從模因論角度看經(jīng)典臺(tái)詞的復(fù)制與傳播【畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　?。?0_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　從模因論角度看經(jīng)典臺(tái)詞的復(fù)制與傳播</p><p>　　On Duplication and Spread o

2、f Classic Lines：A </p><p>　　Perspective of Memetics </p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文利用模因論對(duì)廣泛流行的經(jīng)典臺(tái)詞進(jìn)行深入剖析。模因作為文化傳遞的基本單位，通過(guò)非遺傳方式、特別是模仿而得以傳遞，模因靠復(fù)制而生存。根據(jù)模因的概念和生命周期理論，經(jīng)典臺(tái)詞可分為

3、模因型臺(tái)詞和非模因型臺(tái)詞。論文著重討論模因型臺(tái)詞復(fù)制與傳播的方式，分析其成為強(qiáng)勢(shì)模因的內(nèi)在機(jī)制與外在因素，旨在揭示模因型臺(tái)詞流行的原因，從而為觀眾更好地理解、欣賞與應(yīng)用經(jīng)典臺(tái)詞提供有益的啟示；為打造強(qiáng)勢(shì)模因型臺(tái)詞提供新的思路。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：經(jīng)典臺(tái)詞；模因；模因生命周期理論；模因型經(jīng)典臺(tái)詞；強(qiáng)勢(shì)模因</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b>&

4、lt;/p><p>　　Popular classic lines are discussed from the perspective of memetics. Meme, as a basic unit of cultural transmission, by non-genetic means, especially by way of imitation get transmitted. Meme can s

5、urvive only by way of duplication. In light of concept and life cycle of memes, classic lines fall into two kinds: memotype lines and non-memotype lines. By discussing the transmitting methods of memotype lines, and elab

6、orating the internal and external factors of successful classic lines, this paper </p><p>　　Key words: classic lines; meme; lifecycle of meme; meme-type classic lines; strong meme</p><p><b&g

7、t;　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Abstractii</p><p>　　1 Introduction錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　2 Life Cycle of Memes錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　2.1 Concept of memes2</p><p&

8、gt;　　2.2 Life cycle of memes錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　3 Memotype and Classic Lines4</p><p>　　4 Transmitting Methods of Memotype Classic Lines錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　4.1 Same content, but in

9、different forms---Genotype’s Transmission錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　4.1.1 Transmitting the same information directly (quotation)6</p><p>　　4.1.2 Transmitting the same information in different forms6&

10、lt;/p><p>　　4.2 Same forms, but with different contents--Phenotype’s Transmission錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　4.2.1 Substituting a certain word with its homophone錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　4.2.2 Using

11、 a polysemy to make people associate a meaning with another錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　4.2.3 Keeping the same structure, but taking a different meaning9</p><p>　　5 Internal and External Factors of Succ

12、essful Memotype Classic Lines錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　5.1 Strong meme and weak meme錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　5.2 The internal mechanism12</p><p>　　5.3 The external factors13</p><p

13、>　　5.3.1 From receiver’s perspective13</p><p>　　5.3.2 From social-cultural perspective錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　6 Conclusion錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。</p><p>　　Bibliography錯(cuò)誤!未定義書簽。7</p><

14、p>　　Acknowledgements19</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　Nowadays, people are quite familiar with the phenomenon that classic lines are frequently used in many occasions. For example, when we

15、 communicate with others, we use classic lines unconsciously. We also tend to quote classic lines while we are speaking and writing. Besides, classic lines are often applied to many other occasions, such as in advertisem

16、ents, news and so on. According to Yao Jing（Yao Jing, 2005）, Classic lines are indispensable factors for the creation of good screenplays which ha</p><p>　　This thesis intends to study the duplication and sp

17、read of classic lines from a new perspective—Meme theory. From memetics’ angle, classic lines can be divided into two types: Memeotype classic lines and non-Memeotype classic lines. By exploring the reasons for the preva

18、lence of classic lines as well as the way in replicating and spreading memotype classic lines, we attempt to provide audience useful hints and references to better understand and appreciate classic lines.</p><

19、p>　　2 Life Cycle of Memes</p><p>　　2.1 Concept of meme</p><p>　　Memetics is a new theory for interpreting the law of cultural evolution based on the view of Darwin’s Evolutionism. It discusse

20、s the duplication, transmission and evolution of meme according to mode of biological evolution and interprets the universal connection between things and the evolution law of cultural inheritance from diachronic and syn

21、chronic perspective (adopt from He Ziran, Xie Chaoqun, and others, 2007). The core of memetics is meme. Memetics is a theoretical and empirical science t</p><p>　　2.2 Life cycle of memes</p><p>

22、　　Life cycle of memes is just like that of parasites. When a meme is selected and perceived by a host, it has to go through the above- stated four stages before reaching a new host for its replication and redistribution.

