化學(xué)專業(yè)論文翻譯與寫作

1、<p>　　專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中的常見語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象</p><p><b>　　人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)</b></p><p>　　科技英語(yǔ)中主要使用第三人稱，但第一人稱也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，主要是：</p><p>　?。?）敘述某個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)論時(shí)，告訴讀者我們以前也報(bào)道過，這里不在敘述；</p><p>　　（2）為了引導(dǎo)讀者按照作

2、者的思路去思考問題，此時(shí)we等第一人稱是指作者和讀者雙方。</p><p>　　另外在文章的開頭和結(jié)論部分有事也使用we，如in this paper, we report…或者we concluded that…等</p><p>　　時(shí)態(tài)主要使用三種時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)</p><p>　　在敘述一般的科學(xué)原理、公式推導(dǎo)、計(jì)算過程和結(jié)論時(shí)，常

3、用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；</p><p>　　如當(dāng)提到本文、此圖、此表等說明了、表達(dá)了什么時(shí)</p><p>　　This paper describes ……</p><p>　　The focus of this paper is ……</p><p>　　Figure 1 shows ……</p><p>　　Most o

4、f the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.</p><p>　　在敘述某種實(shí)驗(yàn)操作、試劑配制時(shí)，常使用一般過去時(shí)；</p><p>　　例如：Novozym-435 (2.0 g) was suspended in 25 mL of nanopure water in a 100 mL round-bottomed

5、 flask fitted with a water cooled condenser. The lipase suspension was refluxed for 14 h. The suspension was then allowed to cool to room temperature, and water was removed by freeze drying…. The reaction vials were capp

6、ed tightly and shaken vigorously for a few minutes. Thereaction vials were then placed in a constant-temperature water bath maintained at 37°C for 3h with magnetic stirring….</p><p>　　在敘述已經(jīng)發(fā)生的并且延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的事情

7、時(shí)使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如描述研究進(jìn)展使用In recent years作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常使用完成時(shí)</p><p>　　In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nat

8、ure.</p><p>　　時(shí)態(tài)是個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的問題雖然有一般的規(guī)則但往往在實(shí)際文章中很難把握，需要注意的是在同一段落中要避免時(shí)態(tài)跳躍。</p><p>　　科技英語(yǔ)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)比較多，但也可使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，特別是強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，在學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議交流時(shí)也使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這種語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子簡(jiǎn)潔，意思準(zhǔn)確。</p><p>　　例：The oscillator strengths

9、of certain 4f-4f transitions in lanthanide(Ⅲ) complexes exhibit an especially strong sensitivity to the structural details and chemical nature of the ligand environment.</p><p>　　The extraction behavior of t

10、rivalent lanthanide ions has been studied with DBM. The ratio of Ln:DBM in the extracted species was determined to be 1:3 by the slope analysis method.</p><p><b>　　二 數(shù)</b></p><p>　　數(shù)

11、也有其復(fù)雜化特別是在學(xué)術(shù)論文里有是很難顧及數(shù)上的邏輯但一般不將邏輯上</p><p>　　的問題視為語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤只須注意在一個(gè)句子中的數(shù)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的統(tǒng)一即可</p><p>　　以下是需要注意的語(yǔ)法</p><p><b>　　不規(guī)則變化的單復(fù)數(shù)</b></p><p>　　單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)</p>&l

12、t;p>　　criterion criteria 依據(jù)</p><p>　　phenomenon phenomena 現(xiàn)象</p><p>　　medium media 介質(zhì)</p><p>　　radius radii 半徑</p><p>　　index indices 指數(shù)</p><p>　　

13、appendix appendices 附錄</p><p>　　stimulus stimuli 刺激</p><p>　　basis bases 基礎(chǔ)</p><p>　　synthesis syntheses 合成</p><p>　　matrix matrices 基體</p><p>　　Novel

14、 biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers</p><p>　　that are responsive to environmental stimuli.</p><p>　　一些數(shù)有特殊性的名詞</p><p>　　data,

15、kinetics 通常作復(fù)數(shù)名詞</p><p>　　research, work: 不可數(shù)名詞</p><p>　　The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.</p><p>　　The kinetics of polymerization withi

16、n each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding</p><p>　　bulk polymerization.</p><p>　　Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope&

17、lt;/p><p>　　glycoprotein.</p><p>　　Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.</p><p>　　一些結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù) <主謂的統(tǒng)一></p><p>　　one of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞:單數(shù)</

18、p><p>　　none of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞:復(fù)數(shù)</p><p>　　none of 單數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞:單數(shù)</p><p>　　no 復(fù)數(shù)名詞:復(fù)數(shù)</p><p>　　no 單數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞:單數(shù)</p><p>　　a kind of 單數(shù)名詞:單數(shù) </p><p>　　this/th

