外文文獻及譯文---市場營銷原理

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)論文</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻及譯文</b></p><p>　　文獻、資料題目：New-Product Pricing Strategies</p><p>　　文獻、資料來源：著作</p><p>　　文獻、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：2000

2、.4</p><p>　　院 （部）： 商學院</p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 工商管理</p><p>　　班 級： 工商管理</p><p><b>　　姓 名： </b></p><p><b>　　學 號： </b></p><

3、;p><b>　　指導教師： </b></p><p>　　翻譯日期： 2012.6.10</p><p><b>　　外文文獻：</b></p><p>　　Principles of Marketing</p><p>　　1.New-Product Pricing Strategies&

4、lt;/p><p>　　Pricing strategies usually change as the product passes through its life cycle. The introductory stage is especially challenging. We can distinguish between pricing a product that imitates existing

5、products and pricing an innovative product that is patent protected.</p><p>　　A company that plans to develop an imitative new product faces a product-positioning problem. It must decide where to position th

6、e product versus positioning strategies. First， the company might decide to use a premium pricing competing products in terms of quality and price. Figure 17.1 shows four possible strategy - producing a high-quality prod

7、uct and charging the highest price. At the other extreme， it might decide on an economy pricing strategy - producing a lower-quality product， but charg</p><p>　　Companies bringing out an innovative， patent-p

8、rotected product face the challenge of setting prices for the first time. They can choose between two strat-egies： market-shimming pricing and market-penetration pricing.</p><p>　　(1) Market-Skimming Pricing

9、</p><p>　　Many companies that invent new products initially set high prices to 'skim'revenues layer by layer from the market. Intel is a prime user of this strategy， called market-skimming pricing. W

10、hen Intel first introduces a new computer chip， it charges the highest price it can，given， the benefits of the new chip over competing chips. It sets a price that makes it just worthwhile for some segments of the market

11、to adopt computers containing the chip. As initial sales slow down and as competitors threa</p><p>　　(2) Market-Penetration Pricing</p><p>　　Rather than setting a high initial price to skim off

12、small but profitable market segments， some companies use market-penetration pricing. They set a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply - to attract a large number of buyers quickly and win

13、a large market share. The high sales volume results in falling costs， allowing the company to cut its price even further. For example， Dell and Dan used penetration pricing to sell high-quality computer products through

14、lower-c</p><p>　　Several conditions favour setting a low price. First， the market must be highly price sensitive， so that a low price produces more market growth. Second， production and distribution costs mu

15、st fall as sales volume increases. Finally， the low price must help keep out the competition - otherwise the price advantage may he only temporary. For example， Dell faced difficult times when IBM and Compaq established

16、their own direct distribution channels.</p><p>　　2.Product-Mix Pricing Strategies</p><p>　　The strategy for setting a product's price often has to he changed when the product is part of a pr

17、oduct mix. In this case， the firm looks for a set of prices that maximizes the profits on the total product mix. Pricing is difficult because the various products have related demand and costs， and face different degrees

18、 of competition. </p><p>　　(1) Product Line Pricing</p><p>　　Companies usually develop product lines rather than single products. For example， Merloni's sells Indesit， Ariston and Seholte wi

19、th price and –status ascending in that order. There arc full ranges of Indesit to Ariston appliances， from washing machines to freezers， covering the first two price hands， while Scholte sells expensive built-in kitchen

20、equipment. Kodak offers not just one type of film， hut an assortment including regular Kodak film， higher-priced Kodak Royal Gold film for special occa</p><p>　　The price steps should take into account cost

21、differences between the prod-ucts in the line， customer evaluations of their different features and competitors' prices. If the price difference between two successive products is small， buyers will usually buy the m

22、ore advanced product. This will increase company profits if the cost difference is smaller than the price difference. If the price difference is large， however， customers will generally buy the less advanced products.<