23、 In memetics, “host” means humans only, who “must be able to possess at least the potential capacity to elaborate on the meme and to perform those cognitive tasks connected to the meme that we normally refer to as ‘under

24、standing’”. Hosts think about the meme, deliberate on it and h</p><p>　　i) Assimilation.</p><p>　　As we know, a successful meme must be able to “infect” its host and thus entering into the host’

25、s memory. To be assimilated, the presented memes must be noticed, understood and accepted by the new host. “Noticing” means that the remarkable degree of meme vehicle is enough to attract the host’s attention. “Understan

26、ding” requires that the host can represent the meme in his or her cognitive system. People’s mind is not like a blank board on which we can leave a mark of our various ideas. New ideas</p><p>　　ii) Retention

27、.</p><p>　　The second phase of meme replication is the retention of the meme in memory. The longer a meme keeps in a host’s memory, the more chances it will get to infect and transmit the other hosts. It is

28、also refers to Dawkins’s longevity characteristic for a successful meme. Retention is selective and only a few which are important or interesting to the host can survive.</p><p>　　iii) Expression.</p>

29、<p>　　If a meme is to be transmitted to the others, it must be converted to perceptible object by memory mode. We call the process “expression”. The most obvious method of expression is speech; other universal appr

30、oaches including discourse, photograph and behavior. Expression can be thought as either conscious or unconscious behaviors.</p><p>　　On one hand, there are some memes which may not be expressed by a host. T

31、he host only makes use of them unconsciously and will never show them in his or her behaviors if he or she thinks that certain memes will not interest others, or he or she does not know how to express them, even when he

32、or she wants to keep them as a secret. On the other hand, if the host deeply believes that certain memes are quite important and should spread them one by one, then the host will not hesitate to express.</p><p

33、>　　iv) Transmission.</p><p>　　The fourth stage is transmission. To reach another individual, a certain expression needs a visible medium or vehicle which is stable enough to disseminate the expression wit

34、hout too much loss or deformation. The physical media are books, pictures, crafts or CD-ROM. With the appearance of mass media, the transmission stage becomes more and more significant in the life-cycle theory of memes.

35、</p><p>　　The transmission stage is again followed by the assimilation stage to close the replication loop. In a circle, the four stages go round and round all the time and not a stage can be excluded from t

36、he circle.</p><p>　　3 Memotype and Classic Lines</p><p>　　Therefore, to complete the lifecycle, a meme must go through four stages successfully: First, assimilation by a host of the meme; second

37、, retention in the host’s memory; third, expression by the host in language; fourth, transmission of the created information or meme vehicle to one or more other replication loop. Each phrase has its own criteria, as is

38、shown in the following table (adopt from Xu Li, 2009) :</p><p>　　In fact, in view of the selection criteria, we can find that not all memes are able to travel the four stages during replication. At each stag

39、e, there are some unqualified memes that are eliminated during the process of selection. Only those that successfully experience the four stages can be called qualified memes. In view of two different forms of memes: unq

40、ualified meme and qualified meme, Classic lines also can take into two totally different shapes: Memotype Lines and Non- memotype Lines. A</p><p>　　Consequently, we can draw the conclusion that Memotype clas

41、sic lines are those which have completed the four stages successfully and have a complete life circle; otherwise they only can be called Non- memotype classic lines.</p><p>　　4 Transmitting Methods of Memoty

42、pe Classic Lines</p><p>　　According to Blackmore, the way of meme spreading is numerous. The most common methods of duplicating and transmitting memes are based on He Ziran’s points. He divides meme into gen

43、otype meme and phenotype meme in terms of the way of meme replication (Zhu Yuanyuan, 2009). According to evolutionary biologists, genotype refers to the internally coded, inheritable information carried by living organis

44、ms. This stored information is used as a blueprint or a set of instructions for building and mainta</p><p>　　In the same way, memetic genotype refers to the information coded in memes, while the memetic phen

