采礦外文翻譯--中國煤礦瓦斯

1、<p>　　coalmine methane in China</p><p>　　1. Chinese CMM distribution</p><p>　　1.1Chinese coalmines</p><p>　　There are various coalmines in China. These coalmines can be roughly

2、 divided into three categories: large (with annual output of 5 million tons and above), medium (with annual output of 500,000 tons–5 million tons) and small (with annual output of 30,000–50,000 t) The shares of larg

3、e, medium and small coalmines in China were 49%, 12% and 39% by 2007. There are 14 open mining coalmines with an output of over 10 million tons each per year. There are 219 high-efficiency coalmines with total output <

4、;/p><p>　　The number of coalmines will increase in the next few years. According to the government projection , coal demand in China in 2010 will be over 3 billion tons per year. To meet this demand, China need

5、s to develop new coalmines. The country had a production capacity of 2.5 billion in 2008. Currently, a production capacity of 1.1 billion tons is under construction. In the meantime, the government has approved 0.2 billi

6、on tons of production capacity. Taking into account the retirement of old coalmi</p><p>　　1.2China's coal methane distributions</p><p>　　China has a reserve of Coal -related methane resource

7、s at a amount of 31.5 trillion cubic meters at depth between 300 and 2000 m underground. These resources can be grouped into two parts in terms of the depth of the resources buried. Coal -related methane resources u

8、nderground at a depth from 300 to 1500 m reached over 19 trillion cubic meters or over 60% of China's coal -related methane. See Table 1.1. Currently, most CMM recovery activities in China take place to recover

9、methane in this range</p><p>　　Table 1.1 Distribution of coal-related methane resources in different depths</p><p>　　1.2.1 North–east China region (R1)</p><p>　　The north–east regio

10、n consists of three provinces: Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. The coal strata in this region were formed primarily in Cretaceous and Tertiary system, and secondly in Carboniferous–Permian system. The early Cretaceous

11、coal basins are well developed and can bear high concentration of methane. In the Tertiary system, only Fushun Basin in this region has higher-rank coal such as long-flame coal and gas coal with good methane-bearing prop

12、erties, while all other basins contain o</p><p>　　1.2.2North China region (R2)</p><p>　　North China region covers Provinces of Hebei, Shangdong, Henna and Anhui. It is located in the east side o

13、f Taihang Mountain, ranging from Qinling tectonic belt in the west, to the Jiaolu fault belt in the east, from the southern boundary of Liaoning–Jilin–Heilongjiang region in the North–East China, to the east section of Q

14、inling–Dabieshan belt in the South. Coal strata are mainly Carboniferous–Permian system, with a little part in Middle–Lower Jurassic Petroleum system. The coal strata in the </p><p>　　1.2.3South China region

15、 (R3)</p><p>　　The South China region is located in the vast land ranging from Qinling–Dabieshan fold belt in the North and from Wuling Mountain tectonic belt in the West, including most part of Southeast an

16、d South China. Coal strata in this region are mainly in the late Permian system. Only little part of late Permian coalfields are preserved well, with relatively stable coal seams and good methane-bearing properties. The

17、methane resources in this region are concentrated mainly in Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces,</p><p>　　2 Review of China's CMM recovery and utilization</p><p>　　2.1History of Chinese coalmine met

18、hane use</p><p>　　China's coalmine methane recovery and utilization could be traced back over 15 years ago. The recovery and utilization activities can be divided into four phases. The first phase was be

19、fore 1990 (Raymond, 2008 Raymond, P., 2008, Coalmine Methane Utilization Projects in China 1990 through Present. A presentation at the Gui Zhou CMM Recovery and Utilization Workshop, China. July.Raymond, 2008). At that t

20、ime, coalmine methane was viewed as a dangerous gas to coal mining. Both the Chinese government</p><p>　　The Chinese opinions in coalmine recovery and utilization began to change in the second phase: 1991–19

21、96. In this period, the US EPA outreached a coalmine methane recovery and utilization program in China. Under this program, technical resources, financial supports and information exchange were provided to the Chinese go

22、vernment and other coal industrial stakeholders. International organizations such as the UNDP and the GEF helped the Chinese in coalmine bed methane drainage. The first coal -bed</p><p>　　The third period, 1

23、996–2004, became the Chinese era of coal-bed and coalmine methane recover and utilization. A number of significant changes have been perceived in this period. First, the national government changed its attitude, and meth

24、ane was no longer simply a nuisance to mining, but an important potential clean energy resource. Second, experience with coal-bed and coalmine methane recovery and utilization in OECD countries became relevant. Explorati

25、on of large license blocks by major forei</p><p>　　The last period, 2005–2008 (present), represents China's rushing to gold of coalmine methane. Significant features in this period include: </p>&

26、lt;p>　　(1) competition for large CDM projects drives renewed interest in CMM project development;</p><p>　　(2) truly worldwide class projects, such as Shanxi Jincheng power project (120 MW), were pla

27、nned and achieved; </p><p>　　(3) many projects were proposed and financed as CDM projects; </p><p>　　(4) a number of compressed natural gas projects using coalmine methane as primary energy were

28、 developed; </p><p>　　(5) draining coalmine methane before coal mining became a mandatory national policy in China; </p><p>　　(6) many coalmine owners and operators are using their equities in i

29、nvesting coalmine methane recovery and utilization projects and </p><p>　　(7) a number of very important policies on CMM recovery and utilization were effective in this period. These included: </p>&l

