從關(guān)聯(lián)角度看英語新聞的隱喻【開題報告+文獻綜述+畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文開題報告</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　從關(guān)聯(lián)角度看英語新聞的隱喻</p><p>　　一、選題的背景意義（所選課題的歷史背景、國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢）</p><p><b>　　1歷史背景：</b&g

2、t;</p><p>　　七八十年代以來，隱喻成了一個熱門話題，不僅在語言學(xué)、語言哲學(xué)上如此，在很多其他領(lǐng)域亦然，例如有些學(xué)者嘗試通過隱喻來解釋宗教文獻。在歷史上，隱喻通常是在修辭范圍內(nèi)研究的。隱喻和多種修辭方法相鄰。從亞里士多德開始，對于隱喻的定義是，隱喻是未加明言的明喻，明喻是說明了的隱喻。近世有布萊克〔Max Black〕、古德曼等人提倡。之后，萊柯夫和約翰森兩人合著的《我們依以生活的隱喻》是關(guān)于隱喻這個題

3、目的一部重要著作。作者在序言里說，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，無論在語言學(xué)中還是在語言哲學(xué)中，人們都不大談?wù)撾[喻，即使談?wù)?，也未見適當(dāng)。但隱喻卻顯而易見是到處可見的也是極為重要的語言現(xiàn)象。作者研究隱喻，原打算對現(xiàn)有理論作一番修補。但當(dāng)真開始深入研究，卻在其中發(fā)現(xiàn)了解答一些哲學(xué)根本問題的途徑。</p><p>　　Sperber和Wilson基于Grice的關(guān)聯(lián)準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of relevance)而提出的認(rèn)知語用學(xué)理論,是反

4、映人類認(rèn)知基本規(guī)律的理論。這一理論認(rèn)為,語言的交際是一個明示—推理的過程( ostensive - inferential p rocess) ,說話者示意,接受者推理,而不是傳統(tǒng)交際理論所認(rèn)為的編碼—解碼過程( encoding decoding process) 。</p><p><b>　　2國內(nèi)外研究狀況：</b></p><p>　　從事語言學(xué)和哲學(xué)研究的

5、法國學(xué)者斯波伯(Sperber)和英國學(xué)者威爾遜（Wilson）從格萊斯(Grice)的關(guān)聯(lián)概念入手，對話語理解過程進行了詳細(xì)研究，與1986年聯(lián)名出版了一本題為《關(guān)聯(lián)性：交際與認(rèn)知》（Relevance : Communication and Cognition）的專著，提出了與交際和認(rèn)知有關(guān)的關(guān)聯(lián)論。如果從1986年正式提出算起，關(guān)聯(lián)論至今已二十多年，且日趨成熟，在“語用學(xué)、語言哲學(xué)和文學(xué)”等方面逐漸顯示出強大的解釋力，在一定程度上

6、甚至對人類所認(rèn)識和解釋交際產(chǎn)生了革命性的作用。關(guān)聯(lián)論可以說是近年來給國內(nèi)外語用學(xué)界乃至語言學(xué)界帶來較大影響的認(rèn)知語用學(xué)理論。</p><p>　　戴維森主張無論明喻隱喻都不超出字面意義，而且還強調(diào)說它們因此沒有特殊的真值。戴維森像塞爾一樣從真值出發(fā)來區(qū)分明喻和隱喻：明喻都是真的，因為每一樣?xùn)|西都像每一樣?xùn)|西；大多數(shù)隱喻則是假的。他反復(fù)強調(diào)的主要論點是：隱喻和其他言說的差別是使用上的差別而不是意義有別。</p

7、><p><b>　　3發(fā)展趨勢：</b></p><p>　　關(guān)聯(lián)理論(Sperber＆Wilson：1986／1995)是從認(rèn)知科學(xué)角度提出來的一種交際理論，是認(rèn)知語用學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)與核心內(nèi)容之一。它從語言哲學(xué)、認(rèn)知心理學(xué)、交際學(xué)等多學(xué)科的角度對語言交際作出解釋。將認(rèn)知與語用研究結(jié)合起來．將語用學(xué)研究的霞點從話語的產(chǎn)出轉(zhuǎn)移到話語的理解．指出語言交際是認(rèn)知．推理的互明過程．對

