mcm寫(xiě)作模版(摘要、假設(shè)、圖、表、公式、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)、總結(jié)材料)

1、<p><b>　?。ㄒ唬┱?lt;/b></p><p>　　第一段：寫(xiě)論文解決什么問(wèn)題         </p><p><b>　　1． 問(wèn)題的重述</b></p><p>　　a. 介紹重點(diǎn)詞開(kāi)頭：</

2、p><p>　　例1：“Hand move” irrigation, a cheap but labor-intensive system used on small farms, consists of a movable pipe with sprinkler on top that can be attached to a stationary main.</p&g

3、t;<p>　　例2:……is a real-life common phenomenon with many complexities.</p><p>　　例3：An (effective plan) is crucial to………</p><p>　　b. 直接指出問(wèn)題：</p><p>　　例 1：We find the optimal

4、60;number of tollbooths in a highway toll-plaza for a given number of highway lanes: the number of tollbooths that minimizes average delay experienced by cars. </p><p>　　例2：A brand-new university needs

5、to balance the cost of information technology security measures with the potential cost of attacks on its systems.</p><p>　　例3：We determine the number of sprinklers to use by analyzing the ene

6、rgy and motion of water in the pipe and examining the engineering parameters of sprinklers available in the market.</p><p>　　例4: After mathematically analyzing the …… problem, our modelin

7、g group would like to present our conclusions, strategies, (and recommendations )to the …….</p><p>　　例5：Our goal is... that (minimizes the time )……….</p><p>　　、2． 解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的偉大意義</p><

8、;p>　　反面說(shuō)明。如果沒(méi)有……</p><p>　　Without implementing defensive measure, the university is exposed to an expected loss of $8.9 million per year.</p><p>　　3． 總的解決概述  

9、60;                     </p><p>　　a．通過(guò)什么方法解決什么問(wèn)題</p><p>　　例：We address the problem of opt

10、imizing amusement park enjoyment through distributing Quick Passes (QP), reservation slips that ideally allow an individual to spend less time waiting in line.</p><p>　　b．實(shí)際問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)學(xué)模型

11、</p><p>　　例1 We formulate the problem asa network flow in which vertices are the locations of escorts and wheelchair passengers.</p><p>　　例2 : A naïve strategy

12、 would be to employ the minimum number of escorts to guarantee that all passengers reach their gates on time.</p><p>　　c.將問(wèn)題分階段考慮</p><p>　　例3：We divide the jump into three

13、60;phases: flying through the air, punching through the stack, and landing on the ground.</p><p>　　第二、三段：具體分析</p><p>　　1．在什么模型中/ 建立了什么模型</p><p><b>　　a. 主流模型</b><

14、/p><p>　　例1：We formulate a differential model to account for the rates of change of these uses, and howthis change would affect the overall consumption of water within th

15、e studied region.</p><p>　　例2:We examined the mathematical effects of……. We developed a detailed …… (simulation methodology) to test our ideas and to quantify the differences between (among) different …… (st

16、rategies).</p><p>　　例3：Based on (write your basis .such as the theory of supply and demand), we establish a model (such as differential equation system that includes demand, supply).</p><p>　　例4

17、：To (write the aims), we establish a criterion (write the criterion).</p><p><b>　　b. 模型非主流</b></p><p>　　例5：We build a model to determine how to lay out the pipe each time the equipme

18、nt is moved.</p><p>　　例6：We determine …………</p><p>　　例7：We build a model to determine……….</p><p>　　例8：We formulate a model for………By analyzing …and examining…..</p><p>　　

19、2．分析模型（使用什么數(shù)據(jù)，怎么做，一般三句話）</p><p><b>　　a. 寫(xiě)歷史數(shù)據(jù)</b></p><p>　　例1：Using historical data from theUnited States, we determine initial conditions for our model.</p><p><b>

20、;　　b. 寫(xiě)計(jì)算機(jī)模擬</b></p><p>　　例1：this model leads to a computer simulation of catch-can tests of the irrigation system and ……</p><p>　　例2:Software packing reaches………by calculating and comparin

