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1、<p> **香園8#住宅樓投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)的編制</p><p><b> 摘 要</b></p><p> 采用工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)的方法是國(guó)際上普遍使用的通行做法,已經(jīng)有近百年的歷史,具有廣泛的適應(yīng)性,也是比較科學(xué)合理、實(shí)用的。以前我國(guó)采用的是定額計(jì)價(jià)方法,現(xiàn)在使用工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)方法。工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)方法是由建設(shè)產(chǎn)品的賣方和買方在建設(shè)市場(chǎng)上根據(jù)供求情況、信息狀況
2、進(jìn)行自由競(jìng)價(jià),從而最終能夠簽訂合同價(jià)格的方法,是一種真正適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制,由市場(chǎng)定價(jià)的工程造價(jià)模式。</p><p> 本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的題目是**香園8#住宅樓投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)的編制,該工程為剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu),建筑面積為2177.67平方米,建筑高度為18.65米,設(shè)計(jì)使用年限是50年,抗震設(shè)防烈度為七度。</p><p> 設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)是工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)的編制,其核心工作是以《建設(shè)工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)規(guī)范(
3、GB-50500-2008)》和《河南省建設(shè)工程量清單綜合單價(jià)(2008)》的相關(guān)計(jì)算規(guī)則和組價(jià)方式為依據(jù),通過分析施工圖紙,來進(jìn)行工程量的計(jì)算并完成清單套價(jià)。設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容包括:分部分項(xiàng)工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)表、措施項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表、其他項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表、工程量清單綜合單價(jià)分析表、主要材料價(jià)格表等。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:工程量,工程量清單,綜合單價(jià),投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)</p><p> Prepar
4、ation of tender offer for Luoyang Iraq inlets Qinxiang Park 8 # residential building</p><p><b> ABSTRACT</b></p><p> Bill of quantities pricing method is widely used in internation
5、al practice; it has a history of one century, with extensive adaptability. In addition, it’s more scientific, reasonable and practical. In China, the pricing methods used in engineering area was Fixed pricing, while the
6、quantities bill valuation method is used. Bill of quantities is a pricing method that sellers and the buyers of constriction products are able to conduct free bidding on the construction market according to supply and<
7、;/p><p> The content of this graduation project is preparation of tender offer for Qinxiang Park 8 # residential building in Luoyang Iraq inlets. The structure of the project is wall structure, with constructi
8、on area of 2177.67 square meters, building height of 18.65 meters, 50 years’ design life, and its seismic fortification intensity is seven degrees.</p><p> The task of the design is the perpetration of Bill
9、 of quantities and pricing, whose core work is to do the engineering calculations and complete sets of price lists by analyzing the construction drawings, which is based on the relevant calculation rules and group price
10、method of "Bill of Quantities Construction Specification (GB-50500-2008)" and "Henan Construction BOQ integrated unit (2008)". The design elements include: sub-part of the project lists and pricing ta
11、bles, list of action items and</p><p> KEY WORDS: quantities, bill of quantities, comprehensive unit price, tender offer目 錄</p><p><b> 前 言1</b></p><p> 第1章 編制說明2<
