new position in a sentence.　　a. negative

65、 words can be transferred to front of subject/object/adverbial, etc. to negator predicate　　For examples: 　　34) No single mind can be aware of all the developments that occur in e

66、very field of medicine. (before subject)　　35) Unlike Earth, the Moon has no atmosphere. (before object)　　36) We went no further than a farm. (before adverbial) <p&

67、gt;　　b. negative words can be transferred to front of subject to negate subject.　　For example: 　　37) All students are not diligent. (= Not all students are diligent.)

68、　　c. negative words can be transferred to front of verbs like think, believe, etc. to negate the object clause which behind these verbs.　　For examples: 　　38) We don’t be

69、lieve that he can do it. 　　39) He doesn’t except we need worry. 　　In addition, verbs sharing the same meaning with belief like “hope”, “fear”, “assume”, etc, don’t have transferr

70、ed negation. 　　d. transferred negation happens in the structure “not… so much as”　　For example: 　　40) The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it

71、.　　e. transferred negation in the structure “not more… than” and “none… more… than”.　　For example: 　　41) He is not more fond of playing chess than you are. &

72、lt;/p>　　E. Implied negation　　In English, some words and phrases are affirmative in form but negative in meaning. Negation in this way is implied and implied negation includes the follow

73、ing classifications.　　a. lexical expressions, including using noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition and conjunction. 　　For examples: 　　42) The car has

74、been ruined by neglect. (noun) 　　43) Dogs are barred from that store. (verb) 　　b. syntactic expressions　　i. “more… than” 　　For example:

75、 　　44) He is more brave than wise. 　　ii. “no more… than” or “not any more… than” 　　For example:　　45) He is no more a god than we are. &l

76、t;/p>　　iii. “better… than” 　　For example:　　46) Better say nothing than nothing to the purpose. 　　iv. “too… to”　　For exampl

77、e: 　　47) She’s too angry to say a word. 　　v. “it is... that (who)”　　For example:　　48) It is a wise father that knows his own son. </

78、p>　　vi. “the last…”　　For example:　　49) Romantic is the last thing I am. 　　F. Formal negation　　In English, sentences whose

79、forms are negative while the meanings are positive are termed as formal negative sentences.　　a. negative affixes do not express negative meaning　　For example: <p&

80、gt;　　50) Thank you for your invaluable help. 　　b. syntactic expressions do not express negative meaning　　For example: 　　51) I couldn’t feel happier. </p&g

81、t;　　52) This person is no less stubborn than he used to be. 　　53) His success is not so much by talent as by diligence. 　　Pragmatic principles 　　L

82、inguistic pragmatics studies people’s use of language, a form of behavior or social action, as language is used in a social context and affects the interlocutors and their behavior. Negation, as a common language phenome

83、non, also follows pragmatic principles: the Cooperative Principle (CP) and the Politeness Principle (PP).　　3.1 Grice’s Cooperative Principle 　　H. P. Grice asserts that there is a

84、 set of over-arching assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. He identifies four basic maxims of conversation underlying the efficient cooperative use of language, which jointly express a general cooperative prin

85、ciple (CP), and can be expressed as follows:　　1) Quantity Maxim: a) make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange; 　　b) do not ma

86、ke your contribution more informative than is required.　　2) Quality Maxim: Try to make your contribution one that is true.　　a) do not say what you believe to be false;

87、　　b) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.　　3) Relevant Maxim: make your contributions relevant.　　4) Manner Maxim: make your contributions clarity.</

88、p>　　a) avoid obscurity;　　b) avoid ambiguity;　　c) be brief;　　d) be orderly. (何自然, 1988: 78-79)　　In G

89、rice’s view, CP is a set of assumptions to explain how the speaker can manage to convey what is actually meant and how the hearer can arrive at the speaker’s intended meaning. Grice formulates the total outline of the CP

90、 which participants are expected to observe as follows:　　“Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk e

91、xchange in which you are engaged.” (quoted in 楊君, 2006: 56)　　In short, people follow the principle in the interest of effective communication. In accordance with CP, we can analyze interlocutors’ pur

92、pose and language behavior in context.　　3.2 Leech’s Politeness Principle　　Leech agrees with the CP in principle, but he suggests that the CP should be expanded because the CP can

93、not give a sufficient explanation of why people convey their meaning indirectly so often or why people use different words to express the same meaning in different situations. Thus Leech proposes his PP to rescue the Pol

94、iteness Principle. His view of politeness involves a set of politeness maxims, which are as follows:　　1) Tact Maxim: a) minimize cost to other;　　b) maximize benefit to other.<

95、/p>　　2) Generosity Maxim: a) minimize benefit to self;　　b) maximize cost of self.　　3) Approbation Maxim: a) minimize dispraise of self;　　b) max

96、imize praise of other.　　4) Sympathy Maxim: a) minimize antipathy between self and other;　　b) maximize sympathy between self and other. 　　5) Agreement Maxim:

97、 a) minimize disagreement between self and other;　　b) maximize agreement between self and other.　　6) Modesty Maxim: a) minimize praise of self;　　b) maximize

98、dispraise of self. (何自然, 1988: 97-98) 　　In a word, the PP can be stated in a general way: Other things being equal minimize the expression of impolite beliefs and maximize the expression of poli

99、te beliefs. (quoted in 楊君, 2006: 57) 　　The CP can help us regulate what we say so that it contributes to some assumed illocutionary or discourse goals. And the PP has a higher regulative role than th

100、is, it is to maintain the social equilibrium and friendly relations, which enables us to assume that our interlocutors are being cooperative in the first place (孫亞, 2008: 148-160). On the basis of the PP, people’s indire

101、ctly refuse can be explained in pragmatics.　　3.3 Relationship between Pragmatics and Negation　　In the course of communication, if the speaker and the hearer have the same opinion

102、, they can usually communicate with each other successfully by applying the language rules correctly, while in some circumstance, the conversation participants do not agree with each other. For example when the hearer ha

103、s to give a negative answer, it may be difficult to go on with the conversation, for negating is an impolite verbal behavior in English under certain circumstance. At that time, negating properly i

104、The term “pragmatic failure” is first proposed by Thomas. As he put it, pragmatic failure reflects badly on him/ her as a person. (quoted in 唐英，2004:65) Therefore, speakers should try their best to avoid pragmatic failur

105、e, namely, negation in conversation should abide by some pragmatic principles in order to realize its pragmatic value. 　　Analysis of Pragmatic Function in Negation　　As a common l

106、anguage phenomenon in English, negation finds theoretical foundation in two pragmatic principles: the Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle. In the course of communication, people always abide by some kinds

107、of language rules to realize communicative aims, while negation is essentially an impolite verbal behavior. People may violate some pragmatic rules but abide by others when using negation during conversation. In this pap

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