21、g………..</p><p><b>　　c. 運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)模擬</b></p><p>　　例1：to ground this model in reality, we incorporate extensive demographic data and run……</p><p>　　例2：We fit the modified model t

22、o data (such as 1970-2003.). We conclude that (write the last conclude).</p><p><b>　　d. 講詳細(xì)分析</b></p><p>　　例1：We physically characterize the system that…</p><p>　　例2：We

23、provide a strategy (write the logical strategy).</p><p>　　例3：The …model is (efficient, intuitive, and flexible) and could be applied to…</p><p>　　例4：To meet the needs of people today without, we

24、 establish a criterion of rational(合理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) oil  allocation(分配).</p><p>　　3．總結(jié)該模型的結(jié)果/得到什么結(jié)論</p><p>　　a. 說(shuō)明不是最優(yōu)但能產(chǎn)生作用</p><p>　　例：We show that this strategy is not optimal but can

25、be improved by assigning different numbers……</p><p>　　b. 說(shuō)明如果用這個(gè)模型，結(jié)果如何</p><p>　　例1：If Delta Airlines were to utilize the naïve strategy atAtlantaInternationalAirport, the cost would be ……&

26、lt;/p><p>　　例2：We modify the model to reflect (some trend such as exponentially increasing……) and generalize the model to (other field).</p><p>　　例3：Our results are summarized in the formula for th

27、e optimal number Bof tollbooths for</p><p>　　c．通過(guò)其上情況的列舉得到的結(jié)論</p><p>　　例：For various situations, we propose an optimal solution.</p><p><b>　　d. 得出了結(jié)論</b></p><

28、p>　　例1：we elicit that a conclusion.</p><p>　　例2：We conclude with a series of recommendations for how best to…</p><p>　　e.進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明其他因素對(duì)模型的影響</p><p>　　例：In addition to the model, we a

29、lso discuss policies for …..</p><p>　　f.用真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)檢驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ?lt;/p><p>　　例:To demonstrate how our model works, we apply it to ………..</p><p>　　最后一段：寫(xiě)總的結(jié)論</p><p>　　a. 說(shuō)明結(jié)論的可行性</p>

30、<p>　　例：Our suggested solution, which is easy to implement, includes a detailed timetable and the arrangement of pipes.</p><p>　　b.說(shuō)明算法的廣泛性</p><p>　　例1：Our algorithm is broad enough to ac

31、commodate various airport concourses, flight schedules, and flight delays.</p><p>　　例2：Our analysis began by determining what factor impact……, Our conclusions are presented……</p><p>　　c.說(shuō)明模型可用于其

32、他領(lǐng)域</p><p>　　例：Since our model is based on…… it can be applied to (other domain).</p><p>　　其他（承上啟下的連接詞/常用詞組）</p><p>　　例:In addition to the model, we also discuss……</p><p&

33、gt;<b>　?。ǘ┮圆糠?lt;/b></p><p>　?。?）回顧研究背景，常用詞匯有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等</p><p>　?。?）說(shuō)明寫(xiě)作目的，常用詞匯有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外還可以用動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)</p><p>　　（

34、3）介紹論文的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容或研究范圍，常用詞匯有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等</p><p><b>　　（三）方法部分</b></p><p>　?。?）介紹研究或試驗(yàn)過(guò)程，常用詞匯有test study, investigate, examine, experiment,

35、 discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等</p><p>　?。?）說(shuō)明研究或試驗(yàn)方法，常用詞匯有measure, estimate, calculate等</p><p>　?。?）介紹應(yīng)用、用途，常用詞匯有等</p><p><b>　?。ㄋ模┙Y(jié)果部分</b></p><p>　　

36、（1）展示研究結(jié)果，常用詞匯有show, result, present等</p><p>　?。?）介紹結(jié)論，常用詞匯有summary, introduce, conclude等</p><p><b>　　討論部分</b></p><p>　　（1）陳述論文的論點(diǎn)和作者的觀點(diǎn)，常用詞匯有suggest, repot, present, ex