12、;/p><p> 1.1 工程概況2</p><p> 1.1.1 建筑工程設(shè)計(jì)說明2</p><p> 1.1.2 安裝工程設(shè)計(jì)說明3</p><p> 1.2 編制依據(jù)5</p><p> 1.3 其他補(bǔ)充說明5</p><p> 第2章 建筑安裝工程投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)6</
13、p><p> 2.1 工程量清單封面6</p><p> 2.2 建筑安裝工程投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表7</p><p> 2.3 建筑工程投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表8</p><p> 2.4 安裝工程投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表10</p><p> 第3章 建筑工程工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)表12</p><p>
14、3.1 分部分項(xiàng)工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)表12</p><p> 3.2 措施項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表(一)24</p><p> 3.3 措施項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表(二)25</p><p> 3.4 其他項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表26</p><p> 3.5 規(guī)費(fèi)、稅金項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表27</p><p> 3.6 工程量清
15、單綜合單價(jià)分析表28</p><p> 3.7 主要材料價(jià)格表51</p><p> 第4章 安裝工程工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)表53</p><p> 4.1 分部分項(xiàng)工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)表53</p><p> 4.2 措施項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表(一)61</p><p> 4.3 措施項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表(二)62
16、</p><p> 4.4 其他項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表63</p><p> 4.5 規(guī)費(fèi)、稅金項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表64</p><p> 4.6 工程量清單綜合單價(jià)分析表65</p><p> 4.7 主要材料及配件價(jià)格表78</p><p><b> 結(jié) 論81</b></p&
17、gt;<p><b> 謝 辭82</b></p><p><b> 參考文獻(xiàn)83</b></p><p><b> 外文資料翻譯85</b></p><p> 附錄:見工程量清單計(jì)算表</p><p><b> 前 言</b>
18、;</p><p> 招投標(biāo)已經(jīng)成為國(guó)內(nèi)外工程建設(shè)的一種重要的發(fā)包承包形式,它是市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)的重要手段,其公平、公正的特質(zhì)是工程質(zhì)量的重要保障。招投標(biāo)在西方已經(jīng)有了100多年的實(shí)踐,體制相對(duì)健全,而且與各地方的實(shí)際情況相結(jié)合有形成了各種不同的特色,但是絕大多數(shù)國(guó)家采用的都是最具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)方法。在我國(guó)在上世紀(jì)八十年代才在工程建設(shè)領(lǐng)域引入了招投標(biāo)制度,但經(jīng)過三十多年的發(fā)展仍然處于摸索發(fā)展階段,在很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)
19、間內(nèi)我國(guó)都采取的是以政府定價(jià)為主導(dǎo)的定額計(jì)價(jià)模式,直到中國(guó)加入WTO后,為了與國(guó)際接軌,才逐步推廣工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式。但是現(xiàn)在這種計(jì)價(jià)模式已經(jīng)成為最主要的投標(biāo)計(jì)價(jià)模式,所以總包單位要想投標(biāo)就必須了解和學(xué)習(xí)工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式,由此可見工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)對(duì)于投標(biāo)的重要性。</p><p> 所以這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中我主要熟悉和掌握工程量清單的計(jì)算規(guī)則,從而得到準(zhǔn)確的工程量計(jì)算式和計(jì)算結(jié)果,并和河南省地區(qū)的詳細(xì)計(jì)算規(guī)則相結(jié)合,
20、找到兩者的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別,并通過對(duì)工程量清單中工作特征和內(nèi)容的描述來對(duì)綜合總價(jià)進(jìn)行組價(jià)和調(diào)價(jià),從而得到準(zhǔn)確的綜合單價(jià)。我的主要研究方法是:</p><p> ?。?)實(shí)習(xí)階段為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)收集各種資料; </p><p> ?。?)按照?qǐng)D紙運(yùn)用廣聯(lián)達(dá)鋼筋抽樣和圖形算量計(jì)算實(shí)際工程量 ;</p><p> ?。?)用廣聯(lián)達(dá)計(jì)價(jià)給工程量套相應(yīng)的定額,算出價(jià)格;</p>
21、;<p> ?。?)匯總措施項(xiàng)目和規(guī)費(fèi)稅金等費(fèi)用,編制投標(biāo)文件。</p><p><b> 第1章 編制說明</b></p><p><b> 1.1 工程概況</b></p><p> 本工程是伊水灣住宅小區(qū)沁香園8#樓,位于洛陽市伊濱區(qū)司馬大街與白塔路交匯處,建設(shè)單位為洛陽天元置業(yè)有限公司。地下一層
