外文翻譯--創(chuàng)造機器人把基本機制創(chuàng)造成一個具有自我激勵自我組織構(gòu)架的機器人

1、<p>　　Bringing up robot: F undamental mechanisms for</p><p>　　creating a self-motiv ated, self-organizing architecture</p><p>　　In this paper we describe an intrinsic developmental algorith

2、m designed to allow a mobile robot to incrementally progress through levels of increasingly sophisticated behavior. We believe that the core ingredients for such a developmental algorithm are abstractions, anticipations,

3、 and self-motivations. We propose a multi-level, cascaded discovery and control architecture that includes these core ingredients. Toward this proposal we explore two novel models: a governor for automatically regulatin&

4、lt;/p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　Most intelligent robot control systems begin with the goal of creating a robot to carry out humanissued tasks. While these tasks v ary in difficulty , they must,

5、 by their very nature, involve abstract concepts. For example, typical tasks might be: go to a specific location, identify an object, or pick up an object. Attempting to directly achieve the goal of carrying out human co

6、mmands creates basic assumptions about the architectural design of a robot. We call this philosophy task-oriented desig</p><p>　　Within the task-oriented design paradigm, there are two competing methodologie

7、s: top-down, and bottom-up. T op-down designers apply computational algorithms that can be carried out on the robots so as to accomplish a given task. There is a range of computational models employed in robotics: dead r

8、eckoning (e.g., using internal measures of space), sensor fusion, behavior fusion, and symbolic logic.</p><p>　　Bottom-up designers again usually take the task to be performed by the robot as a pre-specified

9、 assumption. However, the control architecture of the robot is designed in a bottom-up fashion.Examples include subsumption architectures, supervised learning schemes, and evolutionary computation.</p><p>　　

10、We believe that a significant pitfall exists in both the top-down and bottom-up task-oriented robot design methodologies: inherent anthropomorphic bias. This bias refers to the design of prespecified robot tasks: traditi

11、onal research in the design of intelligent robots has attempted to get robots to do the tasks a human can, and do it in a human-centered manner. Historically , this methodology started out by imitating the physical actio

12、ns of a child playing with blocks. A task was decomposed int</p><p>　　Furthermore, even if we could build a robot with a human-like body and senses, it is not clear that we can jump straight to the abstract

13、task at hand. Many control issues need to be solved in order to have a robotic system carry out even the simplest of tasks. After a half-century of continued research, the artificial intelligence and robotics communities

14、 are still far from developing any type of general purpose intelligent system. </p><p>　　Recently , a new approach called developmental robotics is being applied to the design of robot behaviors. In this app

15、roach, an artifact under the control of an intrinsic developmental algorithm discovers capabilities through autonomous real-time interactions with its environment using its own sensors and effectors. That is, given a phy

16、sical robot or an artifact, behaviors (as well as mental capabilities) are gr own using a developmental algorithm. The kinds of behaviors and mental capabilities </p><p>　　A developmental approach to robotic

17、s is partly an attempt to eliminate anthropomorphic bias.By exploring the nature of development, the robot is essentially freed from the task of achieving a pre-specified goal. As long as the intrinsic developmental algo

18、rithm demonstrates growing behavior there is no need to pre-specify any particular task for the robot to perform. Indeed, it is the goal of developmental robotics to explore the range of tasks that can be learned (or gro

19、wn) by a robot, given</p><p>　　a specific developmental algorithm and a control architecture. This paper outlines our approach to a developmental robotics program and two experiments toward an implementation

20、.</p><p>　　2 Overview of a Developmental Robotics Paradigm</p><p>　　The ultimate goal of our developmental robotics program is to design a control architecture that could be installed within a r

21、obot so that when that robot is turned on for the first time, it initiates an ongoing, autonomous developmental process. This process should be unsupervised, unscheduled, and task-less, and the architecture should work e

22、qually well on any robot platform|a fixed robot arm, a wheeled robot, or a legged robot. </p><p>　　The intrinsic developmental process we are currently exploring contains three essential mechanisms: abstract

23、ion, anticipation, and self-motivation. In a realistic, dynamic environment, a robot is flooded with a constant stream of perceptual information. In order to use this information effectively for determining actions, a ro

24、bot must have the ability to make abstractions so as to focus its attention on the most relevant features of the environment. Based on these abstractions, a robot</p><p>　　must be able to anticipate how the