23、;/p><p>　　(2) Optional-Product Pricing</p><p>　　Many companies use optional-pro duet pricing - offering to sell optional or acces-sory products along with their main product. For example，a ear buye

24、r may choose to order power windows， cruise control and a radio with a CD player. Pricing these options is a sticky problem. Car companies have to decide which items to include in the base price and which to offer as opt

25、ions. BMWs basic cars come famously under equipped. Typically the 318i is about DM40，000， but the customer then has to pay extra fo</p><p>　　(3) Cap Live-Pro duct Pricing</p><p>　　Companies that

26、 make products that must be used along with a main product are using captive-product pricing. Examples of captive products are razors， camera film and computer software. Producers of the main products (razors， cameras an

27、d computers) often price them low and set high mark-ups on the supplies. Thus Polaroid prices its cameras low because it makes its money on the film it sells. And Gillette sells low-priced razors， but makes money on the

28、replacement blades. Camera makers that do not </p><p>　　(4) By-Product Pricing</p><p>　　In producing proeessed meats， petroleum products， chemicals and other products， there are often by-product

29、s. If the by-products have no value and if getting rid of them is costly， this will affect the pricing of the main product. Using by-product pricing， the manufacturer will seek a market for these by-products and should a

30、ccept any price that covers more than the cost of storing and delivering； them. This practice allows the seller to reduce the main product's price to make It more competitive</p><p>　　Sometimes companies

31、 don't realize how valuable their by-products are. For example， most Zoos don't realize that one of their by-products – their occupants' manure - can be an excellent source of additional revenue. But the Zoo-

32、Doo Compost Company has helped many zoos understand the costs and opportunities involved with these by-products. Zoo-Dolicenses its name to zoos and receives royalties on manure sales. 'Manyzoos don't even know h

33、ow much manure they are producing or the cost of disposing of</p><p>　　(5) Product-Bundle Pricing</p><p>　　Using， product-bundle pricing， sellers often combine several of their products and offe

34、r the bundle at a reduced price. Thus theatres and sports teams sell seas on tickets at less than the cost of single tickets； hotels sell specially priced packages that include room， meals and entertainment； computer mak

35、ers in elude attractives of ware packages with their personal computers. Price bundling can promote the sales of products that consumers might not otherwise buy， but the combined price must be </p><p>　　In o

36、ther cases， product-bundle pricing is used to sell more than the customer really wants. Obtaining a ticket to an exclusive sports event is difficult， but World Cup football finals tickets are available to people willing

37、to buy them bundled with a supersonic Concorde flight.</p><p>　　3. Price-Adjustment Strategies</p><p>　　Companies usually adjust their basic prices to account for various customer differences an

38、d changing situations. Seven price-adjustment strategics： discount and allowance pricing， segmented pricing， psychological pricing， promotional pricing， -value pricing， geographical pricing and international pricing.<

39、/p><p>　　(1) Discount and Allowance Pricing</p><p>　　Most companies adjust their basic price to reward customers for certain responses， such as early payment of bills， volume purchases and off-seas

40、on buying. These price adjustments - called discounts and allowances - can take many forms.</p><p>　　A cash discount is a price reduction to buyers who pay their bills promptly， Atypical example is '2/10

41、， net 30'. which means that although payment is due within 30 days， the buyer can deduct 2 per cent if the hill is paid within 10 days. The discount must be granted to all buyers meeting these terms. Such discounts a

42、re customary in many industries and help to improve the sellers' cash situation and reduce bad debts and credit-collection costs.</p><p>　　A quantity discount is a price reduction to buyers who buy large

43、 volumes. Atypical example might be 'K10 per unit for less than 100 units， $9 per unit for 100or more units'. Wine merchants often give 'twelve for the price of eleven' andMakro， the trade warehouse， auto

44、matically gives discounts on any product bought in bulk. Discounts provide an incentive to the customer to buy more from one given seller， rather than from many different sources.</p><p>　　A quantity premium