22、為儲(chǔ)藏室,建筑面積為317.91平方米,地上部分為住宅,建筑面積為1859.76平方米,總建筑面積是2177.67平方米,主要結(jié)構(gòu)類型我剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu),地下一層,地上六層,設(shè)計(jì)使用年限是50年,抗震設(shè)防烈度是7度。±0.000相對(duì)標(biāo)高為131.75米。</p><p> 1.1.1 建筑工程設(shè)計(jì)說明 </p><p><b> 設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)</b></p&
23、gt;<p> (1) 相關(guān)主管部門審查批準(zhǔn)及甲方同意確定的設(shè)計(jì)方案。</p><p> (2) 《民用建筑設(shè)計(jì)通則》(GB50352-2005)</p><p> (3) 《建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范》(GB50016-2006)</p><p> (4) 《住宅設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》(GB50096-1999)</p><p> (5)
24、 《住址建筑規(guī)范》(GB50368-2005)</p><p> (7) 《工程建設(shè)強(qiáng)制性條文》(房屋建筑部分)2009年版</p><p><b> 2. 墻體工程</b></p><p> (1) 墻體除注明外均為200厚加氣混凝土塊,其塊體類型及砂漿標(biāo)號(hào)詳見建筑圖。</p><p> (2) 所有墻體除注明
25、外均居中。</p><p> (3) 防潮層無地梁的墻體在室內(nèi)地坪下50處,做20厚1:3水泥砂漿防潮層,內(nèi)摻5%防水劑。</p><p> (4) 兩種墻體的交接處,應(yīng)根據(jù)飾面材質(zhì)在做飾面之前加鋼筋網(wǎng)片,防止裂縫。</p><p> (5) 衛(wèi)生間四周墻體與樓板交接處做200高C20混凝土,門口處不做。</p><p><b&g
26、t; 3. 門窗工程</b></p><p> (1) 所有門窗除注明外,均立于墻中。</p><p> (2) 外窗安裝塑鋼窗,窗框顏色為深褐色,玻璃為(6+12A+6)單礦中空玻璃 。</p><p> (3) 外開窗開啟角度是40度,應(yīng)有加強(qiáng)牢固和放脫落措施。</p><p> (4) 所有門窗均應(yīng)符合節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)要求
27、,并經(jīng)甲方和設(shè)計(jì)單位認(rèn)可之后方可施工。</p><p> (5) 入戶門與首層陽臺(tái)、露臺(tái)、門窗均應(yīng)采取防盜措施,具體做法由甲方確定。</p><p><b> 4. 油漆</b></p><p> (1) 木基層油漆:做法為05YJ1涂1,顏色為乳白色。</p><p> (2) 金屬基層油漆:做法為05YJ涂1
28、2,顏色為灰色。</p><p> (3) 預(yù)埋木磚及貼臨墻體的木質(zhì)面均做防腐處理,室內(nèi)外各項(xiàng)露明金屬件的油漆為刷防銹漆2道后再做同室內(nèi)外部位相同顏色的調(diào)和漆,做法為05YJ涂14。</p><p> (4)各項(xiàng)油漆由施工單位制作樣板,經(jīng)確認(rèn)后方可進(jìn)行施工。</p><p><b> 其他部分</b></p><p&g
29、t; (1) 散水做法:混凝土散水坡寬1000(臺(tái)階處不做)墻角、拐角處及間隔25米設(shè)20寬伸縮縫,具體做法詳見材料表。</p><p> (2) 地下室樓梯靠墻扶手做法詳見05YJ8。</p><p> (3) 陽臺(tái)晾衣措施及雨水管貼近窗口部位豎向防盜措施具體做法由甲方定。</p><p> 1.1.2 安裝工程設(shè)計(jì)說明</p><p&
30、gt;<b> 電氣工程</b></p><p> (1) 本設(shè)計(jì)包括低壓配電系統(tǒng)、照明系統(tǒng)、防雷接地系統(tǒng)等</p><p> (2) 低壓配電系統(tǒng)采用TN-S系統(tǒng),要求所有電氣設(shè)備的金屬外殼均應(yīng)與專用接地保護(hù)線可靠連接。插座的接地孔應(yīng)與專用接地保護(hù)線連接,接地保護(hù)線的重復(fù)接地裝置應(yīng)與防雷裝置共用。</p><p> (3) 電源進(jìn)線引
31、兩路獨(dú)立的10KV的電源至小區(qū)變電室,經(jīng)變壓室(380/220)分配后供本樓照明,功力及其他負(fù)荷用(電高壓配線不在本設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi))。</p><p> (4) 照明支路為BV-2.5mm2型,普通照明線路未注明的為3根,2~5根穿PVC20管,五根以上分管穿,線路均暗敷;普通插座回路為BV-2.5mm2型,其余回路為BV-4mm2型,穿管均為PVC20管,線路均暗敷。</p><p> (5
32、) 線路敷設(shè)方式:FC/F:地板敷設(shè);CC:頂板內(nèi)敷設(shè);CE:頂板下敷設(shè);WC:墻內(nèi)敷設(shè);WE:沿墻明敷;SCE:吊頂內(nèi)敷設(shè);CT:橋架內(nèi)敷設(shè);DB:直埋敷設(shè);SC:穿焊接鋼管;PC/PVC:穿耐燃硬塑料管。</p><p> (6) 照明開關(guān)暗裝底邊距地1.3米,普通插座暗裝底邊距地0.3米,臥室空調(diào)插座暗裝底邊距地2.3米,客廳空調(diào)插座暗裝底邊距地0.3米,廚房其他插座暗裝底邊距地1.6米,熱水器插座暗裝底
33、邊距地2.3米,冰箱插座暗裝底邊距地1.8米,洗衣機(jī)插座暗裝底邊距地1.6米,衛(wèi)生間插座暗裝底邊距地2.3米,空調(diào)插座、油煙機(jī)插座、熱水器插座、冰箱插座、洗衣機(jī)插座均采用帶開關(guān)插座。</p><p><b> 給排水工程</b></p><p> (1) 室外供水壓力為0.3MPa,給水管采用PPR管,熱熔連接。</p><p> (2)
34、 排水管采用U-PVC排水管,粘接衛(wèi)生間排水立管及橫管按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖設(shè)置伸縮節(jié),其材質(zhì)和立管相同。衛(wèi)生潔具排水留洞以所購(gòu)成品為準(zhǔn)。</p><p> (3) 排水管橫管上五匯合的直線管大于2米時(shí)設(shè)置伸縮節(jié),且伸縮節(jié)之間最大間距不大于4米,設(shè)置在匯合處。</p><p> (4) 給水管道試驗(yàn)壓力為0.9MPa,試壓方法按《建筑給排水采暖施工驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》GB50242-2002是的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。&l
