食物包裝技術(shù)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

1、<p>　　華 北 電 力 大 學(xué) 科 技 學(xué) 院</p><p>　　畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）附 件</p><p>　　外 文 文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯</p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： 071921020115 姓 名： 劉清 </p><p>　　所在院系： 機(jī)械工程系 專業(yè)班級(jí)： 藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)0

2、7K1 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： 劉淵 </p><p>　　原文標(biāo)題： Food Packaging Technology </p><p>　　2011年 3 月 21 日</p><p><b>　　食物包裝技術(shù)</b></p><p&g

3、t;　　包裝技術(shù)對(duì)于一個(gè)公司來說具有戰(zhàn)略意義，就像是在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的食品行業(yè)的一件制勝法寶。在迎合終端客戶的需求和愿望、開辟新的銷售渠道、提高質(zhì)量控制等方面來降低成本、增加利潤(rùn)、提高產(chǎn)品品牌分化過程中的作用并提高對(duì)客戶產(chǎn)品的售后服務(wù)。</p><p>　　生產(chǎn)商在積極降低供應(yīng)鏈成本的同時(shí)必須謹(jǐn)慎的保持食品在安全和產(chǎn)品完整性等基本技術(shù)要求方面的平衡，并要保證高效的售后服務(wù)。另外，通過增加有價(jià)值的包裝設(shè)計(jì)來滿足市場(chǎng)對(duì)保護(hù)

4、和凸顯品牌效應(yīng)也是必需的。而后者可能包括交流信息不同、造型美觀符合人類審美、功能強(qiáng)大，環(huán)保意識(shí)強(qiáng)等諸多方面。</p><p>　　因此，在保證食品健康和安全的前提下提供具有成本效益的包裝來滿足用戶的需求和欲望對(duì)生產(chǎn)商來說是一個(gè)連續(xù)不斷的挑戰(zhàn)。同時(shí)，盡量降低產(chǎn)品對(duì)環(huán)境的影響和對(duì)用戶有效地售后服務(wù)也是相當(dāng)重要的。這種挑戰(zhàn)一般通過一系列的關(guān)鍵因素來體現(xiàn)最主要的是來自法律和政策方面的壓力，具體來說，努力減少產(chǎn)品包裝的數(shù)量

5、和包裝廢物的處理是一個(gè)趨勢(shì)。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在越來越重要的一個(gè)方面就是在食品供應(yīng)上的售后包括生產(chǎn)和分銷系統(tǒng)并且牽連到包裝系統(tǒng)，這些已經(jīng)成為供應(yīng)者和分銷者之間關(guān)聯(lián)的重要接觸面。因此在包裝創(chuàng)新和設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域市場(chǎng)和供應(yīng)鏈的作用將體現(xiàn)的更加明顯。</p><p>　　從以上可以看出，考慮到技術(shù)、采購(gòu)、立法后勤保障、環(huán)保要求等方面，對(duì)包裝設(shè)計(jì)和發(fā)展的要求是不斷變化的。通常來說，在包裝所涉及的方面

6、需要一個(gè)整體的視角來看待包裝的效應(yīng)，這個(gè)效應(yīng)包括了諸多影響，具體體現(xiàn)在質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)品，工程師、市場(chǎng)銷售、食品技術(shù)、和消費(fèi)，法律問題、財(cái)務(wù)供應(yīng)鏈和環(huán)境管理等方面。</p><p>　　1.包裝對(duì)社會(huì)的價(jià)值</p><p>　　食品包裝的社會(huì)價(jià)值從來沒有如此巨大，綜合來看，包裝吸引了大量媒體宣傳和政治家的注意力。作為回應(yīng)，食品行業(yè)的利益相關(guān)者需要充分賞識(shí)和積極提高他們的包裝對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的提高所做出的

7、積極的貢獻(xiàn)。食品包裝通過大量的法律法規(guī)，守則實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)來管理。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品包裝的社會(huì)效益可以包括以下幾點(diǎn)：</p><p>　　*阻止或減少產(chǎn)品的損壞和食物的破換，有效地節(jié)約能源和保護(hù)重要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)并保護(hù)消費(fèi)者的身體健康；</p><p>　　*需要更少的都市固體廢物處置,因?yàn)樗梢源偈辜庸み^的食物殘?jiān)厥沼米黠暳匣蚍柿?。例如在超市買了454克（1磅