45、 is sometimes charged to people buying higher volumes. In Japan it often costs more per item to buy a twelve-pack of beer or sushi than smaller quantities because the larger packs are more gift able and therefore less pr

46、ice sensitive. Quantity surcharges can also oecur when die product being bought is in short supply or in sets - for example， several seats together at a 'sold-out' rock concert or sports event - and some small re

47、staurants charge a premium to large groups. Simila</p><p>　　A trade discount (also called a functional discount) is offered by the seller to trade channel members that perform certain functions， such as sell

48、ing， storing and record keeping. Manufacturers may offer different functional discounts to different trade channels because of the varying services they perform， but manufacturers must offer the same functional discounts

49、 within each trade channel.</p><p>　　A seasonal discount is a price discount to buyers who buy merchandise orservices out of season. For example， lawn and garden equipment manufacturers will offer seasonal d

50、iscounts to retailers during the autumn and winter to encourage early ordering in anticipation of the heavy spring and summer selling seasons. Hotels,motels and airlines will offer seasonal discounts in their slower sell

51、ing periods. Seasonal discounts allow the seller to keep production steady during the entire year.</p><p>　　Allowances are another type of reduction from the list price. For example， trade-in allowances are

52、price reductions given for turning in an old item when buying a new one. Trade-in allowances are most common in the car industry， but are also given for othe rdurable goods. Promotional allowances are payments or price r

53、eductions to reward dealers for participating in advertising and sales-support programmes.</p><p>　　(2) Segmented Pricing</p><p>　　Companies will often adjust their basic prices to allow for dif

54、ferences in customers， products and locations. In segmented pricing， the company sells aproduct or service at two or more prices， even though the difference in prices is not based on differences in costs. Segmented prici

55、ng takes several forms：</p><p>　　* Customer-segment pricing. Different customers pay different prices for thesame product or service. Museums， for example， will charge a lower admission for young people， the

56、 unwaged， students and senior citizens. Inmany parts of the world， tourists pay more to see museums， shows andnational monuments than do locals.</p><p>　　* Product-form pricing. Different versions of the pro

57、duct are priced differently， but not according to differences in their costs. For instance， the Dutch company Skil prices its 6434H electric drill at DF1200， which isDF1125 more than the price .of its 6400H. The 6434H is

58、 more powerful and has more features， yet this extra power and features cost only a few more guilders to build in.</p><p>　　* Location pricing. Different locations are priced differently， even though the cos

59、t of offering each location is the same. For instance， theatres vary theirs cat prices because of audience preferences for certain locations and EU universities charge higher tuition fees for non-EU students.</p>

60、<p>　　* Time pricing. Prices vary by the season， the month， the day and even the hour. Public utilities vary their prices to commercial users by time of day and weekend versus weekday. The telephone company offers l

61、ower 'off-peak' charges and resorts give seasonal discounts.</p><p>　　For segmented pricing to be an effective strategy， certain conditions must exist. The market must be segmen table and the segment

62、s must show different degrees of demand. Members of the segment paying the lower price should not beably to turn around and resell the product to the segment paying the higher price.</p><p>　　Competitors sho

63、uld not be able to undersell the firm in the segment being charged the higher price. Nor should the costs of segmenting and watching the market exceed the extra revenue obtained from the price difference. The practice sh

64、ould not lead to customer resentment and ill will. Finally， the segmented pricing must he legal.</p><p>　　(3) Promotional Pricing</p><p>　　With promotional pricing， companies will temporarily pr

65、ice their products below list price and sometimes even below cost. Promotional pricing takes several forms. Supermarkets and department stores will price a few products as toss leaders to attract customers to the store i

66、n the hope that they will buy other items at normal mark-ups. Kellers will also use special-event pricing in certain seasons to draw in more customers. Thus linens are promotionally priced every January to attract weary

67、Chris</p><p>　　Pricing strategies and tactics form an important element of a company's marketing mix. In setting prices， companies must carefully consider a great many internal and external factors befor

