跨國公司參與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and development</p><p>　　Material Source:World Investm

2、ent Report 2009(Transnational Corporations, </p><p>　　Agricultural Production and Development)United Nations New York and </p><p>　　Geneva,2009 Author：United Nations Conference on Trade andDev

3、elopment</p><p>　　Transnational Corporations,Agricultural Production and development</p><p>　　Agriculture is central to the provision of food and the eradication of poverty and hunger. Not only

4、does it provide significant mass and rural employment, it is also a major contributor to national economic growth and a considerable foreign exchange earner for many developing countries. Given the fundamental importance

5、 of agriculture to most developing economies, its chronic neglect by many of them has been of utmost concern for some time. However, several factors, which are not mutually exclusi</p><p>　　The main drivers

6、of agricultural investment include the availability of land and water in target locations, combined with fast growing demand and rising imports of food crops in various countries, including both the more populous emergin

7、g countries, such as Brazil, China, India and the Republic of Korea, and land-and water-scarce developing regions, such as member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC).International demand for agricultural commodit

8、ies has been further spurred by other facto</p><p>　　Significance of FDI, by country, commodity and region</p><p>　　FDI in agriculture is on the rise, although its total size remains limited(inw

9、ard FDI stock in 2007 was$32 billion)and is small relative to other industries. At the turn of the 1990s, world FDI flows in agriculture remained less than$1 billion per year, but by 2005–2007, they had tripled to$3 bill

10、ion annually. Moreover, TNCs established in downstream segments of host-country value chains(e.g.food processing and supermarkets)also invest in agricultural production and contract farming, thereby mul</p><p&

11、gt;　　Although the share of FDI in agriculture remains small as a share of total FDI in developed, developing and transition economies as a whole, in some LDCs, including Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Ma

12、lawi, Mozambique and the United Republic of Tanzania, the share of FDI in agriculture in total FDI flows or stocks is relatively large. This is also true for some non-LDCs, such as Ecuador, Honduras, Indonesia, Malaysia,

13、 Papua New Guinea and Viet Nam. The high share in these countries</p><p>　　FDI is relatively large in certain cash crops such as sugarcane, cut flowers and vegetables. The bulk of inward FDI in developing re

14、gions is aimed at food and cash crops. There is also a growing interest in crops for biofuel production through projects related to oil-seed crops in Africa and sugarcane in South America, for instance. In terms of the m

15、ain produce targeted by foreign investors in developing and transition economies, some regional specialization is apparent. For example, South Ameri</p><p>　　Significance of contract farming in developing co

16、untries</p><p>　　Contract farming is a significant component of TNCs’ participation in agricultural production, in terms of its geographical distribution, intensity of activity at the country level, coverage

17、 by commodities and types of TNCs involved. In this context contract farming can be defined as non-equity contractual arrangements entered into by farmers with TNC affiliates(or agents on behalf of TNCs)whereby the forme

18、r agree to deliver to the latter a quantity of farm outputs at an agreed price, quality st</p><p>　　TNCs engaged in contract farming activities and other non-equity forms are spread worldwide in over 110 cou

19、ntries across Africa, Asia and Latin America. For example, in 2008 the food processor Nestlé(Switzerland)had contracts with more than 600,000 farms in over 80 developing and transition economies as direct suppliers

20、of various agricultural commodities. Similarly, Olam(Singapore)has a globally spread contract farming network with approximately 200,000 suppliers in 60 countries(most of them de</p><p>　　Contract farming is

21、 not only widespread, but also intensive in many emerging and poorer countries. For instance, in Brazil, 75%of poultry production and 35%of soya bean production are sourced through contract farming, including by TNCs. In

22、 Viet Nam the story is similar, with 90%of cotton and fresh milk, 50%of tea and 40%of rice being purchased through farming contracts. In Kenya, about 60%of tea and sugar are produced through this mode.</p><p&g

23、t;<b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　跨國公司參與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展</p><p>　　資料來源： 2009年世界投資報告（跨國公司、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)與發(fā)展）聯(lián)合國, </p><p>　　2009年,紐約和日內(nèi)瓦 作者：聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會議</p><p>　　跨國公司參與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展 <

24、/p><p>　　農(nóng)業(yè)是糧食供應(yīng)和消除貧困和饑餓的關(guān)鍵.它不僅提供了大量的農(nóng)村就業(yè),同時也是許多發(fā)展中國家國民經(jīng)濟增長和賺取可觀的外匯收入的一個重要因素.鑒于農(nóng)業(yè)是發(fā)展中國家最重要的基礎(chǔ),許多國家長期忽視農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)象一向令人很擔憂.然而,有這么一些因素,這些因素并不互相排斥,它們導(dǎo)致了相當多的發(fā)展中國家的國內(nèi)私人企業(yè)和外國企業(yè)參與農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的增多.這些因素大部分都是結(jié)構(gòu)性的,預(yù)計能在可預(yù)見的未來促進對農(nóng)業(yè)的投資.在這樣的

25、背景下,外國參與以及國內(nèi)投資能對發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)揮重要作用,提高生產(chǎn)率并推動其經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展.</p><p>　　農(nóng)業(yè)投資的主要驅(qū)動力因素主要包括目標地區(qū)所具有的土地和水資源情況,還包括不同國家糧食需求的快速增長和糧食作物進口的增長,這些國家包括人口較多的新興國家,如：巴西、中國、印度和大韓民國,以及土地和水資源匱乏的發(fā)展中國家,如：海灣合作理事會成員國.進一步刺激農(nóng)業(yè)初級產(chǎn)品國際需求的的其他因素還有全球使用