45、otype refers to the cognitive and behavioral effects that the meme produces in a person. To be belief, the meme itself—its genotype—is the pure information that it contains, like a musical score and a recipe. A meme’s ph

46、enotype, on the other hand, is its physical expression ---the actual music played according to the score, and the cake baked from the recipe, etc. Based on He Ziran’s classification,</p><p>　　4.1 Same conten

47、t, but in different forms---Genotype’s Transmission</p><p>　　As we have said earlier, if any idea or information gets copied and transmitted, it is meme. Memes expressing the same information may display in

48、the similar or different forms, but the content is always the same. The following may go as its operating forms.</p><p>　　4.1.1 Transmitting the same information directly (quotation)</p><p>　　Th

49、is type of transmission will make no changes to the classic lines both in the content and in the form，i.e. a direct quotation of original classic lines. People will quote a specified classic line directly only when they

50、find a context is very similar to the context where the specific classic line once appeared in the film. In other words, it is the context that induces the appearance of some certain classic lines. And its main manifesta

51、tions are a direct duplication of the information as well </p><p>　　The following classic lines are the typical examples of this kind used:</p><p>　　Classic line “If you jump, I jump” which come

52、s from the film Titanic expresses actress--Rose’s deep love to Jack. Although it is a very simple sentence, it has a good interpretation to love and gets popularity very quickly among people, especially between boyfriend

53、s and girlfriends. They usually make use of the classic line to show their unshaken love to their lover.</p><p>　　Another case in point is the memetic use of “鞠躬盡瘁，死而后已”(to give one's all till one's

54、heart stops beating ) by some officials to demonstrate their loyalty and efficiency to their positions. Actually, this is a loyalty aspiration from Zhu Geliang, a famous prime minister in Three Kingdom’s Dynasty of Chine

55、se history. </p><p>　　4.1.2 Transmitting the same information in different forms </p><p>　　This kind of transmission also is referred as transplantation. During the process of duplication and tr

56、ansmission, the Memotype classic lines are changed according to different contexts with no variation of contents themselves.</p><p>　　This type of memes would exist in the following three situations, namely

57、changes in expression, changes in address and the utilization of similarity in pronunciation. Now, taking the lines of Zhan Benshan’s short comedy for example:</p><p>　　1) Changes in expression </p>&

58、lt;p>　　E.g.: 那老太太長(zhǎng)得比你還難看呢！啊，不是，她長(zhǎng)得沒(méi)你難看。你呀，長(zhǎng)得比她難看。The English version is “the old woman is less beautiful than you. Oh! No, she is more beautiful than you. You are less beautiful than her”.</p><p>　　From t

59、he above sentence, we can find that the long sentence consists of three short sentences and each short sentence is different from the others in the mode of expression, but beyond doubt that the three short sentences all

60、express the same information, i.e.: You(the actress of Zhan Benshan’s short comedy) are not beautiful.</p><p>　　2) Changes in address</p><p>　　E.g.: 老伴兒，小云，寶貝兒，別哭了！有我在呢，到底咋回事? This line is quote

61、d from Zhao Benshan’s short comedy Roosters lay eggs of which the English version is “My wife, Xiao Yun, my honey, don’t cry any more! I am with you here and what is up on earth?” </p><p>　　According to this

62、 line, we realize that the actor—Zhan Benshan—gives the actress three different addresses, like “My wife, Xiao Yun, and my honey”. But it is worth noting that Zhan Benshan aims at referring to a meaning despite of differ

63、ent forms of language on the actress’s addresses. And the relationship between the actor and actress is a couple. </p><p>　　3）The utilization of similarity in pronunciation </p><p>　　E.g.: 趙本山：

64、大妹子我確實(shí)不明白，你來(lái)。。。。。。</p><p>　　宋丹丹： 你不明白你問(wèn)??？我告訴你，我們的工作往大了說(shuō)叫家政服務(wù)，往小了說(shuō)叫鐘點(diǎn)工，在國(guó)外叫賽考類激死特(psychologist), 翻譯成中文是心理醫(yī)生，啥也不懂，走了，傷自尊了。</p><p>　　ZhaoBenshan: My younger sister, I really can’t understand. You c