8、話語的理解就是一種認(rèn)知活動。現(xiàn)在還是有很多人質(zhì)疑和批評關(guān)聯(lián)論，所以還需要很多人來進一步研究。</p><p>　　目前分析英語新聞的著作有很多，將隱喻與之結(jié)合的研究也有很多。以后還會有更新、更完善的著作。</p><p>　　二、相關(guān)研究的最新成果及動態(tài) </p><p>　　黃衍，認(rèn)為除非關(guān)聯(lián)論能夠被證偽，除非人們不是靠直覺而是靠其他手段來估量話語處理過程，否則，

9、關(guān)聯(lián)論的理論宣稱在很大程度上只不過是一座空中閣樓罷了。</p><p>　　宇斯（Francisco Yus），支持關(guān)聯(lián)論，認(rèn)為這一理論不是經(jīng)驗性的理論，它屬于純理論性的，或者可以說是依靠直覺做判斷的。</p><p>　　王加聯(lián)，認(rèn)為各種隱喻在新聞報道語篇中的使用，加之新聞?wù)Z類原本的特質(zhì)，最終導(dǎo)致了新聞報道語篇成為帶有自身獨特的語言特征的語類</p><p>　　

10、三、課題的研究內(nèi)容及擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線及研究難點，預(yù)期達到的目標(biāo)</p><p>　　1研究方法：舉例，分析,歸納,總結(jié)</p><p>　　2技術(shù)路線：先介紹概念，逐步深化，引出論點，進而論據(jù)補充，最后總結(jié)</p><p>　　3研究難點：英語新聞的特點,詞匯銜接的手段</p><p>　　4預(yù)期達到的目標(biāo)：把詞匯銜接對語篇銜接的作

11、用系統(tǒng)化，介紹涉及的概念，以及關(guān)于詞匯銜接對語篇的銜接的爭議</p><p>　　四、論文詳細(xì)工作進度和安排</p><p><b>　　計劃進度： </b></p><p>　　2008年9月20日－10月24日      確定論文題目 </p><p>　　

12、2008年10月24日－2008年12月20日  指導(dǎo)老師下達任務(wù)書，學(xué)生提交開 題報告，文獻綜述， </p><p>　　2009年1月底前            提交論文初稿 </p>

13、;<p>　　2009年3月底前            初稿、二稿的修改 </p><p>　　2009年4月底前            三稿、四稿的修改 <

14、;/p><p>　　2009年5月10日前          定稿，提交按要求裝訂的論文終稿一 式四份 </p><p><b>　　五、主要參考文獻</b></p><p>

15、　　何自然，2007,語用三論：關(guān)聯(lián)論 ·順應(yīng)論·模因論，上海教育出版社</p><p>　　端木義萬，2005,英美報刊閱讀教程（中級本），北京大學(xué)出版社</p><p>　　王建國，2005，關(guān)聯(lián)翻譯理論研究的回顧與展望[ J ]，中國翻譯</p><p>　　任洲，2008, 新聞：不悅讀，無閱讀，人民日報出版社</p>&l

16、t;p>　　譚衛(wèi)國、蔡龍權(quán)，2008，英語新聞的語言特點與翻譯，上海交通大學(xué)出版社</p><p>　　劉紹忠，1997，關(guān)聯(lián)理論的交際觀，《現(xiàn)代外語》第2期</p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文文獻綜述</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　從關(guān)聯(lián)理論角度看英

17、語新聞的隱喻</p><p>　　一、前言部分（說明寫作的目的，介紹有關(guān)概念，扼要說明有關(guān)主題爭論焦點）</p><p>　　英語新聞報刊多種多樣,有新聞報紙、新聞雜志、電子報紙和電子雜志。新聞英語主要受五個因素制約，即大眾性、節(jié)儉性、趣味性、時新性和客觀性。對于英語報紙，在閱讀時往往會遇到很多問題，對于英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生，閱讀一份英語報紙，并且理解準(zhǔn)確，這是最基本的要求。如何才能準(zhǔn)確無誤地理