8、）的鮮玉米，消費(fèi)者能吃的部分也就是170克（6盎司），剩下的最后出現(xiàn)在垃圾桶里,并最終在當(dāng)?shù)氐睦盥駡?chǎng)（研究所的包裝專業(yè)人士,IOPP,美國(guó))。同樣數(shù)量可食用冷凍玉米能裝一聚乙烯袋，而袋子重量少于5克(小于0.30盎司)；</p><p>　　*減少或消除非法修改和產(chǎn)假的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；</p><p>　　*保護(hù)食物在一個(gè)衛(wèi)生的環(huán)境里并且給人一種美的享受；</p><p>

9、;　　*傳達(dá)關(guān)于食品的重要信息資料并且?guī)椭M(fèi)者理性消費(fèi)；</p><p>　　*給使用或準(zhǔn)備提供便利，從而節(jié)約更多的時(shí)間；</p><p>　　*提高貨物在市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，增加消費(fèi)者的可選擇度；</p><p>　　*有利于發(fā)展現(xiàn)代零售業(yè)，給消費(fèi)者提供一站式購(gòu)物的便利，提高世界各地各種時(shí)間段的產(chǎn)品的保質(zhì)期；</p><p>　　*保質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的

10、使用延長(zhǎng)貨架的期限，減少不必要的浪費(fèi)；</p><p>　　*通過使用環(huán)保包裝消除了商品制冷或凍結(jié)的配送與儲(chǔ)存，節(jié)省了能源。</p><p>　　食品行業(yè)意識(shí)到當(dāng)今公眾對(duì)包裝所關(guān)注的方面主要有：</p><p>　　*在城市垃圾中包裝垃圾和包裝廢棄物的數(shù)量；</p><p>　　*在城市垃圾中處理的費(fèi)用和廢棄包裝的再恢復(fù)；</p>

11、<p>　　*污染的產(chǎn)生和處理的方法有關(guān)，例如填埋或焚燒；</p><p><b>　　*容易打開；</b></p><p>　　*為解決產(chǎn)品問題而過度進(jìn)行包裝造成很明顯的損耗；</p><p>　　*易于進(jìn)行標(biāo)簽的處理；</p><p>　　*在標(biāo)簽上傳達(dá)完整的產(chǎn)品信息；</p><p

12、>　　*由于包裝而造成的食物污染；</p><p>　　*包含于包裝時(shí)的偶然性。</p><p><b>　　2.包裝策略</b></p><p>　　包裝也可以定義為：按照市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略，用一種安全和有效的成本花銷將產(chǎn)品送達(dá)給消費(fèi)者。一種包裝策略也是一個(gè)完整的計(jì)劃，這個(gè)計(jì)劃能考慮到將包裝好的產(chǎn)品提供給消費(fèi)者的過程中所要遇到的各種方面和各項(xiàng)

13、活動(dòng)。包裝策略應(yīng)該將明確的營(yíng)銷策略和生產(chǎn)策略緊密的聯(lián)系起來，即符合企業(yè)的整體戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和商業(yè)的責(zé)任。戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展過程中的關(guān)鍵因素包括技術(shù)/質(zhì)量、制造、采購(gòu)、市場(chǎng)銷售、供應(yīng)鏈、法律和金融功能等方面。</p><p>　　在實(shí)際營(yíng)銷過程中，包裝在戰(zhàn)略和技術(shù)方面具有同等重要的位置。一個(gè)品牌的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，與眾不同的包裝往往是一個(gè)公司勝出的關(guān)鍵。例如在英國(guó)，在啤酒行業(yè)小型裝置的發(fā)展為大酒廠開啟打開市場(chǎng)、拓展銷售渠道提供了新的機(jī)會(huì)。食品

14、包裝的戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)該考慮一下這些因素。</p><p>　　3.包裝的設(shè)計(jì)和發(fā)展</p><p>　　在包裝材料、形式、設(shè)計(jì)或過程上成功改革是營(yíng)銷鏈的前提需要。除非有市場(chǎng)需要，否則一些最重要的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性技術(shù)改革是很難取得成功的。有時(shí)，一個(gè)創(chuàng)新技術(shù)走在時(shí)代的前面但可能在市場(chǎng)條件變化之后才被采用。因此在一種新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)之前需要雇傭?qū)I(yè)技術(shù)研究、市場(chǎng)研究和消費(fèi)者研究機(jī)構(gòu)來辨別銷售機(jī)會(huì)并降低金融開支