35、t;/p><p><b> 采暖工程</b></p><p> (1) 本工程采暖系統(tǒng)用異程式下供上回系統(tǒng),總采暖負(fù)荷為56.4KW,系統(tǒng)阻力為21.5KPa。</p><p> (2) 本工程除主衛(wèi)、客衛(wèi)以外均采用SQG2306型鋼柱型散熱器,用“n”表示每片標(biāo)準(zhǔn)散熱量為121.3W;主衛(wèi)、客衛(wèi)采用QGPW500*730型平面式鋼管衛(wèi)浴散熱
36、器,用“A”表示每片標(biāo)準(zhǔn)散熱量為499.62W。</p><p> (3) 穿越不采暖的房間、吊頂及管井內(nèi)的采暖管均需要保溫材料巖棉保溫管殼,DN≤40時(shí),巖棉板管殼厚度為30mm,DN≥50時(shí),巖棉板管殼厚度為40mm。</p><p><b> 1.2 編制依據(jù)</b></p><p> 1. 8#樓的施工圖紙及相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)文件。<
37、/p><p> 《建設(shè)工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)規(guī)范(GB-50500-2008)》</p><p> 《河南省建設(shè)工程量清單綜合單價(jià)(2008)》</p><p> 《洛陽第三季度材料信息指導(dǎo)價(jià) 》</p><p> 施工組織設(shè)計(jì)或者施工相關(guān)專業(yè)施工方案</p><p><b> 預(yù)算手冊(cè)</b>&l
38、t;/p><p> 1.3 其他補(bǔ)充說明</p><p> 1. 人工費(fèi)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,上調(diào)到67元/日。</p><p> 2. 清單工程量和實(shí)際工程量不一樣的時(shí)候,一律在綜合單價(jià)里面調(diào)節(jié),工程量以清單工程量為準(zhǔn)。</p><p> 3. 在工程量清單中暫定的暫列金額共15萬元,其中建筑工程10萬元,安裝工程5萬元。主要用于不可預(yù)見的材料、設(shè)
39、備、服務(wù)的采購(gòu)以及施工中出現(xiàn)的工程變更和合同索賠等。</p><p> 4. 附錄中的工程量清單計(jì)算表選擇了土建部分,另外裝訂。</p><p> 5. 由于工程量清單綜合單價(jià)分析表過多,所以我選擇了主要的一部分進(jìn)行了分析(在建筑工程中我主要選擇了鋼筋混凝土工程,在安裝工程中選擇了開關(guān)、插座)。</p><p> 第2章 建筑安裝工程投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)</p>
40、;<p> 2.1 工程量清單封面</p><p> 2.2 建筑安裝工程投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表</p><p> 2.3 建筑工程投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表</p><p> 2.4 安裝工程投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表</p><p> 第3章 建筑工程工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)表</p><p> 3.1 分部分項(xiàng)工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)
41、表</p><p> 3.2 措施項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表(一)</p><p> 3.3 措施項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表(二)</p><p> 3.4 其他項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表</p><p> 3.5 規(guī)費(fèi)、稅金項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表</p><p> 3.6 工程量清單綜合單價(jià)分析表</p><p>
42、3.7 主要材料價(jià)格表</p><p> 第4章 安裝工程工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)表</p><p> 4.1 分部分項(xiàng)工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)表</p><p> 4.2 措施項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表(一)</p><p> 4.3 措施項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表(二)</p><p> 4.4 其他項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表</p>
43、<p> 4.5 規(guī)費(fèi)、稅金項(xiàng)目清單與計(jì)價(jià)表</p><p> 4.6 工程量清單綜合單價(jià)分析表</p><p> 4.7 主要材料及配件價(jià)格表</p><p><b> 結(jié) 論</b></p><p> 在本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中,我獨(dú)立的完成了設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),也達(dá)到了自己制定一些目標(biāo),和預(yù)期的結(jié)果相比差距不大,總
44、造價(jià)金額和單方造價(jià)也與實(shí)際工程基本吻合,現(xiàn)就將我的設(shè)計(jì)過程總結(jié)如下:</p><p> 通過本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),我進(jìn)一步加深了對(duì)工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式的理解,掌握了其具體構(gòu)成及組價(jià)原則。作為工程量清單中的核心工作工程量的計(jì)算,其計(jì)算結(jié)果必須將《建設(shè)工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)規(guī)范(GB-50500-2008)》和《河南省建設(shè)工程量清單綜合單價(jià)(2008)》中的相關(guān)計(jì)算規(guī)則相結(jié)合,才能算出比較準(zhǔn)確的工程量,從而為后面的綜合單價(jià)調(diào)節(jié)以及組