18、解英語新聞，這就要了解英語新聞的特點，這樣才能把握。通過分析的新聞特點，則會發(fā)現(xiàn)在隱喻新聞中經(jīng)常存在隱喻這一現(xiàn)象，通過分析英語新聞中的隱喻現(xiàn)象，可以幫助英語新聞的閱讀。運用語用學(xué)中關(guān)聯(lián)論（Relevance Theory）來分析，將會更加地清晰。</p><p>　　1目前問題：隱喻與關(guān)聯(lián)論的概念</p><p>　　隱喻和多種修辭方法相鄰。隱喻是一種比喻，用一種事物暗喻另一種事物。隱喻同

19、時也是在彼類事物的暗示之下感知、體驗、想象、理解、談?wù)摯祟愂挛锏男睦硇袨?、語言行為和文化行為。其實，隱喻則不僅是個比喻，不僅在修辭上是生動的，不僅是把理解比作看，看清內(nèi)在地規(guī)定著理解這個概念。隱喻不是對一個離開隱喻而有其所是的東西的比喻，而是從某種東西來確定所喻的本質(zhì)或曰所是，例如從道路來確定思想之所是，從行路來確定推論之所是。</p><p>　　Sperber和Wilson基于Grice的關(guān)聯(lián)準(zhǔn)則(Maxim

20、 of relevance)而提出的認(rèn)知語用學(xué)理論,是反映人類認(rèn)知基本規(guī)律的理論。這一理論認(rèn)為,語言的交際是一個明示—推理的過程( ostensive - inferential p rocess) ,說話者示意,接受者推理,而不是傳統(tǒng)交際理論所認(rèn)為的編碼—解碼過程( encoding decoding process) 。</p><p>　　2相關(guān)問題評述：英語新聞的相關(guān)問題</p><p

21、>　　新聞英語是為高等院校英語高年級專業(yè)學(xué)生開設(shè)的一門選修課程，旨在使學(xué)生通過閱讀英語國家報刊不同體裁、題材的文章逐步熟悉并掌握新聞英語的特點，擴大詞匯量，提高對文章的分析判斷能力，同時了解西方國家的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化等。然而，很多學(xué)生在傳統(tǒng)的閱讀翻譯教學(xué)模式中遠(yuǎn)不能達到這一理想境地，并且存在以下幾個主要問題:第一，缺乏相關(guān)文化背景知識，在讀完一篇新聞報道后，盡管沒有語言障礙，卻依然不知所云;第二，語篇中出現(xiàn)的新詞(字典中沒有該詞釋

22、義或字典中的釋義不符合該詞在語篇中的語義)，學(xué)生猜不出該詞的意義，導(dǎo)致對整句話甚至整個段落的不解;第三，學(xué)生能讀懂一篇不含新詞的新聞報道，卻推斷不出作者的真實寫作意圖，也很難做出對新聞事件真?zhèn)?、文章?yōu)劣的判斷，結(jié)果是被動閱讀，有時甚至被原文所誤導(dǎo)。</p><p>　　3寫作目的：通過關(guān)聯(lián)論對英語新聞中隱喻的分析提高報刊閱讀能力</p><p>　　英語閱讀之所以難，是對其特點不夠了解，研

23、究不夠透徹。通過解析英語新聞的特點，可以加強對英語新聞的了解。同時從關(guān)聯(lián)論的角度，分析在英語新聞中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的隱喻現(xiàn)象，有助于閱讀英語新聞的提高，能更好地掌握報刊的內(nèi)容，已達到對中心內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確無誤地目的。</p><p>　　二、主題部分（闡明有關(guān)主題的歷史背景、現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向，以及對這些問題研究）</p><p>　　七八十年代以來，隱喻成了一個熱門話題，不僅在語言學(xué)、語言哲學(xué)上如此，在很多

24、其他領(lǐng)域亦然，例如有些學(xué)者嘗試通過隱喻來解釋宗教文獻。在歷史上，隱喻通常是在修辭范圍內(nèi)研究的。隱喻和多種修辭方法相鄰。從亞里士多德開始，對于隱喻的定義是，隱喻是未加明言的明喻，明喻是說明了的隱喻。近世有布萊克〔Max Black〕、古德曼等人提倡。之后，萊柯夫和約翰森兩人合著的《我們依以生活的隱喻》是關(guān)于隱喻這個題目的一部重要著作。作者在序言里說，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，無論在語言學(xué)中還是在語言哲學(xué)中，人們都不大談?wù)撾[喻，即使談?wù)?，也未見適當(dāng)。但隱喻