26、生物燃料的各項舉措,從而促進了對發(fā)展中國家的甘蔗、谷物（如：玉米）、油籽（如：大豆）以及非糧食作物,如麻風樹種植蜂擁而至的投資.這些趨勢與過去幾年糧食價格的迅速上漲以及隨后出現(xiàn)的大米等初級商品短缺現(xiàn)象交織在一起,引來眾多的“新投資者“,也引發(fā)了一些對農(nóng)業(yè)和土地的投資性直接投資.</p><p>　　按國家、商品和區(qū)域分類看外國直接投資的重要性</p><p>　　對農(nóng)業(yè)的投資中外國直接投資

27、雖然有所上升,但是與其他行業(yè)相比,對于農(nóng)業(yè)的總投資的規(guī)模仍然有限（2007年,農(nóng)業(yè)外國直接投資存量為320億美元）.1990年代初期,全球農(nóng)業(yè)中外國直接投資為每年10億美元都不到,但是,到2005年到2007年,外國投資額已經(jīng)增加了兩倍,達到每年30億美元.除此之外,處于東道國價值鏈下游產(chǎn)業(yè)的跨國公司（如：食品加工和超市）也在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和訂單農(nóng)業(yè)上有所投資,進而使其對該行業(yè)的參與規(guī)模成倍增長.實際上,經(jīng)過本世紀初的快速增長,2005年到2

28、007年,僅僅投入到食品和飲料行業(yè)的國外直接投資（不包括其他下游活動）就已經(jīng)超過了400億美元.</p><p>　　雖然在農(nóng)業(yè)的外國直接投資在發(fā)達經(jīng)濟體、發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟體和轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟體全部外國直接投資中所占的比例很小,但是一些最不發(fā)達國家,如：柬埔寨、老撾人民民主共和國、馬拉維、莫桑比克和坦桑尼亞聯(lián)合共和國的農(nóng)業(yè)部門的外國直接投資占外國直接投資總量或存量的比例比較大.同樣,一些非最不發(fā)達國家,如厄瓜多爾、洪都拉斯、印

29、度尼西亞、馬來西亞、巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞和越南的情況也如此.造成這種現(xiàn)象的因素有各種各樣的,如國內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)、可用耕地的情況（多為長期租賃）,以及國家的政策（包括促進農(nóng)業(yè)投資）等.</p><p>　　在某些經(jīng)濟作物中,如甘蔗、花卉和蔬菜所獲得的外國直接投資相對較多.在發(fā)展中國家的大部分地區(qū)中外來直接投資流入的主要目標是糧食和經(jīng)濟作物.并且對生產(chǎn)生物燃料的作物的興趣也越來越大,比如,有與非洲油籽作物和南美洲甘蔗相關(guān)的項

30、目.在外國投資者在投資于發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟體和轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟體的主要目標產(chǎn)物方面,區(qū)域?qū)ｉT化的趨勢越來越顯著.例如：南美洲國家有些類型的產(chǎn)品吸引了外國直接投資,如小麥、水稻、甘蔗、花卉、大豆、肉類和家禽產(chǎn)品；在中美洲國家,跨國公司主要集中投資在水果和甘蔗上.在非洲,外國投資者尤其對水稻、小麥等主糧作物和油料作物很感興趣；但是,也有一些跨國公司投資于南部非洲的甘蔗和棉花業(yè),或者東非的花卉栽培業(yè).外國投資者在南亞的主要目標是大規(guī)模的水稻和小麥生產(chǎn),而在亞

31、洲其他區(qū)域投資活動的重點則是經(jīng)濟作物、肉類和家禽類.最后,轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟體的跨國公司主要從事乳制品的生產(chǎn),但是近期也開始投資于小麥和谷物.</p><p>　　發(fā)展中國家訂單農(nóng)業(yè)的重要性</p><p>　　無論從地理分布、國家一級的活動強度、初級產(chǎn)品覆蓋面和跨國公司參與類型等各個角度來看,訂單農(nóng)業(yè)都是跨國公司參與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要組成部分.在這一背景下,可以將訂單農(nóng)業(yè)界定為農(nóng)民和跨國公司的子公司（

32、或代表跨國公司的中介機構(gòu)）做出的非股權(quán)合同安排,據(jù)此,前者同意按照約定的價格、質(zhì)量標準、交付日期和其他具體要求,向后者交付一定數(shù)量的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品.對于一個跨國公司來講,該選擇具有吸引力,因為這種做法可以比現(xiàn)貨市場能更好地控制產(chǎn)品的規(guī)格和 供應(yīng).同時,這樣的做法比土地租賃或者所有權(quán)方式占用資金少、風險低,也更加靈活.從農(nóng)民的角度來看,訂單農(nóng)業(yè)能夠為其提供可預(yù)見的收入、市場準入,跨國公司還可以在信貸和知識等領(lǐng)域提供支持.</p>&

33、lt;p>　　訂單農(nóng)業(yè)活動和其他非股本形式投資的跨國公司遍布全球,在非洲、亞洲和拉丁美洲就涉及110多個國家.例如：2008年,有80多個發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟體和轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟體的60多萬個農(nóng)場作為各種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的直接供應(yīng)商與食品加工企業(yè)雀巢公司（瑞士）簽訂合同.同樣的,奧蘭公司（新加坡）擁有一個全球覆蓋率的訂單農(nóng)業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò),在60個國家（大部分是發(fā)展中國家）有約20萬個供應(yīng)商的農(nóng)業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò).</p><p>　　訂單農(nóng)業(yè)不僅很普遍,