37、pect, describe等</p><p>　?。?）說(shuō)明論證，常用詞匯有等support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify</p><p>　?。?）推薦和建議，常用詞匯有suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,&#

38、160;necessity, necessary, expect等。</p><p>　　摘要中常用的詞語(yǔ)匯：</p><p>　　critical 至關(guān)重要的  </p><p>　　algorithm 運(yùn)算法則  </p><p>　　a  method of evaluating 評(píng)價(jià)方

39、法</p><p>　　appropriate 近似的  </p><p>　　consider 考慮    </p><p>　　configurations 布局    </p><p>　　optimal 統(tǒng)一的  &

40、#160; </p><p>　　maximize 使…最大化    </p><p>　　strategy 策略    </p><p>　　parameter 參數(shù)，主要的決定因素</p><p>　　accuracy 精確性  

41、  </p><p>　　strengths and weaknesses 優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)    </p><p>　　contact 相關(guān)的    </p><p>　　contract 建立，構(gòu)造    </p>

42、<p>　　calculate 計(jì)算    </p><p>　　establish 建立    </p><p>　　formula 公式         </p><p>　　modi

43、fy 改進(jìn)     </p><p>　　rational 合理的    </p><p>　　countermeasure 對(duì)策    </p><p>　　criterion 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，準(zhǔn)則</p><p>　　Assump

44、tions</p><p><b>　　引出：</b></p><p>　　We make the following assumptions about……process in this paper.</p><p><b>　　a.不考慮因素</b></p><p>　　例1：We do not

45、 take into account interactions between factors.</p><p>　　例2：The influence of …can be neglected</p><p>　　例3：…is “ideal” in …, …can be neglected.</p><p>　　b. 為了簡(jiǎn)化模型，之后反駁不正確，但是合理

46、。</p><p>　　例1：In fact （in reality）factors effect each others, but in order to simplify the model ,we ignore the interactions between factors.</p><p>　　例2：In fact in reality factors effect each o

47、thers, but in order to simplify the model ,we ignore the interactions between factors.</p><p><b>　　c. 近似</b></p><p>　　例1：……can be approximated as a liner function of ….</p>

48、;<p>　　例2： …are assumed to be the same. In practice, there is a slight difference.</p><p>　　例3：……can be approximated as a liner function of ….</p><p>　　d. 細(xì)致考慮（可附原因）</p><p

49、>　　例1：An airport consists of 1 to 10 concourses, each of with consists of 2 to 50 gates. Gates in the same concourse are generally located close to one another, while the travel time between concourses can be quite le

50、ngthy. Hence, we assume that inter-concourse travel is much lengthier than intra-concourse travel.</p><p>　　例2：A average fast walking speed is250ft/min(3mph), but average speed when arms are immobilized (as

51、when pushing a wheelchair) is only180 ft/min (2 mph) [Gross and Shi 2001]. We assume that an escort walks at these speeds.</p><p>　　例3：An escort can operate only one wheelchair at a time. U.S. Dept. of trans

52、portation guidelines discourages leaving WPs unattended. Hence, the escort takes a WP to the connecting flight and remains until the flight leaves.</p><p>　　e.直接定義(假設(shè))：</p><p>　　例1：To measure th

53、e……,we define……</p><p>　　例2：Yearly industry statistics can be used valid.</p><p>　　例3：Sth may be represented by  </p><p>　　例4：….are independent and randomly distributed<

54、;/p><p><b>　　總結(jié)：</b></p><p>　　Additional assumptions are made to simplify analysis for individual sections. These assumptions will be discussed at the appropriate locations.</p>

55、<p><b>　　figure</b></p><p>　　引用的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)所畫(huà)的圖：</p><p>　　1、分階段圖的引入：</p><p>　　First we study the …… (文獻(xiàn))，showing …… under the situation.</p><p><b>　　分階段