25、environment will change over time, so as to go beyond simple reflexive behavior to purposeful behavior. Most importantly , the entire process is driven by internal motivations to push the system toward further abstractio

26、ns and more complex anticipations.</p><p>　　We believe that the developmental process should be employed in a hierarchical, bootstrapping manner, so as to result in the discovery of a range of increasingly s

27、ophisticated behaviors. That is, starting with a basic, built-in innate behavior, the robot exercises its sensors and motors, uses the mechanisms for abstraction and anticipation and discovers simple reflex behavior. A s

28、elf-motivated control scheme employs these discoveries in order to supercede its innate behavior. This constitutes</p><p>　　the first stage of the bootstrapping process.</p><p>　　The same intrin

29、sic developmental algorithm can be employed recursively in subsequent stages, using the knowledge discovered in previous stages. For example, a secondary stage may abstract sequences of behaviors and corresponding perce

30、ptual views. These behavior sequences, termed protoplans [12], can lead the robot through a series of views in the environment thus resulting in `interesting' places to visit. We will call these places protogoals. He

31、re, the proto prefix implies a distinction betwee</p><p>　　The control scheme that is responsible for driving the robot at each stage uses the discovered abstractions and anticipations while being pushed by

32、internal motivations. At the lowest level, the motivational model indicates to the system how `comfortable' it is in the given environment. If it is too comfortable, it becomes bored, and takes measures to move the r

33、obot into more interesting areas. Conversely , if the environment is chaotic, it becomes over-excited and attempts to return to more sta</p><p>　　創(chuàng)造機器人：把基本機制創(chuàng)造成一個具有自我激勵，自我組織構(gòu)架的機器人</p><p>　　在本文中，

34、我們描述了一種具有內(nèi)在發(fā)展算法的機器人，這種機器人能通過日益復(fù)雜的行為來提高自己。我們認(rèn)為對于這樣一個發(fā)展的算法它的核心成分是抽象的，隨機應(yīng)變的和自我動機的。于是我們提出了一個多層次的，級聯(lián)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，和包括那些核心成分的控制結(jié)構(gòu)。針對這樣一個提議我們討論了兩種新的模型：一個帶自動調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的調(diào)節(jié)器和一個代表著“protogoals”神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)路徑規(guī)劃的模式驅(qū)動。</p><p><b>　　1介紹<

35、/b></p><p>　　大多數(shù)機器人的控制系統(tǒng)開始于創(chuàng)建一個機器人來執(zhí)行人們發(fā)出的目標(biāo)任務(wù)。而這些任務(wù)都很困難，它們有本身的性質(zhì)，是一些抽象的概念。例如，典型的任務(wù)可能是：去一個特定的位置，識別或者選擇一個目標(biāo)。試圖直接實施人們的命令來創(chuàng)建關(guān)于機器人設(shè)計的基本假設(shè)。我們稱這種理念為面向任務(wù)設(shè)計。</p><p>　　在面向任務(wù)設(shè)計理念里，有兩套互相對立的設(shè)計方法：自頂向下設(shè)計和自

36、底向上設(shè)計。自頂向上的設(shè)計算法可以讓機器人完成指定的任務(wù)。在機器人內(nèi)部運用了一系列的計算模型：航位推算（例如，使用內(nèi)部空間的措施），傳感融合，行為融合，和符號邏輯。</p><p>　　自底而上的設(shè)計師往往讓機器人執(zhí)行一個預(yù)先指定好的假象任務(wù)。然而，對機器人的控制結(jié)構(gòu)體系則是一個自底而上的設(shè)計方案。</p><p>　　我們認(rèn)為在自頂而下和自底而上設(shè)計方案中都存在著一個重大的缺陷：內(nèi)在的擬

37、人化的偏見。這種偏見是指對預(yù)先指定的機器人任務(wù)的設(shè)計：智能機器人的傳統(tǒng)研究已試圖讓機器人以人為中心做人們可以做的任務(wù)。從歷史上看，這種方法開始于通過模仿孩子玩積木的肢體動作。目標(biāo)任務(wù)被分解為一個規(guī)劃方案，然后通過配備一個臂和夾持器，機器人被用來處理特定的物體。內(nèi)在的擬人化的偏見之所以能存在設(shè)計中，是因為這個問題是探討智能行為的模型。這種方法的缺點是行為符號建?；谌梭w和人的觀念能力之上。這兩個功能都將成為機器本身不恰當(dāng)?shù)募傧搿?lt;/