68、e choosing a price that will give them the greatest competitive advantage in selected target markets. However， companies are not usually free to charge whatever prices they wish. Several laws restrict pricing practices a

69、nd a number of ethical considerations affect pricing decisions. Pricing strategies and tacti</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　市場營銷原理</b></p><p>　　第一節(jié) 新產(chǎn)品定價策

70、略</p><p>　　定價策略在產(chǎn)品生命周期的不同階段常常要改變，尤其是產(chǎn)品的新生期極具挑戰(zhàn)性。讓我們來比較兩種產(chǎn)品的定價，一種是模仿現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的新產(chǎn)品，另一種是有專利保護的創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品。公司如果模仿市場上已經(jīng)有的產(chǎn)品，就面臨產(chǎn)品定位問題，它必須決定如何給產(chǎn)品定位，以便在價格和質(zhì)量上與對手競爭。首先，公司可能采取高附加值定價策略，生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品，定很高的價格。在另一個極端，它可能使用經(jīng)濟定價策略，生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量低一些的產(chǎn)

71、品，定價較低。只要市場上有兩個購買者群體，一個追求質(zhì)量，一個追求價格， 這些策略就可以同時在市場上存在。勞力士公司(Rolex)生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量非常高的手表，價格也非常高， 泰麥克斯公司(Timex)生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量低一些的產(chǎn)品， 價格也比較容易被接受。</p><p>　　推出有專利保護的創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品的公司，面對第一次為產(chǎn)品定價的挑戰(zhàn)， 他們可以在兩種策略中做出選擇：撇脂式定價法或滲透式定價法。</p><p&

72、gt;<b>　　一、撇脂式定價法</b></p><p>　　許多公司發(fā)明了新產(chǎn)品，開始時都使用撇脂式定價法，以便一步步地在市場上爭取收入。英特爾公司(Intel)就使用這種撇脂式定價策略(Market-Skimming Pricing)。當英特爾公司推出一種新的計算機芯片時，它使用最高的價格， 幫助新的芯片壓倒市場上原有的芯片。它制定的價格瞄準一些子市場，這些子市場上的計算機需要這種新的

73、芯片。當新產(chǎn)品銷售的速度降下來時， 或當競爭者即將推出類似芯片時， 英特爾公司降低價格， 吸引市場上那些對價格十分敏感的消費者。</p><p>　　撇脂式定價法只在一定條件下有意義。首先，產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和形象必須與產(chǎn)品價格一致，有相當多的顧客接受這種價格下的產(chǎn)品。其次，生產(chǎn)較少量的產(chǎn)品的成本不能太高， 以致抵消定高價所帶來的好處。最后，競爭者沒有可能很容易地進入市場， 以同樣價格參加競爭。</p>&

74、lt;p><b>　　二、滲透式定價法</b></p><p>　　一些公司使用滲透式定價法(Market-Penetrating Pricing)。不像撇脂式定價法那樣制定高價格，瞄準能產(chǎn)生高額利潤的小型子市場，使用滲透式定價法，人們制定很低的價格，迅速滲透進入市場，迅速吸引消費者，快速占有很大的市場份額。銷售量大可以減少成本，公司有可能進一步降低價格。例如，德爾公司(Dell)和蓋

75、特衛(wèi)公司(Gateway)使用滲透式定價方法，為高質(zhì)量計算機產(chǎn)品定價， 再通過低成本郵寄渠道分銷。當IBM公司、康柏公司、蘋果公司和其他競爭者通過零售商店銷售計算機， 不能達到很低的價格時， 它們兩家的銷售上去了。荷姆公司(Home Depot)、沃爾瑪公司(War-Mart)和其他折扣零售商店也使用滲透式定價法，定低價，以便增加銷售量。大的銷售量反過來又保證了價格的進一步降低。</p><p>　　有幾種條件對