15、及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。</p><p>　　例如：在英國(guó)對(duì)一群消費(fèi)者進(jìn)行調(diào)研之后對(duì)茶葉的包裝又進(jìn)行重新設(shè)計(jì)。結(jié)果改成內(nèi)部容易撕開的剛性方盒而不是很難打開的傳統(tǒng)的薄膜全包裝。氮聚酯用來包裝40帶茶葉來取代儲(chǔ)物柜貯藏。紙箱設(shè)計(jì)可能是一個(gè)袋子或多個(gè)小袋子，小袋子可以防止茶葉的灑落，提供保鮮度并且給人一種新鮮的形象。為在貨架上展示好的一面，紙箱的形狀、標(biāo)簽、顏色等也重新進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。這種包裝創(chuàng)新已經(jīng)被零售商和其他品牌茶葉制造商廣泛采用。&

16、lt;/p><p>　　一般來說比較成功的新產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展是那些將全部的內(nèi)在形式作為一個(gè)整體概念來實(shí)施的。產(chǎn)品整體概念的一個(gè)應(yīng)用就是用能反映可可豆成分的白色瓶子來包裝雪碧類飲料馬力布。有許多這種例子像為微波爐加熱凍好的土豆條，比薩餅和熱狗的包裝盒以及包裝薄荷糖的盒子。</p><p>　　理想條件下包裝的設(shè)計(jì)和制造應(yīng)該在新產(chǎn)品概念的形成階段。溝通不足可能影響營(yíng)銷和分銷功能；一種新產(chǎn)品的制造和包裝材

17、料，形狀和設(shè)計(jì)都需要考慮來滿足市場(chǎng)需求。只有那時(shí),處理和分布也會(huì)被考慮到。新產(chǎn)品由于不適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)性包裝而在市場(chǎng)上失策的話再想改正將會(huì)付出很高的代價(jià)。銷售部門當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)一種整體產(chǎn)品觀念時(shí)應(yīng)該意識(shí)到分類包裝。如果新的包裝不能很好的適應(yīng)現(xiàn)有的分銷系統(tǒng)，來自新產(chǎn)品的高分布開支、增加盈利能力將被相互抵消。因此，包裝是否為他們自己產(chǎn)品的適銷性或他們實(shí)際分銷來生產(chǎn)是很有必要考慮的，但如果不是為了分銷成本的重要性，尤其是冷藏產(chǎn)品的話這種考慮顯然就沒那么重要

18、了。</p><p>　　包裝的發(fā)展經(jīng)常是一種耗時(shí)的創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)。但是商業(yè)用途和資源問題之間溝通不足可能阻礙包裝的發(fā)展，利用多學(xué)科小組可加快包裝發(fā)展的過程。這種行動(dòng)通過解決設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果所產(chǎn)生的問題來提高終端產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。為包裝設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)際模型而服務(wù)的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和快速成型設(shè)備使得包裝研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)能夠加快最初的設(shè)計(jì)過程。</p><p>　　包裝領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展,完整的項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃是十分必要的。特別是包裝組成的訂

19、單交貨，為了確保有實(shí)際的時(shí)間安排，必須在初期和供應(yīng)商制定周密的計(jì)劃。例如，為果汁塑料瓶包裝的發(fā)展所涉及的典型階段可能會(huì)有問題，像由于飲料瓶的季節(jié)需要和缺乏空余產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)能力，供應(yīng)商的模具機(jī)械的可利用性等。</p><p>　　查閱的定義：產(chǎn)品的分包裝是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)最大的銷售量（銷售量，也就是利益最大化），同時(shí)將包裝從制作開始的全過程成本最小化。包裝被認(rèn)為是一種利益被優(yōu)化,而不僅僅是一種成本計(jì)算。</p>

20、<p>　　包裝功能發(fā)展最主要的是包裝優(yōu)化。目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)性能、質(zhì)量和費(fèi)用之間的最佳平衡，即是金錢的價(jià)值。它涉及到在包裝系統(tǒng)中對(duì)每一開支因素進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的檢查和各部件對(duì)系統(tǒng)功能的貢獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。</p><p>　　包裝應(yīng)該作為產(chǎn)品制作和分銷過程的一部分來考慮，并且經(jīng)濟(jì)供應(yīng)鏈應(yīng)考慮所有這些操作-包括包裝-在產(chǎn)品交付最終使用者所涉及到的。在特定情況下，這些可能被以拓展來考慮重新利用、廢品收集、儲(chǔ)存、復(fù)原和處理。包