25、卻顯而易見是到處可見的也是極為重要的語言現(xiàn)象。作者研究隱喻，原打算對現(xiàn)有理論作一番修補。但當(dāng)真開始深入研究，卻在其中發(fā)現(xiàn)了解答一些哲學(xué)根本問題的途徑。</p><p>　　從事語言學(xué)和哲學(xué)研究的法國學(xué)者斯波伯(Sperber)和英國學(xué)者威爾遜（Wilson）從格萊斯(Grice)的關(guān)聯(lián)概念入手，對話語理解過程進行了詳細(xì)研究，與1986年聯(lián)名出版了一本題為《關(guān)聯(lián)性：交際與認(rèn)知》（Relevance : Commun

26、ication and Cognition）的專著，提出了與交際和認(rèn)知有關(guān)的關(guān)聯(lián)論。如果從1986年正式提出算起，關(guān)聯(lián)論至今已二十多年，且日趨成熟，在“語用學(xué)、語言哲學(xué)和文學(xué)”等方面逐漸顯示出強大的解釋力，在一定程度上甚至對人類所認(rèn)識和解釋交際產(chǎn)生了革命性的作用。關(guān)聯(lián)論可以說是近年來給國內(nèi)外語用學(xué)界乃至語言學(xué)界帶來較大影響的認(rèn)知語用學(xué)理論。</p><p>　　三、總結(jié)部分（將全文主題進行扼要總結(jié)，提出自己的見解

27、并對進一步的發(fā)展方向做出預(yù)測）</p><p>　　目前分析英語新聞的著作有很多，主要研究新聞標(biāo)題的偏多，為了避免過多的重復(fù)，探索新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，所以選擇英語新聞為研究對象也不足為奇。運用關(guān)聯(lián)論來進行分析，來分析英語新聞中的隱喻現(xiàn)象。</p><p><b>　　四、參考文獻</b></p><p>　　何自然，2007,語用三論：關(guān)聯(lián)論 ·

28、;順應(yīng)論·模因論，上海教育出版社</p><p>　　端木義萬，2005,英美報刊閱讀教程（中級本），北京大學(xué)出版社</p><p>　　王建國，2005，關(guān)聯(lián)翻譯理論研究的回顧與展望[ J ]，中國翻譯</p><p>　　任洲，2008, 新聞：不悅讀，無閱讀，人民日報出版社</p><p>　　譚衛(wèi)國、蔡龍權(quán)，2008，英語新

29、聞的語言特點與翻譯，上海交通大學(xué)出版社</p><p>　　劉紹忠，1997，關(guān)聯(lián)理論的交際觀，《現(xiàn)代外語》第2期</p><p><b>　　（20_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p>

30、;<p>　　從關(guān)聯(lián)角度看英語新聞的隱喻</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　There are a lot of people reading newspapers, but they may never thought about newspaper. How will they start when they get an English

31、newspaper? Some read the content directly, but others only read the titles of each report. Some spend half an hour in reading a piece of newspaper while others spend nearly few hours on it. This paper aims to analyze met

32、aphor in English newspaper on the basis of relevance theory. In that case, it helps the readers speed up their reading. </p><p>　　After analyzing the collected English newspapers, in can be easily found that

33、 metaphor nearly appears in each English newspaper, and it provides the necessity to analyze this phenomenon. Meanwhile, need a theoretical system as analysis framework. Combining with the collected news, it aims to unde

34、rstand the metaphorical phenomenon in English newspaper on the basis of relevance theory. Because of news’s particularity, sometimes the journalists can not directly express their opinions. By the means </p><p

35、>　　The application of metaphor in English newspaper</p><p>　　As the economic and cultural globalization deeply, it’s an urgent need for people to timely know what has happened every corner over the world.