76、制定低價格有利。首先，市場必須對價格十分敏感， 能在低價格下迅速增長。第二，生產(chǎn)和分銷成本必須隨銷售量的增加而下降。最后，低價格要能阻止競爭， 否則的話，低價格可能只是暫時的。例如， 當IBM公司和康柏公司建立了自己的分銷渠道后，德爾公司和蓋特衛(wèi)公司的處境就很困難了。</p><p>　　第二節(jié) 產(chǎn)品組合定價策略</p><p>　　當產(chǎn)品是產(chǎn)品組合的一部分時，產(chǎn)品的定價策略就需要改變。在

77、這種情況下，企業(yè)尋求一組價格，能夠使整個產(chǎn)品組合的利潤最大。由于各個產(chǎn)品的需求成本以及面對的競爭程度各不相同，所以定價的難度較大。</p><p><b>　　一、產(chǎn)品系列定價</b></p><p>　　公司通常會開發(fā)一個產(chǎn)品系列，而不是一個單一產(chǎn)品。例如， 斯耐波公司(Snapper)制造許多不同的割草機，從價格為 259. 95 美元、299.95 美元、399

78、.95 美元簡單的手推式， 到1 000 美元左右可以騎上去開的那種都有。系列中每個成功的割草機都有特點?？逻_公司生產(chǎn)不止一種膠卷，而是一個系列，包括普通柯達牌膠卷，特殊情況使用的 Kodak RoyalGold 牌膠卷，和低價格的稱作“快樂時光牌(Funtime)”的季節(jié)性膠卷為的是和經(jīng)銷商品牌膠卷競爭?？逻_公司的這些品牌產(chǎn)品的規(guī)格和感光速度都不一樣。在產(chǎn)品系列定價 (Product Line Pricing)的過程中，管理部門必須決

79、定系列中不同產(chǎn)品的價格差別。</p><p>　　價格差別要考慮系列產(chǎn)品中的成本差別、消費者對不同產(chǎn)品特色的看法以及競爭者的價格。如果兩個成功產(chǎn)品的價格差別小，購買者通常會買性能先進的產(chǎn)品。如果成本差別比價格差別要小，這種情況下會增加公司的利潤。如果價格差別大， 消費者一般會買不怎么先進的產(chǎn)品。</p><p><b>　　二、備選產(chǎn)品的定價</b></p>

80、;<p>　　許多公司銷售與主體產(chǎn)品配套的備選產(chǎn)品或附加產(chǎn)品時，使用備選產(chǎn)品的定價方法 (Optional-Product Pricing)。例如，一位汽車購買者可能選擇電動窗、油門鎖定鍵、帶激光機的音響等。為這些備選產(chǎn)品定價是很棘手的問題，汽車公司必須決定哪些產(chǎn)品包括在汽車基礎價格里，哪些作為備選產(chǎn)品。近些年來通用汽車公司一般的價格策略是對每輛 1.2萬美元的基本車型做廣告，吸引大家到展覽中心，展室大部分空間都擺著安裝了

81、各種備選產(chǎn)品的汽車，價格是 1.4 萬美元或 1.5 萬美元。顧客通常不會購買不太舒適和方便的經(jīng)濟型車。近年來，通用汽車公司學習日本公司的做法，在基本價格中包括了許多以前作為備選產(chǎn)品的裝置。現(xiàn)在，廣告上的價格通常代表一輛裝備完好的汽車。</p><p><b>　　三、附屬產(chǎn)品的定價</b></p><p>　　公司生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，如果必須與一個主體產(chǎn)品同時使用才行，需要

82、使用附屬產(chǎn)品定價法 (Captive-Product Princing)。舉例來說， 剃須刀的刀片、照相機的膠卷和計算機的軟件等都是附屬產(chǎn)品。主要產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)商有時將主體產(chǎn)品(剃須刀、照相機和計算機)的價格定得很低， 但把附屬產(chǎn)品的價格定得很高。寶麗來公司(Polaroid)照相機的定價很低， 主要靠膠片賺錢。吉列公司(Gillette)剃須刀價格很低，主要靠替換用的刀片賺錢。不生產(chǎn)膠卷的照相機制造商要想盈利，必須將主體產(chǎn)品價格定得高一些