45、價(jià)提供最有利的支持,同時(shí)國(guó)標(biāo)中的工作內(nèi)容和項(xiàng)目特征并不是與河南省地區(qū)綜合單價(jià)中的項(xiàng)目一一對(duì)應(yīng),這就需要我認(rèn)真細(xì)致的研究,通過組價(jià)來把所有的工作內(nèi)容都包含在內(nèi),這樣才能得到準(zhǔn)確的綜合單價(jià)。</p><p> 在這個(gè)信息化的時(shí)代,電腦軟件已經(jīng)觸及到我們生活的每一個(gè)角落,作為以前工程量計(jì)算的主要方式-手工計(jì)算,現(xiàn)以被廣聯(lián)達(dá)、魯班、清華斯維爾等造價(jià)軟件所替代,其逐漸淪落為輔助手段。這些造價(jià)軟件的出現(xiàn),大大提升了工作效率
46、,是先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的主要表現(xiàn),所以我們要想適應(yīng)畢業(yè)后的工作,就必須掌握使用軟件算量的技能。本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)我采用的是手算和軟件算相結(jié)合的辦法,在土建和一般裝飾中,其主要工程量的計(jì)算我用的是廣聯(lián)達(dá)的圖形算量和鋼筋算量軟件,對(duì)于一些細(xì)部的構(gòu)件我是手工計(jì)算然后添加進(jìn)去;在安裝工程中,由于工程量不是很大,同時(shí)圖紙較為簡(jiǎn)單我選擇的是用全部手工計(jì)算,這樣的方式讓我有充分的時(shí)間來計(jì)算工程量并對(duì)計(jì)算結(jié)果進(jìn)行審核,總體來說比較滿意。</p><
47、;p> 在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中,由于之前軟件操作熟練程度不多,所以在運(yùn)用過程中難免會(huì)遇到一些實(shí)際問題,但通過老師的指導(dǎo)和同學(xué)之間的交流,軟件的操作運(yùn)用能力得到很大程度的提高,同時(shí)在套價(jià)的時(shí)候,有些列項(xiàng)按照實(shí)際情況無法找到相應(yīng)綜合單價(jià),所以只能求助于指導(dǎo)老師才予以解決??傊?,這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)雖收獲頗多,但同時(shí)也看到了自己的不足。在今后工作中,不斷學(xué)習(xí)新的知識(shí),拓展業(yè)務(wù),努力提升自己投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)的編制水平,使自己能夠成為一名優(yōu)秀的造價(jià)專業(yè)應(yīng)用型復(fù)合人
48、才。</p><p><b> 謝 辭</b></p><p> 騏驥一躍,不能十步;駑馬十駕,功在不舍。只有長(zhǎng)久的堅(jiān)持才能獲得最終的勝利,大學(xué)四年,如果沒有老師的諄諄教導(dǎo),我是無法如此扎實(shí)的掌握專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),也無法最終選擇專業(yè)性很強(qiáng)的工程量清單與計(jì)價(jià)的編制,正是在老師的幫助下,我才勇敢的選擇了這一具有挑戰(zhàn)性的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),同時(shí)實(shí)習(xí)工地也為我提供了詳細(xì)的圖紙,在這里向
49、他們表示感謝。</p><p> 在此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中,如果沒有老師的指導(dǎo)和幫助,以及同學(xué)之間的相關(guān)支持與鼓勵(lì),很難想象會(huì)是什么樣的結(jié)果,所以在這里請(qǐng)首先允許我向我的指導(dǎo)老師致以我最崇高的敬意,正是她一次次又一次的耐心教導(dǎo)使我茅塞頓開,明白了很多自己無法明白的問題,解決了困擾我前進(jìn)的麻煩,使我最終能夠完成自己的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),同時(shí)在這個(gè)過程中我還要感謝我的組員,正是他們的陪伴,一次又一次信息的共享,使我獲得了很多的知識(shí)
50、,讓我堅(jiān)持前行,不畏艱辛,最后還要感謝給我?guī)椭耐瑢W(xué),由于我的廣聯(lián)達(dá)用的不太熟練,是閆寶華同學(xué)的無私才讓我對(duì)軟件有了更深的認(rèn)識(shí),增加了熟練度,最后再次對(duì)幫助過我的老師和同學(xué)報(bào)以最真摯的謝意。</p><p><b> 參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p> 肖倫斌主編.工程量計(jì)算規(guī)則中的幾個(gè)問題探討[J].西南科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版).2009,18(4)</
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58、lt;p> [21] Thomas Reichmann. Controlling Concept of Management Control, Controllership, and Rations, Springer, 1997 </p><p> [22] George G.E. Rejda. Principles of Risk Management and Insurance. Har
59、per Collins College Publishers. 1995</p><p> [23] AndréS GóMez-Lobo, Stefan Szymanski. The Significance of the Tendering Contract on the opportunities for Clients to encourage Contractor-led Innov
60、ation, Journal of Project and Construction Management, 1998, Vol.4</p><p><b> 外文資料翻譯</b></p><p> The Significance of the Tendering Contract on The Opportunities for Clients to Enco
61、urage Contractor-led Innovation</p><p> During the tendering process for most major construction contracts there is the opportunity for bidders to suggest alternative innovative solutions Clear clients are
62、keen to take advantage of opportunities, and equally contractors want to expertise to establish competitive advantage. Both parties may very well benefit from the encouragement of such innovation and the availability of