21、裝系統(tǒng)的整體或總成本來自許多不同的部件(包括材料利用率、機(jī)械和生產(chǎn)線效率、分銷過程、管理和人力。</p><p>　　采用一種系統(tǒng)的方法來包裝,可以得到除了成本以外的顯著受益。儲(chǔ)蓄可按功能不同進(jìn)行劃分，也許，為了更好的包裝外觀而增加包裝成本和重新在其他領(lǐng)域利用儲(chǔ)蓄像更多產(chǎn)的工廠制作或更便宜的搬運(yùn)、存儲(chǔ)、運(yùn)輸。這就是所謂的對(duì)于包裝最優(yōu)化的總系統(tǒng)方法。</p><p>　　FOOD PACKA

22、GING TECHNOLOGY</p><p>　　Packaging technology can be of strategic importance to a company, as it can be a key to competitive advantage in the food industry. This may be achieved by catering to the needs and

23、wants of the end user, opening up new distribution channels, providing a better quality of presentation, enabling lower costs, increasing margins, enhancing product/brand differentiation, and improving logistics service

24、 to customers.</p><p>　　The business drive to reduce costs in the supply chain must be carefully balanced against the fundamental technical requirements for food safety and product integrity, as well as the

25、need to ensure an efficient logistics service. In addition, there is a requirement to meet the aims of marketing to protect and project brand image through value-added pack design. The latter may involve design inputs th

26、at communicate distinctive, aesthetically pleasing, ergonomic, functional and environmentally awa</p><p>　　Thus, there is a continual challenge to provide cost effective pack performance that satisfies the n

27、eeds and wants of the user, with health and safety being of paramount importance. At the same time, it is important to minimise the environmental impact of products and the services required to deliver them. This challen

28、ge is continually stimulated by a number of key drivers – most notably, legislation and political pressure. In particular, there is a drive to reduce the amount of packaging used a</p><p>　　The growing impor

29、tance of logistics in food supply means that manufacturing and distribution systems and, by implication, packaging systems, have become key interfaces of supplier–distributor relationships. Thus, the role of the market a

30、nd the supply chain has increasing significance in the area of packaging innovation and design.</p><p>　　Arising from the above discussion is the need for those involved in packaging design and development t

31、o take account of technological, marketing, legal, logistical and environmental requirements that are continually changing. Consequently, it is asserted that those involved in packaging need to develop an integrated view

32、 of the effect on packaging of a wide range of influences, including quality, production, engineering, marketing, food technology R&D, purchasing, legal issues, finance, the supp</p><p>　　The value of pa

33、ckaging to society</p><p>　　The value of food packaging to society has never been greater nor, paradoxically, has packaging attracted so much adverse media publicity and political attention. In response, sta

34、keholders in the food industries need to fully appreciate and actively promote the positive contributions that their packaging makes to the quality of life. Food packaging is governed by a mass of laws, regulations, code

35、s of practice and guidelines.</p><p>　　The societal benefits of packaging may include the following:</p><p>　　? prevents or reduces product damage and food spoilage, thereby saving energy and vi

36、tal nutrients, and protecting the health of the consumer.</p><p>　　? requires less municipal solid waste disposal since it promotes processed food residue recycling for use as animal feed or compost. For exa

37、mple, from 454 g (1 lb) of fresh corn-on-the-cob purchased at the supermarket, the customer eats approximately only 170 g (six ounces), and the rest ends up in the trash can and, ultimately, in the local landfill (In

38、stitute of Packaging Professionals, IOPP, USA). This same amount of edible frozen corn can be packed in a polyethylene bag weighing less th</p><p>　　? lowers the cost of many foods through economies of scal

39、e in mass production and efficiency in bulk distribution. Savings are also derived from reduced product damage.</p><p>　　? reduces or eliminates the risk of tampering and adulteration.</p><p>　　

40、? presents food in an hygienic and often aesthetically attractive way. communicates important information about the food and helps consumers make informed purchases.</p><p>　　? provides functional convenienc

41、e in use or preparation, freeing up more time.</p><p>　　? promotes goods in a competitive marketplace and increases consumer choice.</p><p>　　?facilitates the development of modern retail format

42、s that offer consumers the convenience of the one-stop shop and the availability of food from around the world throughout the year.</p><p>　　?extends the shelf life with the benefit of prolonged product use,

43、 thereby reducing wastage.</p><p>　　? saves energy through the use of ambient packs that do not require refrigeration or frozen distribution and storage.</p><p>　　The food industry is aware of

44、 current public concerns related to packaging which include:</p><p>　　? packaging litter and the volume of packaging waste in municipal waste.</p><p>　　? cost of disposal and recovery of discard

45、ed packaging in municipal waste.</p><p>　　? pollution associated with methods of disposal, i.e. landfill and ncineration.</p><p>　　? ease of opening.</p><p>　　?perception of over-pa

46、ckaging due to apparently excessive ullage (free space) resulting from product settlement.</p><p>　　? contamination of food due to the packaging itself.</p><p>　　? accidents involving packaging.