56、圖的引出：</b></p><p>　　The compression process is divided into three(數(shù)字) phases, as shown in the figure:</p><p>　　The first phase: …… deformation, according to ……; the second phase: …… deforma

57、tion. The compression grows more slowly and reaches the maximum. The third phase: ……deformation: After compression reaches the maximum, the rate of deformation starts to fall. The unrecoverable deformation goes on increa

58、sing. (2003—65)</p><p>　　2、引用已有的模型圖：</p><p>　　A model of flow rate for instant total failure is right triangular 【U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1997】. (see Figure 1)(2005—53\54)</p><p&

59、gt;　　3、通過(guò)歷史數(shù)據(jù)作圖：</p><p>　　We validate our model by examining historical HIV rates from prenatal clinics inSouth Africabetween 1995 and 2005(Figure 1). (2006—244)</p><p><b>　　4、擬合的圖形：</b

60、></p><p>　　Figure 1 shows the number of bags still left for the EDS to process at airport A after each minute in airport B, the results are similar. (2003—260)</p><p>　　自己根據(jù)計(jì)算所畫(huà)的圖：</p>

61、<p>　　1、為了…….(目的)，我們作了…….圖。</p><p>　　To demonstrate better the change in flow rate with time when the breach begins t form, we plot over a shorter range of time in Figure 5. (2005—55)</p><p&

62、gt;　　We plot for values of from 6 to 13, in steps of 0.25, together with the best-fit quartic, in Figure 2 (2005—92)</p><p>　　2、根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)擬合的圖：</p><p>　　Fitting (式子) to the data in (表), we get the cur

63、ve in Figure 1, for the function (公式). (2005—211)</p><p>　　We use the graph in Figure 1 to simulate the arrival of passengers. (2003—201)</p><p>　　The simulation model also generates system char

64、acteristics for the ETD machines at airport A. These results are shown in Figure 3. (2003—232)</p><p>　　3、根據(jù)取值不同畫(huà)圖：</p><p>　　We take 2001as the starting point, when total remaining oil was 1.117

65、8bbl.We calculate the time to oil exhaustion under different cases: GDP growing at 10%, 5%, 3%,and 1%.(Figure 3)</p><p>　　For 10%, ...... ; for 5%,……;for 3%,……;for 1%,……. (2005—213\233)</p><p>　

66、　4、用軟件（如MATLAB）畫(huà)圖：</p><p>　　To solve the differential equations in our model, we use (the ODE45 numerical integrator) in MATLAB on (式子) to find the results in Figure 3.(2005—232)</p><p><b>

67、;　　5、圖形的改進(jìn)：</b></p><p>　　Generally speaking, the shape of the target is not too irregular, so we choose five typical shapes of the targets in different sizes. In Figure3a, we illustrate the maximum sec

68、tion of a typical bean-shaped target, whose maximum dimension is35mm. Using the skeleton generation algorithm, we get corresponding skeleton shown in Figure 3b. Then we apply the GA-based shot placement algorithm, result

69、ing in three shots for the target: one14 mmhelmet and two8 mmhelmets. The locations and sizes of the hel</p><p><b>　　6、畫(huà)示意圖：</b></p><p>　　The irrigation order and position of sprinkl

70、ers are presented in Figure 4. (2006—127)</p><p>　　This algorithm can be viewed in the flowchart in Figure 3.We define some of the objects found in the chart. (2006—164\165)</p><p><b>　　ta

71、ble</b></p><p>　　表的格式：表頭在上（注：紅色字體的句子可通用）</p><p>　　1、在表前對(duì)表的來(lái)源和數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明</p><p>　　例1 In Table 1, we summarize the minimum number of escorts needed to reach each serv

72、ice level</p><p><b>　　表的解釋部分</b></p><p>　　For each airport, the difference between the Good and Adequate service levels is roughly a factor of two, with slightly increasing returns t

73、o scale; with larger scales, the staff are spread more uniformly, so it is less likely that a job will crop up with nobody close enough to take it.</p><p><b>　　例2</b></p><p><b>