38、p><p>　　此外，即使我們能制造一個與人類身體和感官一樣的機器人，它也不會明確我們手上正要執(zhí)行的任務(wù)。為了能有一個好的機器人來完成簡單的任務(wù)，許多問題都要解決。經(jīng)過一個半世紀(jì)的不斷研究，人工智能和機器人領(lǐng)域仍然遠(yuǎn)未發(fā)展任何類型的通用智能系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　最近，一種新的方法稱為發(fā)展機器人的方法被應(yīng)用于機器人的行為設(shè)計中。在這種方法中，在一個具有固有發(fā)展能力算法的控制下，通過自主的實

39、時互交，利用自身的傳感器和環(huán)境效應(yīng)來發(fā)展自己。就是說，給定一個物理或人造機器人，行為（以及精神能力）的生長使用發(fā)展算法。這種行為和心理能力表現(xiàn)沒有明確指定。重點是內(nèi)在發(fā)展算法和計算模型允許一個人造機器人發(fā)展。</p><p>　　機器人發(fā)展的一種方法是試圖清除擬人化的偏見。通過探索發(fā)展的本質(zhì)，機器人基本上可以自由地完成一個預(yù)先指定的目標(biāo)任務(wù)。只要內(nèi)在發(fā)展的算法在成長就無需對機器人執(zhí)行任何特定的任務(wù)。事實上，是機器

40、人目標(biāo)探索任務(wù)可以學(xué)到的范圍，給出了具體的算法和控制結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展。本文概述了機器人發(fā)展的方法和兩個實驗的實現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　2發(fā)展式機器人的描述</p><p>　　我們發(fā)展機器人的最終目標(biāo)是設(shè)計一個可安裝在機器人上的控制構(gòu)架以至于一打開機器人時就會啟動一個持續(xù)發(fā)展的過程。這個過程應(yīng)該是無監(jiān)督的，不定期的，任務(wù)少的，而且這種構(gòu)造同樣使用于任何一個固定的機器人手臂的機器人平臺，輪式機器

41、人或足式機器人。</p><p>　　在內(nèi)在發(fā)展過程中，我們目前正在探索三個基本機制：抽象的，預(yù)期的，和自我激勵的。在一個現(xiàn)實的動態(tài)環(huán)境中，一個機器人充斥著一個恒定的感知信息流。為了有效地使用此信息來確定動作，機器人必須要有抽象的已關(guān)注環(huán)境的最相適應(yīng)的能力。在此基礎(chǔ)上，機器人必須能夠預(yù)測到環(huán)境隨著時間變化而變化從而超越簡單的反身行為或有目的的行為。最重要的是，整個過程是由內(nèi)在動機驅(qū)動的推進系統(tǒng)進一步的抽象和更復(fù)雜

42、的預(yù)測。</p><p>　　我們認(rèn)為在發(fā)展過程中應(yīng)采用分層引導(dǎo)的方式，從而導(dǎo)致一系列的日益復(fù)雜的行為出現(xiàn)。那就是起始于一個基本的，內(nèi)在的先天行為，機器人的運動傳感器和電機采用抽象的預(yù)測的和發(fā)現(xiàn)簡單的反身行為。該控制方案采用了這些方法目的是取代其先天行為。這是自發(fā)過程的第一階段。</p><p>　　相同的內(nèi)在發(fā)展算法可以被使用在后期階段利用所知道的發(fā)現(xiàn)以前的階段。例如，第二階段可能要記錄

43、機器人的行為和相應(yīng)的感官。這些行為序列稱為protoplans，可以是機器人通過一系列有趣的地方從而形成對環(huán)境的感知，我們稱這些地方為protogoals。在這里，原始前綴意味著從這里使用的發(fā)展計劃與目標(biāo)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)概念之間的區(qū)別。同樣的發(fā)展過程可以被超越這個階段發(fā)現(xiàn)實際目標(biāo)和計劃。</p><p>　　這是負(fù)責(zé)在每個階段驅(qū)動機器人的控制方案，利用發(fā)現(xiàn)抽象的和預(yù)期的目標(biāo)而推測到內(nèi)部動機。在最低水平模型表示系統(tǒng)是在給定的