65、ome here for…</p><p>　　Song Dandan: If you don’t understand, you can ask me. Well, let me tell you. In broad sense, we are social workers; in narrow sense, we are domestic servant which is called psychologis

66、t abroad (心理醫(yī)生) in Chinese. You are so ill-informed. Well, I must go for I am deeply hurt.</p><p>　　In line with the above-described classic line, we recognize that the pronunciation of the word 賽考類激死特 is ve

67、ry similar to that of Psychologist, and the two words of different forms all mean the identical Chinese meaning “心理醫(yī)生”</p><p>　　We can figure out from the above examples that the transmission of Memotype cla

68、ssic lines is the transmission of contents with either the same form or different form.</p><p>　　4.2 Same forms, but with different contents---Phenotype’s Transmission</p><p>　　In line with rese

69、arch achievements made by previous scholars, we can categorize another type of language memes—phenotype. Memes adopt identical form of expression to deliver different contents. Thus, Memotype classic lines are only repli

70、cated by identical or similar forms but with different contents during this mode of transmission. It means that people only transmit the patterns of classic lines without the duplication of the contents of the classic li

71、nes. This type of transmission can be outli</p><p>　　4.2.1 Substituting a certain word with its homophone </p><p>　　This kind of transmission process means that the language meme keeps its origi

72、nal form by making use of a certain homophony to replace the original characters or words. Through the process of substitution, the meaning of the classic line is completely changed. This kind of language meme can be fou

73、nd in the film Romance of Three Kingdoms（《三國(guó)演義》） in which the classic line “分久必合，合久必分” is often cited, especially by businesses specializing in the production of wine in different form, namely “汾酒必喝，喝酒</p><p&

74、gt;　　4.2.2 Using a polysemy to make people associate a meaning with another </p><p>　　This type of language meme is not altered in form, but it is grafted in different contexts producing different associatio

75、ns in meaning. With the help of the relationship between certain words, phrases and concrete things in terms of function, property and pattern, people are guided to understand those words and phrases again from other per

76、spectives. Read a case in this point from Zhan Benshan’s short comedy “賣車” (selling wheel chair): </p><p>　　趙本山：說(shuō)你們家的小狗為什么不生跳子囁？</p><p>　　范 偉：因?yàn)槲覀兗业男」分v究衛(wèi)生。 </p><p>　　趙本山：錯(cuò)！(媳婦兒答)。

77、</p><p>　　高秀敏：因?yàn)楣分荒苌飞怀鰟e的玩應(yīng)勒。</p><p>　　English version:</p><p>　　Zhao Benshan: Why your dog doesn’t have lice? </p><p>　　Fan Wei: Because my dog pays much attention to

78、 health</p><p>　　Zhao Benshan: You are wrong! My wife, please tell him the answer.</p><p>　　Gao Xiumin: Because dog cannot bear any things, rather than puppy.</p><p>　　In this case,

79、 Zhao Benshan makes full use of the polysemy “生”to produce different associations in meaning. According to Fan Wei, he thinks that “生” means “grow” or “produce”. However, in Zhan Benshan’s opinion, “生” indicates “bear” o

80、r “give birth to”. </p><p>　　We can find similar language memes in the following example too: the line “難以抗拒的誘惑”( here “誘惑” means “the attraction from the commodities” instead of “evil temptation”) </p>

81、;<p>　　4.2.3 Keeping the same structure, but taking a different meaning </p><p>　　This is the most commonly used way of language memes. Just as poetry becomes stable by using rhyme and meter, in this

82、mode of transmission, memes are kept strict structure, but the information content is changed by completely different words. In other words, this kind of language meme’ transmission makes use of the original language for

83、m that people are comparatively familiar with, but replaces its characters, words, or phrases of original lines with another characters, words, or phrases. Differ</p><p><b>　　1）Phrases</b></p&

84、gt;<p>　　E.g.: With the popularity of a TV serial called “愛(ài)你沒(méi)商量” (Hundred Percent Love), the line “愛(ài)你沒(méi)商量” (Hundred Percent Love) produces many distinctive phrases of different meanings, but with the same pattern,

85、such as “宰你沒(méi)商量” (hundred percent rip-off), “騙你沒(méi)商量” (hundred percent lie), and“離你沒(méi)商量” (hundred percent divorce), etc.</p><p>　　2) Sentence </p><p>　　E.g.: “To be or not to be, that is a question