74、;　　表的解釋部分</b></p><p>　?。ㄇ懊娴恼f(shuō)出數(shù)據(jù)的來(lái)源，然后篩選出比較代表性的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明）。</p><p>　　We determined absolute and relative criticality values for each country for which all the data used in computing parameters

75、was available (108 countries). We then used relative criticality in selecting our most critical countries, by continent. Had we used absolute criticality it would have given precedence to large nations, despite rela

76、tively mild HIV/AIDS situations.</p><p><b>　　例3</b></p><p>　　The table below is the generated irrigation schedule for the repositioning of the sprinklers, given 12-hour work day

77、 for a rancher. Each pipe is set in place for 5 hours.</p><p><b>　　例4</b></p><p>　　And some data processing we can get the relevant statistical data information of patient and donor

78、characteristics for the simulation.</p><p><b>　　例5 </b></p><p>　　The graft survival rates show in the following UNOS data for kidney transplants in the U.S (based on OPTN data a

79、s of 2006):</p><p>　　2、在表后對(duì)表的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行說(shuō)明</p><p><b>　　例1</b></p><p><b>　　例2</b></p><p>　　Using the cellular automata model, we compute waiting time as

80、 a function of both the number of lanes and the number of tollbooths. For a fixed L, we compare all values of Ctotal and choose the lowest one. The results of this method are presented in Table6.</p><p>

81、;<b>　　例3 </b></p><p>　　According to the above data, we can see that many of the European countries have the high rates of the donor, particularly inSpain. This phenomenon shows tha

82、t the organ transplant is also hot inEurope. Although the relevant policies and statutes in these countries are less comprehensive than that in U.S, there still a lot what U.S could learn from. Here, we mainly analy

83、ze the organ transplant policies inSpain, U.K andKoreathis three countries.</p><p>　　……The population contained in each region is summarized in table 1.（在表后對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)）</p><p><b>　　例4&

84、lt;/b></p><p><b>　　圖表的解釋部分</b></p><p>　　As indicated in Table 6, there is fairly good agreement between the recommended number of booths for a typical day and for peak hours. Howe

85、ver, we note that the optimal booth number for a typical day never exceeds that for rush hour. Rush hour seems to require slightly more booths than a typical day in order for the plaza to operate most efficiently.</p&

86、gt;<p>　　Each value in Table 6 is representative of approximately 20 trials. Through these trials, we noted a remarkable stability in our model. Despite the stochastic nature of our algorithm, each number of

87、lanes was almost always optimized to the same number of tollbooths. There were a handful of exceptions; they occurred exclusively for small numbers of highway lanes (< 3 lanes). Integer values are presented in Table 6

88、 only because fractional tollbooths have no physical meaning.</p><p>　　3、表前表后有引入引出 ，且中間對(duì)兩表之間進(jìn)行比較</p><p><b>　　例1</b></p><p><b>　　表的解釋部分</b></p>&l

89、t;p>　　We can obtain the data which is involved with the status of the American Organ</p><p>　　Transplant from the data banks. We have collected the demand of the various organs in United St

90、ates to date, the annual donors，transplants and the demand (Here taking the kidney for example, by years 1995-2006)</p><p>　　From the above table1, we can see that the kidney accounts for 73% in the</p>

91、;<p>　　total of the organ transplants. It accounts for a very large proportion as a most important organ which can be transplanted. Therefore, we only need to discuss the status of the kidney t

92、ransplant here, being able to achieve the analysis and research on the organ transplant.</p><p>　　According to the above data, we can get the figures as follow:</p><p><b>　　例2</b><

93、;/p><p>　　So after many times simulation under the conditions discussed above, we obtain statistic results as follow:</p><p><b>　　表的解釋部分</b></p><p>　　By analyzing the above

94、 result, we can find: When there are more donors (more</p><p>　　resources), the number of transplant will increase obviously, and the matching rate changes only a little; When the network is divided int