36、 So the newspaper, as an important way to get the news, pays a very major role. Therefore, mastering the characteristics of English newspaper to improve reading and understand English news skills greatly. </p><

37、;p>　　2.1 the language features of English newspaper</p><p>　　For English news research, expression and usage of English is the thing that is mainly discussed. News readers are the public, so getting more

38、readers more successful they are. As an information media, the English newspaper aims to make the readers easily catch the main ideas, so English newspaper pursues to reach the accuracy in content, brevity in language, a

39、nd clarity in structure. In order to expand the propaganda effect, as far as possible to attract readers and timely report what has happe</p><p>　　2.1.1 the features of the titles</p><p>　　Ellip

40、sis, as a feature of newspaper titles, often cuts off some grammatical components or words to achieve conciseness. Such as function words can be omitted if they not affect the understanding. Let’s take 9．11 News Report a

41、s an example. From the title, Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon, the word “Hijacked Jets” implicates “The jets were hijaeked by the terrorism”.</p><p>　　The tense of English newspaper also i

42、s a feature of the titles. The newspaper reports the things that have happened, but it is likely to use the present tense. That can gain the freshness and immediacy to the reports. </p><p>　　2.1.2 lexical fe

43、atures</p><p>　　Use of the short and dynamic words. The newspapers manage to use minimum space with most information, use brief words. Because they are quite easy for readers to understand, therefore they be

44、come the preferred words for the journalists.</p><p>　　2.1.3 syntactic features</p><p>　　1) using long involved sentence</p><p>　　English newspaper are used to employ many conjuncti

45、ons, sentence can be decorated at any time. That results to a syntax structure just like a tree with many branches. By using long sentences, it can express more the information and make the event compact and logic, save

46、the space of the layout. </p><p>　　2) cramming of modifiers</p><p>　　It seems to be redundant, but if one can make everything clear , there will be no need to give more explanation, so can make

47、full text concise; On the other hand, the use of apposition or similar modifiers can avoid using attributive clause. That will simplify the sentence structure and help to accelerate reading speed.</p><p>　　2

48、.1.4 discourse features</p><p>　　The structure of English newspaper is known as the inverted pyramid form. The first level introduces the most important or most interesting information. Then it follows more

49、facts. The third level is supporting information or background. And the forth one is quotes or more facts of lesser important. At last is minor details and least significant information.</p><p>　　2.1.5 seman

50、tic features</p><p>　　The title not only omits function words on the form, but also has refined on the content. Let’s take 9．11 News Report as an example. From the title, Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers an

51、d Hit Pentagon, the word “Hijacked Jets” implicates “The jets were hijaeked by the terrorism”. And in the first paragraph, the word “glass” is abbreviated to “broken glass”. The semantic ellipsis reflects the simplicity

52、of English newspaper.</p><p>　　2.2 Metaphor</p><p>　　Since Aritotle，a great number of scholars began to study metaphor, and the research of metaphor gradually developed．With the research into me

53、taphor engaging in different areas，the 21st century has witnessed an explosion of theories of metaphor and metaphor research has developed gradually from the original study of linguistic layer to the multidisciplinary st

54、udies．There are many scholars such as rhetoricians，philosophers，linguists，anthropologists and psychologists both at home and abroad，who hav</p><p>　　2.2.1 the background of metaphor</p><p>　　For

55、 the past centuries，the study on metaphor has attracted the attention of many scholars．From ancient time to the present day, from Aristotle to modem scholars at home and abroad，painstaking efforts have never been stopped

56、 to unveil the myth of metaphor．However, for a long time，scholars approve Aristotle’s view and regard metaphors as nothing more than a rhetorical ornamentation or stylistic device which is peripheral to language．Aristotl

57、e’s view dominates in the past 2000 years，and the studies</p><p>　　2.2.2 metaphor in English newspaper</p><p>　　Metaphor is widely used in news in English to strengthen the effects of language e

58、xpressions. The application of metaphor not only conveys the information efficiently, but also makes the language expression more lively and vividly．</p><p>　　Metaphors in news are used efficiently in many a

59、reas to express a thought by alluding to another thought，either to clarify or make it easy to comprehend or to make it more vivid and to catch the attention of the readers. Metaphor is a unique language form of expressin

60、g information. Although the language in news is very concise，metaphor is the preference of some journalists to achieve the optimal language effects. The purpose of applying metaphor is to create artistic appeal. Readers

61、can not only</p><p>　　Relevance theory</p><p>　　3.1 the definition of relevance theory</p><p>　　What is relevance? In Relevance：Communication and Cognition．Sperber＆Wilson first clai

62、m that “an assumption is relevant in a context if and only if it has some contextual effect in that context”.</p><p>　　Relevance theory is a proposal by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson that seeks to explain t