83、。</p><p><b>　　四、副產(chǎn)品的定價</b></p><p>　　生產(chǎn)肉類、石油產(chǎn)品、化工產(chǎn)品和其他產(chǎn)品時，常會有副產(chǎn)品。如果副產(chǎn)品沒有價值，或者丟掉這些副產(chǎn)品的成本很高，會影響主體產(chǎn)品的定價。使用副產(chǎn)品定價法(By-Product Pricing)時， 制造商需要找到這些副產(chǎn)品的市場， 價格只要能夠比儲存和運輸副產(chǎn)品的成本高就可以了。這種做法能夠使銷售者

84、降低主體產(chǎn)品的定價，使主體產(chǎn)品更具有競爭力。副產(chǎn)品可能很有盈利能力，例如許多木工廠開始通過銷售樹皮和鋸末盈利，因為家庭和商業(yè)點的裝飾，需要這些材料。</p><p><b>　　五、成組產(chǎn)品定價</b></p><p>　　使用成組產(chǎn)品定價方法(Product-Bundle Pricing)，銷售者一般將幾種產(chǎn)品歸在一起，并為這些成組產(chǎn)品制定一個較低的價格。劇院和球隊

85、銷售季票，比一場一場單獨買要便宜得多；旅館提供成套服務，包括房間、用餐、娛樂，但歸納在一個價格下；計算機制造商把機器連同軟件一起銷售。成組產(chǎn)品定價能促使消費者買一些原來可能不會買的產(chǎn)品。不過，成組產(chǎn)品的價格必須足夠低，以便能夠吸引人們購買。</p><p>　　第三節(jié) 價格調(diào)整策略</p><p>　　公司通常調(diào)整基礎價格，以便適應不同消費者和變化著的形勢。七種價格調(diào)整策略： 折扣和折讓定

86、價策略、子市場定價策略、心理定價策略、促銷定價策略、價值定價策略、地理定價策略和國際定價策略。</p><p><b>　　一、折扣和折讓定價</b></p><p>　　許多公司通過調(diào)整基礎價格，來吸引消費這些價格調(diào)整被稱作折扣和折讓，它有多種形式?，F(xiàn)金折扣(Cash Discount)是對立即付款的購買者的減價，典型的例子是“2/10， 3天”， 意思是雖然付款期

87、限是30天 但如果購買者在 10 天之內(nèi)付款，可以享受 2%的折扣。所有達到這些條件的購買者， 必須都能享受這種折扣，許多行業(yè)都實行這種折扣， 它能幫助購買者緩解資金緊張，同時也能減少呆賬和收賬費用。</p><p>　　數(shù)量折扣(Quantity Discount)是當購買者購買數(shù)量較大時，提供的一種價格折扣。典型的例子是買 100 件以下，單價為10美元，買100件或100件以上， 每件為 9 美元。法律規(guī)定

88、，數(shù)量折扣必須對所有的客戶都是平等的，但折扣金額不能超過銷售者因大批銷售所節(jié)約的成本，這些成本包括銷售、儲存、運輸費用等。折扣刺激客戶從一個銷售者處購買更多的產(chǎn)品，而不必分散地通過許多渠道購買。</p><p>　　功能折扣(Functional Discount)也叫貿(mào)易折扣，是銷售者對渠道成員的一種優(yōu)惠， 這些成員的作用是銷售、儲存或記賬等。制造商可能對不同的分銷渠道提供不同的功能折扣，因為各種渠道的工作不同