63、cheaper methods of construction than been contemplated by the tendering authority.</p><p> However recent developments in common law have raised doubts about the ability of owners to seek alternative tender
64、s without placing themselves at risk of litigation. This common law has recognized the existence of the so-called ‘tendering contract’ or ‘process contract’. Since the tendering process is inherently price competitive, t
65、he application of the tendering contract concept is likely to severely inhibit the opportunity for alternative tenders.</p><p> This paper is primarily based on the literature review. The aim of this paper
66、is to highlight the problems with the competitive tendering process in relation to contractor-led innovation and explore ways in which owners can develop procurement procedures that will allow and encourage innovation fo
67、rm contractors.</p><p> PROBLEMS WITH COMPETITIVE TENDERING</p><p> The traditional tendering process was designed to produce direct price competition for a specified product. Evaluation of te
68、nders could vary while design and technical content are the same for each competing tender. Albeit the contract period is stipulated as constant, owners often encourage tenders to submit a second tender which offers an a
69、lternative price for an alternative time performance. Tenders would achieve this by reworking their tender programmer, finding the optimum contract period, </p><p> When evaluating alternative tenders, the
70、owner is confronted with the duty of equal treatment and fairness to all tenders. If one is to be preferred on an alternative tender, who is not a conforming tender in terms of the original invitation, how can all tender
71、s are treated equally and fairly? Any individualism exhibited on the part of a tender outside the permitted scope of price and time must disqualify that tender form the owner’s consideration because it does not conform t
72、o the invitation. T</p><p> Songer and Ibbs believed that the use of design-and-build procurement method would encourage innovation in the building and its tendering process. This procurement method imposes
73、 single point responsibility on contractor for the complete building and its tendering process differ from that of the traditional procurement method in that in must be capable of evaluating design as well as production
74、capability, time and price, all on a competitive basis. This is not easy. Competitive design is not ea</p><p> THE ‘TENDERING CONTRACT’</p><p> Developments in the law relating to tenders trad
75、itionally treated an ‘invitation’ or a ‘request for tenders’ as no more than an invitation to treat, an indication that the owner was ready to do business-something prior to and short of an offer. In other words , an inv
76、itation to treat was not an offer to make a contract with any person who might act on the invitation, but merely a first step in negotiation which may, or may not, lead to a contract. When each tenders submitted its tend
77、er in the pr</p><p> Recently, the modern view turns this theory upside down. There exists what is known as the ‘two contract’ analysis involving the emergence of the ‘tendering contract’. The invitation to