86、” originates from the film Hamlet expressing Hamlet’s confusion when making a choice. Language memes utilizing the basic structure of the above case to transmit new information are numerous. Here are some analogous memes

87、: like “To marry or not to marry, that is a question”. “To buy or not to buy, that is a question” and “To go or not to go, that is a question”, etc.</p><p>　　Language memes of this type are also included in

88、the following example:</p><p>　　E.g.: The line“我從來(lái)沒(méi)有懷疑她是妖，我肯定她就是妖！”(I never suspect that she is a succubus. I am sure she is a succubus!) from a popular film 畫皮( Painted Skin) which leaves us with many diff

89、erent versions, such as “我從來(lái)沒(méi)有懷疑他會(huì)泄露考題，我肯定他一定會(huì)泄露考題！”(I never suspect that he would give examination questions away. I am sure he would give examination questions away!), “我從來(lái)沒(méi)有懷疑他是監(jiān)守自盜者，我肯定他就是監(jiān)守自盜者！”(I never suspect that

90、 he is an embezzler. I am sure he is an embezzler!) and “我從來(lái)沒(méi)有懷疑她是賊，我肯定她就是賊！”(I never suspect that she is</p><p>　　3) Discourse</p><p>　　The mode of structural homonymy is also very popular in d

91、iscourse variation. Many famous and classic dialogues of films and TV plays have been imitated and transmitted. There is a case containing this type of language memes from the film A Chinese Odyssey（《大話西游》）。 There are se

92、veral versions of this type of language memes: </p><p>　　The original version:</p><p>　　曾經(jīng)有一份真誠(chéng)的愛(ài)情放在我面前，我沒(méi)有珍惜，等我失去的時(shí)候我才后悔莫及，人世間最痛苦的事莫過(guò)于此。你的劍在我的咽喉上割下去吧！不用再猶豫了！如果上天能夠給我一個(gè)再來(lái)一次的機(jī)會(huì)，我會(huì)對(duì)那個(gè)女孩子說(shuō)三個(gè)字：我愛(ài)你。如

93、果非要在這份愛(ài)上加上一個(gè)期限，我希望是一……萬(wàn)年……。</p><p>　　The lottery ticket version:</p><p>　　曾經(jīng)有一份真正的中獎(jiǎng)號(hào)碼放在我面前，我沒(méi)有珍惜，等開獎(jiǎng)的時(shí)候我才后悔莫及，人世間最痛苦的事莫過(guò)于此。如果上天能夠給我一個(gè)再來(lái)一次的機(jī)會(huì)，我會(huì)對(duì)所有賣彩票的人說(shuō)三個(gè)字：我要買。如果可以在這張彩票上加上一個(gè)數(shù)字，我希望是……6205013！&l

94、t;/p><p>　　The version of taking postgraduate entrance exams:</p><p>　　曾經(jīng)有一份認(rèn)真的復(fù)習(xí)放在我面前，我沒(méi)有珍惜，等我失去的時(shí)候我才后悔莫及，人世間最痛苦的事莫過(guò)于此。如果教委能夠給我一個(gè)再來(lái)一次的機(jī)會(huì)，我會(huì)對(duì)自己說(shuō)三個(gè)字：學(xué)徹底。如果非要在這份學(xué)習(xí)加上一個(gè)期限，我希望是……半年！</p><p>

95、;　　From the above statements, we, therefore, can see that the phenotype of meme duplication and transmission is more commonly used than the genotype. And it also produces efficient effect. </p><p>　　Not all

96、memes can survive and become successful meme in the memetic competition. In this chapter, the author concentrates on the successful Memotype classic lines and introduces two ways of Memotype classic lines duplication and

97、 transmission, namely, genotype and phenotype. In the following part, the author will talk about some influential factors which contribute to the likelihood for classic lines to be strong memes. In other words, the autho

98、r will demonstrate how to turn classic lines into su</p><p>　　5 Internal and External Factors of Successful Memotype Classic Lines</p><p>　　Based on Darwin’s Survival of the Fittest, Dawkins (19

99、76) holds that some memes are stronger than others are and some can win in competing for self-duplication. But which lines can be duplicated successfully, i.e. which classic lines can be called strong Memotype classic li

100、nes, it is mainly determined by following two aspects in her research: the internal mechanism and the external factors. (Xu Li, 2009) In order to have a better interpretation of the two influential factors which facilita