95、o 11 regions (small networks), the costs of the transport and preservation of the organ will be reduced greatly.</p><p><b>　　例3</b></p><p>　　Table 7 reports the general patient stati

96、stics under each regime in the columns. The first column in these tables reports the total live donor transplants as percentage of the population size, which is the sum of next two columns, transplants fro

97、m own compatible donor and transplants from trades. The forth column is the percentage of patients upgraded to the top of the waitlist as heads of w-chains. The fifth and sixth columns report the quality of matches in th

98、e live donor transplants: the risk</p><p><b>　　表與表之間的比較</b></p><p>　　By comparison, we can found that the matching proportion become little and the matching quality will get wor

99、se as the total number of the patients decrease. The result is consistent with the reality. The 30% probability of the waiting list or low quality exchange is an adjustable parameter.</p><p><b>　　例4<

100、;/b></p><p><b>　　表與表的比較</b></p><p>　　Also, we wish to explore the situation in which there is one lane per booth:</p><p><b>　　例5</b></p><p>　

101、　The parameters we choose to modify are p (probability of advancement), ‘delay’ (number of time steps required to serve a vehicle in a tollbooth), and q (the probability that a flagged vehicle opts to attempt a turn).

102、60;The results of this analysis are presented in Table 7. Since we have used six lanes as our standard test case, we continue with this choice here.</p><p>　　As indicated in Table 7, our cellular automata mo

103、del is relatively insensitive to both p and q. Changes of ± 11% and ± 5.2% in p and q, respectively, had no effect on the optimal number of tollbooths for a six lane highway. On the other hand, increasing the d

104、elay time by 25% shifted the optimal number of booths from 10 to 11 (10%). Decreasing the delay by 25% had no effect on the solution. Perhaps additional work could lead to an elucidation of the relation between delay and

105、 optimal booth number</p><p><b>　　公式</b></p><p><b>　　由假設(shè)得到公式</b></p><p>　　1．We assume laminar flow and use Bernoulli’s equation:（由假設(shè)得到的公式）</p><p&g

106、t;<b>　　公式</b></p><p><b>　　Where</b></p><p><b>　　符號(hào)解釋</b></p><p>　　According to the assumptions, at every junction we have （由于假設(shè)）</p><p

107、><b>　　公式</b></p><p><b>　　由原因得到公式</b></p><p>　　2．Because our field is flat, we have公式, so the height of our source relative to our sprinklers does not affect the exit s

108、peed v2 （由原因得到的公式）；</p><p><b>　　公式</b></p><p>　　Since the fluid is incompressible(由于液體是不可壓縮的), we have</p><p><b>　　公式</b></p><p><b>　　Wher

109、e</b></p><p><b>　　公式</b></p><p>　　用原來(lái)的公式推出公式</p><p>　　3．Plugging v1 into the equation for v2 ,we obtain （將公式1代入公式2中得到）</p><p><b>　　公式</b>&

110、lt;/p><p>　　11．Putting these together(把公式放在一起), because of the law of conservation of energy, yields：</p><p><b>　　公式</b></p><p>　　12．Therefore, from (2),(3),(5), we have th

111、e ith junction（由前幾個(gè)公式得）</p><p><b>　　公式</b></p><p>　　Putting (1)-(5) together, we can obtain pup at every junction . in fact, at the last junction, we have</p><p><b&g

112、t;　　公式</b></p><p>　　Putting these into (1) ,we get（把這些公式代入1中）</p><p><b>　　公式</b></p><p>　　Which means that the</p><p>　　Commonly, h is about</p>

113、<p>　　From these equations, （從這個(gè)公式中我們知道）we know that ………</p><p><b>　　引出約束條件</b></p><p>　　4．Using pressure and discharge data from Rain Bird 結(jié)果,</p><p>　　We find t

114、he attenuation factor （得到衰減因子，常數(shù)，系數(shù)） to be</p><p><b>　　公式</b></p><p><b>　　計(jì)算結(jié)果</b></p><p>　　6．To find the new pressure ,we use the ( 0 0),which states that t