19、at kind of 單數(shù)名詞:單數(shù)</p><p>　　these kinds of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞:復(fù)數(shù)</p><p>　　復(fù)數(shù)名詞 of this/that kind ：復(fù)數(shù)</p><p>　　sort 與kind 類似</p><p>　　a type of 單數(shù)名詞：?jiǎn)螖?shù)</p><p>　　a series

20、of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)</p><p>　　a class of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)</p><p>　　the number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：?jiǎn)螖?shù)</p><p>　　a number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)</p><p>　　Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents, especially

21、used in the treatment of various</p><p>　　leukaemias.</p><p>　　One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier.</p><p>　　Biocompatibilit

22、y is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial.</p><p>　　Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in</p><p>　　whic

23、h chemists are contributing to human health care.</p><p>　　Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.</p><p>　　None of the presently used ones are applied rigo

24、rously.</p><p>　　Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene</p><p>　　therap approaches.</p><p>　　This type of termination is often

25、 referred to as spontaneous termination.</p><p>　　A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text.</p><p>　　The number of mechanisms which have been propos

26、ed to explain the stereopecificity of</p><p>　　Ziegler-Natta catalysts.</p><p>　　* The number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞: 整個(gè)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)為單數(shù); 但此句的動(dòng)詞have 是從句的謂語(yǔ)</p><p>　　而從句是形容mechanisms.</p><p>

27、;　　在其它的從句謂語(yǔ)中也是同樣如: One of the mechanisms which have been……</p><p>　　A series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.</p><p>　　A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.<

28、;/p><p>　　Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use</p><p>　　requirements.</p><p>　　The most important class of poly(amides) for co

29、ntrolled release are the poly(amino acids).</p><p>　　The majority of poly(anhydrides) are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.</p><p>　　A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers

30、have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering</p><p><b>　　matrices.</b></p><p>　　后面通常要用復(fù)數(shù)名詞對(duì)可數(shù)名詞而言</p><p>　　various different</p><p>　　most all many severa

31、l</p><p>　　one of many of</p><p><b>　　kinds of</b></p><p>　　a number of the number of</p><p>　　a (wide) variety of a class of</p><p>　　a series

32、 of a wide range of</p><p>　　Dozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.</p><p>　　In a number of special applications (e.g. contact lenses and skin-grafting

33、 materials), additional</p><p>　　requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.</p><p>　　Many of these transmembrane proteins are receptors.</p><p>

34、;　　Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing,</p><p>　　while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers,&

35、lt;/p><p>　　both factors may be favorable for crystallization.</p><p><b>　　形容可數(shù)名詞的量詞</b></p><p>　　a few， many ，a number of</p><p>　　形容不可數(shù)名詞的量詞</p><p

36、>　　a great/small/certain amount of， a great/good deal of</p><p>　　形容可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞均可的量詞</p><p>　　a lot of ，lots of</p><p>　　Although a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a fe

37、w completely crystalline, most</p><p>　　polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.</p><p>　　The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kin

38、ds of IPN</p><p>　　have been synthesized with different compositions.</p><p>　　The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.</p><p>　　A sizea

39、ble amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic</p><p><b>　　monomers.</b></p><p><b>　　以下結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)</b></p><p><b>　　由前一個(gè)決定<

40、;/b></p><p>　　, as well as……</p><p>　　由較靠近謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的決定</p><p>　　not only……but also……</p><p>　　either……or……</p><p>　　neither……nor……</p><p>　　◆ 當(dāng)含

41、意上強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)建議用復(fù)數(shù)。</p><p>　　The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are different.</p><p>　　Our research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates w

42、ith different chemical structures.</p><p>　　The physical and chemical properties of this compound have been studied.</p><p>　　The chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights

43、are different.</p><p>　　當(dāng)含意上不強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。</p><p>　　Our research focuses on the synthesis of polycarbonates.</p><p>　　The property of the compounds in group 1 is different from the

44、property of the compounds in group 2.</p><p>　　The chain length of the oligomers increases with increasing reaction time.</p><p>　　◆ 在標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題中 或 描述一類事物、現(xiàn)象等時(shí)：當(dāng)提到具體物質(zhì)時(shí)常用復(fù)數(shù)。</p><p>　　2-

45、1 Polyesters</p><p>　　Polymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which combine with each other to form polymer molecules are termed monomers.</p><

46、;p>　　在標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題中 或 描述一類事物、現(xiàn)象等時(shí)：當(dāng)提到抽象概念時(shí)可用單數(shù)、也可用復(fù)數(shù)。</p><p>　　2-11 Step Copolymerization</p><p>　　2-12 Newer Types of Step Polymerizations</p><p>　　This chapter will consider the char