78、 tender is now in some circumstances to be treated as an offer to makes an offer to each tender which might be worded as follows:</p><p> ‘If you submit a tender in response to my invitation and which compl
79、ies with the stipulations made, I will consider that tender…’.</p><p> There is no obligation at all at this point on the side of the tenderers, but if a conforming tender is submitted, a contract is formed
80、 between owner and tenderer which has been described here as the ‘tendering contract’ or described elsewhere as a ‘pre-award contract’ or ‘process contract’. This contract is quite distinct from the contract eventually e
81、ntered into with the successful tenderer, called the main contract. Obligations of a contractual nature therefore arise between the owner and eac</p><p> For the sake of clarity, it may be started that the
82、submission of a conforming tender in response to an invitation can create contractual obligations for both parties. In the case: Ontariov.Ron Engineering, the court of Canada held that a contract was brought into being a
83、utomatically upon the submission of a responsive tender by each tenderer. Having established that a ‘tendering contract’ exists, it is then important to constitute what the terms are of that contract the terms are derive
84、d from t</p><p> GUIDANCE ON CONTRACTOR SELECTION</p><p> The significance of probity in tendering</p><p> Probity is defined in various dictionaries as “moral excellence, integr
85、ity, uprightness, consciousness, honesty, sincerity”. In the tendering context, it generally depends upon confidentiality of documentation and decision making, objective and consistent assessment at each of decision maki
86、ng and resolution of any possible, perceived or actual conflicts of interest. Thus, one of the primary objectives of probity in tendering is to maintain the integrity of the bidding process. The Canadian court</p>
87、<p> Johnston asserts that transparency in the entire contracting out process is essential so that potential contractors and members of the public can have confidence in the outcomes. If integrity and impartiality
88、 are not evident, tenderers may be reluctant to make a bid, the formulation of which requires significant amount of time and resources. In that case, competition is likely to be lessened and the best value for money may
89、not be achieved.</p><p> In principle, recent development in common law attempts to maintain some integrity in the tendering process by recognizing the existence of the parties’ obligations to one another s
90、o that the owner can not simply reject or accept tenders as it pleases, or can not negotiate with one or more tenderers to produce satisfactory deal. As mentioned previously, the contractual obligation between the partie
91、s is referred to as the ‘tendering contract’. Breach of the ‘tendering contract’ entitles the injur</p><p> to ensure all respondents are assessed objectively and consistently</p><p> to ensur
92、e integrity in all evaluation and selection process</p><p> to ensure all confidential information is secured</p><p> to address any potential, or actual conflicts of interest</p><p