63、he second method of communication: one that takes into account implicit inferences. It argues that the hearer/reader/audience will search for meaning in any given communication situation and having found meaning that fit

64、s their expectation of relevance, will stop processing.</p><p>　　Relevance theory is a communication theory which is proposed from the perspective of cognitive science, and is one of the foundations and the

65、core contents of cognitive pragmatics. It explains the language communication from the angle of language philosophy, cognitive psychology and communication science. Relevance theory regards the communication activities (

66、including verbal communication and nonverbal communication) as cognitive activities. According to this theory, communication involves the </p><p>　　3.2 the principle of relevance</p><p>　　For Sp

67、erber and Wilson, humans process information in order to improve their representations of the world according to their own interests. As far as human communication is concerned，each individual expects utterance interpret

68、ation to achieve contextual effects without requiring ton much processing effort，and will therefore interpret utterances accordingly．This brings us to the principle of relevance：</p><p>　　“Every act of osten

69、sive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance”( Sperber＆Wilson 1986：158)．</p><p>　　This principle was originally called to contrast particularly with Grice’s cooperative princi

70、ple．Unlike the maxims of the co-operative principle of conversation, it is not a norm which may be followed or violated，but an exceptionless generalisation about human cognition(Blakemore，1995)．In the second edition(1995

71、) of Relevance：Communication and Cognition．However, it is referred to as the second principle of relevance with the addition of the first principle of relevance：</p><p>　　“Human cognition tends to be geared

72、to the maximisation of relevance” ( Sperber＆Wilson 1995：260)．</p><p>　　The first principle is related to cognition, while the second to communication．The second is based on the first，which might predict cogn

73、itive behaviors and guide the communication．</p><p>　　4. Analyze metaphor in English newspaper with relevance theory</p><p>　　4.1 explanation of metaphor on the basis of relevance</p><

74、;p>　　Sperber and Wilson deemed that human communication activity is a kind of cognitive activity, and the relevance in the discourse is the basis of cognition. In verbal communication, the speaker rather indicated a c

75、ertain information, than showed some connection with the information he offered information have. The relevance made people reasonably conjecture the intention of the speaker to achieve the correct understanding of disco

76、urse.</p><p>　　Relevance theory regards communication activity as cognitive activity. And it thinks that verbal communication is a kind of activity with purpose and intention. The speaker's purpose or in

77、tentions can be recognized by the hearer that is because they have the common view on cognitive environment. That is to say, whether the communication will success depends on their view on cognitive environment of commun

78、icators for each.</p><p>　　4.2 summary</p><p>　　In this chapter, there has been an analysis of the relevance theory which is based on the communicator's intention to communicate and to make

79、his intention mutually manifest to himself and the addressee，and the ostensive stimulus's guaranteeing of the presumption of optimal relevance．An introduction of metaphor and Sperber and Wilson’s view on metaphor are

80、 also elaborated on．This，as a whole, selves as the theoretical foundation for the analysis of metaphor in the following chapters．</p><p>　　5. Conclusion</p><p>　　To sum up, it shows that the jou

81、rnalists not directly present their opinions in order to follow the principles of being objective and fair. But by the means of metaphor, journalists can imply their intentions and attitude both in vocabulary level and i

82、n the syntax structure level. As a reader, he cannot just understand the article literally. He also should know the connotation. In news discourse, a lot of information is carried out. This paper aims at doing the prelim

83、inary research on this field</p><p>　　Bibliography</p><p>　　Carston & Robyn.(2002).Thoughts and Utterance. Blackwell Publishing.</p><p>　　Dengying.(2009). the translatability of

84、 English metaphor in news in English．</p><p>　　Snell-Homby,M. (1 997). Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary．Oxford：Oxford University Press，．</p><p>　　端木義萬，2005,英美報刊閱讀教程（中級本），

85、北京大學(xué)出版社</p><p>　　何自然，2007,語用三論：關(guān)聯(lián)論 ·順應(yīng)論·模因論，上海教育出版社</p><p>　　劉紹忠，1997，關(guān)聯(lián)理論的交際觀，《現(xiàn)代外語》第2期</p><p>　　任洲，2008, 新聞：不悅讀，無閱讀，人民日報出版社</p><p>　　譚衛(wèi)國、蔡龍權(quán)，2008，英語新聞的語言特點與