47、acteristics of step polymerization in detail.</p><p>　　學(xué)術(shù)論文、有關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)的科普文章中的名詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)特性的劃分區(qū)別于非學(xué)術(shù)文章<非學(xué)術(shù)文章中的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)特性可從字典查到>。</p><p>　　以下是在學(xué)術(shù)文章中通常視為可數(shù)名詞的單詞：<但在一般字典中它們或它們做某種含義解時(shí)可能被劃歸不可數(shù)名詞。> &

48、lt;/p><p>　　application development consideration</p><p>　　composition concentration distribution</p><p>　　structure length weight</p>&l

49、t;p>　　☆ 當(dāng)同時(shí)提及幾個(gè)圖、表、方程式時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)（分別單個(gè)地提及則不用）：</p><p>　　The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3.</p><p>　　The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 an

50、d Equation 3.</p><p>　　Figs. 4 and 5 show ……</p><p><b>　　三 冠詞</b></p><p>　　冠詞最普通的規(guī)則如下：</p><p>　　單數(shù)名詞前一般要加冠詞a , the 等 但有些情況可不加</p><p>　　復(fù)數(shù)名詞前一般可

51、不加冠詞也可加the, these, those.</p><p>　　The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.</p><p>　　The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type rel

52、ationship</p><p>　　K = A e -E/RT</p><p>　　Where A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energy, and T the Kelvin</p><p>　　temperature. A plot of lnK versus 1

53、/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slope</p><p>　　and intercept, respectively.</p><p>　　When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fra

54、ction</p><p>　　dissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interior</p><p>　　hydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer

55、is dispersed as monomer</p><p><b>　　droplets.</b></p><p>　　被修飾的名詞前要加the:</p><p>　　There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the

56、synthesis of</p><p>　　new polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available.</p><p>　　The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most

57、 of them become</p><p>　　heterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 .</p><p>　　☆ 單數(shù)名詞前一般要加冠詞：a , the等； 但以下情況可不加：</p><p>　　表示不特指的、較抽象的概念：</p&g

58、t;<p>　　This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail.</p><p>　　An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes from a variety of

59、sources.</p><p>　　Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm.</p><p>　　但需注意這些單詞前加冠詞也是經(jīng)常見到

60、的，這是由它在句中的含義決定的<如有一定的特指意義>：</p><p>　　Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer – it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (-73°C) and a high Tm (14°C).</p><p>　　☆ 目錄、標(biāo)題中通常省略冠詞：&l

61、t;/p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Types of Polymers and Polymerizations</p><p><b>　　…</b></p><p>　　1-4 Molecular Weight</p><p>　　1-5 Physical State

62、</p><p>　　☆圖、表的題目中有時(shí)可省略冠詞：</p><p>　　Fig. 2-2 Second order plot of the self-catalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with diethylene glycol at 166 °C.</p><p>　　Fig. 8 Depende

63、nce of the ease of cyclization on the size of the ring.</p><p>　　具體的化學(xué)藥品、化學(xué)物質(zhì)前通常不加冠詞：</p><p>　　The polymerization is catalyzed by protonic or lewis acids although a wide variety of base catalyst

64、s such as calcium acetate and antimony trioxide can also be used.</p><p>　　圖中的橫、縱坐標(biāo)的名稱前不加冠詞：</p><p><b>　　四 標(biāo)點(diǎn)</b></p><p>　　英文中一句話結(jié)束要用句號(hào)注意避免過長(zhǎng)的句子這點(diǎn)與漢語(yǔ)中常用逗號(hào)的習(xí)慣不同</p>

65、<p>　　請(qǐng)注意以下結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)</p><p>　　…… such as A and B ……</p><p>　　…… such as A, B and C ……</p><p>　　…… , such as A, ……</p><p>　　…… , for example, ……</p><p>　

66、　…… , for example ……</p><p>　　…… ,e.g., ……</p><p>　　…… ,i.e., ……</p><p>　　……, respectively.</p><p><b>　　五 大小寫</b></p><p>　　☆ 請(qǐng)注意以下結(jié)構(gòu)的大、小寫：</

67、p><p>　　當(dāng)提及具體第幾章、節(jié)；圖、表；方程式時(shí)，首個(gè)字母通常要大寫：</p><p>　　As discussed in Chapter 2, ……</p><p>　　In Section 1.2, we ……</p><p>　　As shown in Figure 1, ……</p><p>　　The re

68、sults are listed in Table 3.</p><p>　　當(dāng)不指明是第幾章、節(jié)；圖、表；方程式時(shí)，首個(gè)字母如在句中通常用小寫：</p><p>　　In the previous chapter, ……</p><p>　　As shown in this figure, ……</p><p><b>　　六 縮

69、寫：</b></p><p>　　以下全名和縮寫在文中通常視為同等，可以互換。</p><p>　　Figure Fig. Figures Figs.</p><p>　　Table Tab.</p><p>　　Chapter Chap.</p>