93、> to promote defensibility of process.</p><p> On conclusion, Craig suggests some guidelines on how alternative tenders and tenders involving design proposals might be taken legitimately by the owner so
94、 as to avoid or minimize the likelihood of the clients placing themselves at risk of litigation due to a breach of the contractual obligations arising out of ‘tendering contract’. They are specified as follows.</p>
95、<p> Under the ‘tendering contract’ the owner is obliged to treat all tenders equally and fairly. All conforming tenders must therefore be considered. </p><p> An effective ‘privilege clause’ which
96、says something like “any tender will not necessarily be accepted” will normally prevent an owner becoming obliged to accept any tender. All tenders may therefore be properly rejected. On the other hand, a term to the eff
97、ect that a contract will be award to the lowest, or highest, bidder is enforceable. This implies that an owner can not use the ‘privilege clause’ as an excuse for deviating form the contract evaluation and award criteria
98、 set down in the tende</p><p> It would be a breach of the tendering obligation of equal and fair treatment for the owner to negotiate with one tenderer on terms which do not apply to other tenderers.</p
99、><p> All tenderers are entitled to know the basis on which tenders will be evaluated and on which a contract-award decision will be made.</p><p> If innovation from tenderers is required, an own
100、er must expressly create the right for a tender to submit an alternative tender. If the right then exists, the owners are obliged to consider such proposals. Tenderers must be informed of criteria for evaluation of such
101、alternative proposals.</p><p> Tender conditions must define the scope of alternative tenders. That scope must be not too tight so as to restrict innovation, but not too wide so as to result in a proposal f
102、or a scheme quite different to the originally tendered for.</p><p> Tender conditions for projects involving design must include criteria for evaluating that design. The criteria must be made known to all t
103、enderers.</p><p> It is a breach of the ‘tendering contract’ for the owner to award a contract to a tenderer who offers something different to what was asked for in the invitation to tender.</p><
104、p> Furthermore, Johnston adds</p><p> Invitation document should be accessible to all potential bidders. They should be expressed in readily understood terms.</p><p> It is easier to formu
105、late appropriate selection criteria when the project specifications are developed first. Clear specifications and selection criteria assist possible contractors to formulate bids appropriately.</p><p> A po
106、licy in relation to non-conforming bids should be formulated and documented in the invitation documentation.</p><p> Often assessment of bids will involve a numbers of assessment panels. In this situation,
107、there should be a separation of assessment panels. For example, a panel of experts may review financial viability whilst another will look at those same bids form a design perspective. Assessment panels would commonly be
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