89、。不過，同一銷售渠道中，制造商必須提供相同的功能折扣。季節(jié)折扣(Seasonal Discount)是對過季購買商品或服務的客戶提供的一種折扣。例如，草坪和園藝設備制造商在秋季和冬季給予零售商季節(jié)折扣，鼓勵它們在春季和夏季這樣的旺季到來之前購買。旅館、客棧和航空公司在淡季實施季節(jié)折扣。季節(jié)折扣可以使銷售者一年里的業(yè)務比較平穩(wěn)。</p><p>　　折讓(Allowance)是價格表上的另一種降價方式。例如，以舊換

90、新折讓的方法是在購買新商品時，交上一個舊商品。以舊換新折讓在汽車銷售中最流行，其他耐用消費品銷售中也使用。促銷折讓是指答謝參加廣告宣傳或促銷活動的經(jīng)銷商時，所付的酬金或采取的減價措施。</p><p><b>　　二、子市場定價</b></p><p>　　公司調(diào)整基礎價格，以便適應不同的消費者、產(chǎn)品和銷售地點。通過子市場定價方法 (Segmented Pricing

91、)，公司以兩種或多種價格銷售產(chǎn)品或服務，價格差別的基礎也不是成本。細分定價策略有幾種形式：</p><p>　　—— 消費者子市場定價：對于相同的產(chǎn)品，不同的消費者付不同的價錢。博物館對學生和老人收取價格較低的門票。</p><p>　　—— 產(chǎn)品形式定價：不同版本的產(chǎn)品， 制定不同的價格，但不以成本為標準。例如，百工公司(Black & Decker )最貴的電熨斗是 54. 9

92、8 美元，比下邊一檔熨斗貴 12 美元。最高級的型號有一個自潔功能，不過這個額外功能的制造成本， 只需幾美元而已。</p><p>　　—— 地點定價：不同地點，即使銷售的成本是一樣的，產(chǎn)品的價格不同。例如，劇院為不同座位制定了不同的價格，因為觀眾對座位的偏好不同； 州立大學收取外州學生的學費要高一些。</p><p>　　—— 時間定價：產(chǎn)品的價格根據(jù)季節(jié)、月份、日子甚至小時來改變。公共

93、水、電、氣公司對不同時間的商業(yè)用戶收取不同費用，周末和工作日價格不一樣； 電話公司非高峰時間收取較低的費用；旅游點根據(jù)季節(jié)制定價格。</p><p>　　子市場定價策略要想有效，一些條件是十分必要的。市場必須是可以細分的， 不同子市場必須表現(xiàn)出需求上的差別；子市場成員在接受較低的價格以后，不能有機會將產(chǎn)品拿到其他子市場，重新以高價銷售；競爭者不可能在同一子市場內(nèi)，以更低的價格進行銷售；市場細分和分析市場的費用不能

94、超過通過價格差別帶來的收益；差別定價的做法不要引起消費者的不滿；最后， 子市場定價必須符合法律。</p><p><b>　　四、促銷定價</b></p><p>　　使用促銷定價方法(Promotional Pricing)，公司可以暫時制定低于標準價格，有時甚至可以低于成本。促銷定價方法有幾種形式：超級市場和百貨商店對少數(shù)產(chǎn)品的定價采取先賠策略，吸引顧客來商店，同

95、時希望他們按標準價格，購買其他產(chǎn)品。銷售者有時也使用特殊事件定價策略，在特殊時節(jié)吸引顧客來店里。因此，每年1月，布料價格都是促銷價格，目的是把圣誕節(jié)后已經(jīng)疲倦的顧客，吸引回店里。制造商有時對消費者采用現(xiàn)金回扣策略，因為他們在特殊時節(jié)購買商品。制造商把回扣直接送到客戶手里。近來，汽車制造商、耐用消費品和小型家用電器制造商，經(jīng)常使用現(xiàn)金回扣的方法。一些制造商提供低息分期付款、長期產(chǎn)品保證或者免費維修業(yè)務，降低消費者腦中的“價格”。這種方法近