47、</p><p>　　Packaging strategy</p><p>　　Packaging may also be defined as: a means of safely and cost effectively delivering products to the consumer in accordance with the marketing strategy of th

48、e organization . A packaging strategy is a plan that addresses all aspects and all activities involved in delivering the packaged product to the consumer. Packaging strategy should be allied to clearly defined marketing

49、and manufacturing strategies that are consistent with the corporate strategy or mission of the business. Key stakeholders in</p><p>　　Packaging is both strategically and tactically important in the exercise

50、of the marketing function. Where brands compete, distinctive or innovative packaging is often a key to the competitive edge companies seek. In the UK, for example, the development of the famous widget for canned draught

51、beers opened up marketing opportunities and new distribution channels for large breweries. The packaging strategy of a food manufacturer should take into consideration the factors .</p><p>　　3.Packaging desi

52、gn and development</p><p>　　Marketing pull is a pre-requisite to successful innovation in packaging materials, forms, designs or processes. The most ingenious technological innovation has little chance of su

53、ccess unless there is a market demand. Sometimes, an innovation is ahead of its time but may be later adopted when favoured by a change in market conditions. Specialist technical research, marketing research and consumer

54、 research agencies are employed to identify opportunities and minimise the financial costs and risks </p><p>　　For example, the radical redesign of tea bag packs in the UK was based on focus group consumer r

55、esearch. The result was a rigid upright carton with an integral easy tear-off board strip but without the traditional film over-wrap that was difficult to open. Nitrogen gas-flushed metallised polyester pouches a reused

56、to contain 40 tea bags for convenient tea caddy or cupboard storage. Carton designs may contain either a single pouch or multiple pouches. The pouch prevents spillage of tea dust, prov</p><p>　　Generally, mo

57、re successful new product developments are those that are implemented as a total concept with packaging forming an integral part of the whole. An example of the application of the total product concept is the distinctive

58、 white bottle for the rum-based spirit drink Malibu which reflects the coconut ingredient. There are many examples such as cartons with susceptors for microwave heating of frozen chips, pizzas and popcorn, and dispensing

59、 packs for mints.</p><p>　　Ideally, package design and distribution should be considered at the product concept stage. Insufficient communication may exist between marketing and distribution functions; a new

60、 product is manufactured and pack materials, shape and design are formulated to fulfill the market requirements. It is only then that handling and distribution are considered. Product failure in the marketplace due to in

61、adequate protective packaging can be very costly to rectify. Marketing departments should be aware o</p><p>　　The development of packs is frequently a time-consuming and creative endeavour. There may be comm

62、unication difficulties between business functions and resource issues that impede pack development. The use of multidisciplinary teams may expedite the packaging development process. This has the effect of improving the

63、quality of the final product by minimising problems caused by design consequences that can result from sequential development. Computer assisted design (CAD) and rapid prototyping fac</p><p>　　In packaging d

64、evelopment, thorough project planning is essential. In particular, order lead times for packaging components need to be carefully planned with suppliers at an early stage in order to ensure a realistic time plan. For exa

65、mple, the development of a plastic bottle pack for a juice drink may involve typical stages listed in Table 1.2. There may be issues such as a supplier’s availability of injection stretch blow-moulding machines due to se

66、asonal demand for drinks containers and conseq</p><p>　　With reference to the definition: Packaging in product distribution is aimed at maximising sales (and repeat sales, and so profits), while minimising t

67、he total overall cost of distribution from the point of pack filling onwards. Packaging is regarded as a benefit to be optimised rather than merely a cost to be minimised .</p><p>　　Packaging optimisation is

68、 a main concern of the packaging development function. The aim is to achieve an optimal balance between performance, quality and cost, i.e. value for money. It involves a detailed examination of each cost element in the

69、packaging system and an evaluation of the contribution of each item to the functionality of the system.</p><p>　　Packaging should be considered as part of the process of product manufacturing and distributio

70、n, and the economics of the supply chain should take into account all those operations – including packaging – involved in the delivery of the product to the final user. In certain cases, this may be extended to take acc

71、ount of the costs involved in reuse or waste collection, sorting, recovery and disposal. The overall or total packaging system cost stems from a number of different components including </p><p>　　Adopting a

72、systems approach to packaging can yield significant benefits other than just cost. Savings can be functionally derived by, perhaps, even increasing packaging costs for better pack performance and recouping savings in oth