30、t;p>　?、?“A Notice on the Management of CMM Prices” published by the NDRC—National Development and Reform Commission of China (2007a); </p><p>　　② “A Notice of Implementation on CMM to Power Generation” pu

31、blished by the NDRC in April 2007; </p><p>　　③ “A Notice on Subsidies to CMM Capture and Utilization”, published by the Ministry of Finance of China in April 2007 </p><p>　?、?“CMM Emission Stand

32、ards (Temporary Implementation)”, published by the Environment Protection Agency (Now, the Ministry of Environment) of China and the National Quality Monitoring and Quarantine Agency of China in 2008.</p><p>

33、;　　2.2. Outstanding challenges from CMM recovery and use</p><p>　　Although the Chinese government and coal industrial stakeholders have worked very hard over the past 15 years in coalmine methane recovery an

34、d utilization, there is still a long way for the Chinese to catch up the OECD in this area. The Chinese are facing at least the following outstanding challenges:</p><p>　　Limited capacity in capturing coalmi

35、ne methane: methane recovery and utilization is relatively new to most of medium and small coalmines in China. These coalmines are short of know-how and technologies in capturing coalmine methane. According to on-site su

36、rveys conducted by the author 12 coalmines in Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces, only about 30% or 40% of coalmine methane was captured and utilized. Ventilation systems were still responsible for liberating the majority of

37、the methane to the atmos</p><p>　　Limited capacity in utilizing coalmine methane: methane drainage and capture in many Chinese coalmines were driven by a new Chinese policy: “Coalmine Methane Drainage first

38、and Coal Mining Second”. This policy, mainly developed for safety production in coalmines, does not force coalmine operators use or burn drained or captured methane. As a result, most of the coalmine methane captured is

39、of low, less than 25% CH4. In addition, methane drained and captured through pumping stations has increased</p><p>　　Lack of technologies to use ventilation air methane (VAM): in most Chinese coalmines, vent

40、ilation air carries about 60% or 70% of coalmine methane to the atmosphere. Concentration of VAM in China is normally below 2%. Due to shortages of technologies and capital investment, the Chinese coalmine stakeholders h

41、ave limited experience in using VAM as a clean energy resource.</p><p><b>　　中國煤礦瓦斯 </b></p><p>　　1 中國煤礦瓦斯分布</p><p>　　1.1 中國的煤礦介紹 在中國有各種不同的煤礦。這些煤礦大致可分為三類：大型，中型和小型。大

42、型，中型和小型煤礦在中國分別占49 ％ ， 12 ％和39 ％ 。到2007年，有14個(gè)露天開采煤礦每年的產(chǎn)量超過1000萬噸。有219個(gè)高效率煤礦的年產(chǎn)量達(dá)705萬噸。在中國（ 98 ％ ）主要是通過機(jī)械生產(chǎn)煤炭。中國有28個(gè)上市煤礦企業(yè)的總額價(jià)值達(dá)152.1億（美元22億美元） 。到2007年底，年產(chǎn)低于30萬噸煤礦達(dá)7066個(gè) ， 其中33 ％的低于10萬噸。2007年，一些大型煤礦生產(chǎn)11億噸，占45 ％的中國總產(chǎn)量。

43、 煤礦的數(shù)量在未來幾年將增加。據(jù)中國政府七號(hào)文件 ，在中國煤炭需求在2010年將超過30億噸以上。為了滿足這種需求，中國需要制定新的政策。到2008年，中國的生產(chǎn)能力為25億噸。目前，生產(chǎn)能力為11億噸的正在建設(shè)中。與此同時(shí)，政府已批準(zhǔn)2億噸的生產(chǎn)能力?？紤]到廢除的老煤礦，到2010年，中國煤炭產(chǎn)量將為31億噸，將有能力平衡煤炭的需求。如果平均生產(chǎn)能力是一個(gè)新的煤礦，在未來的兩年或三年，中國的數(shù)量的煤礦將增加24 ％ 。 </

44、p><p>　　1.2中國的煤層瓦斯分布 </p><p>　　中國已儲(chǔ)備煤炭相關(guān)的煤層氣資源量31.5萬億立方米，深度在300至2000米。根據(jù)這些資源氣掩埋的深度，這些資源可分為兩部分。煤炭相關(guān)的瓦斯資源，地下深度300至1500米的達(dá)到19萬億立方米，超過60 ％的中國煤炭有關(guān)的瓦斯。見表1 。目前，大多數(shù)中國煤礦瓦斯回收瓦斯活動(dòng)在中國舉行，用來回收這個(gè)深度范圍內(nèi)的瓦斯。</p&

45、gt;<p>　　表1煤炭相關(guān)煤層氣資源在不同深度的分布。</p><p>　　1.2.1 中國的東北地區(qū)</p><p>　　東北地區(qū)由3個(gè)?。汉邶埥?，吉林和遼寧。煤層在這一地區(qū)主要是形成于白堊系和第三系，其次在石炭二疊紀(jì)系。早白堊世煤盆地很好的形成，能夠富含高濃度的瓦斯。在三系中，在本地區(qū)只有撫順盆地具有較高級(jí)別煤，如長焰煤和氣煤，具有良好的瓦斯軸承性能，而所有其他流域只

46、有l(wèi)ignitous煤，瓦斯含量低。在石炭二疊紀(jì)系中形成的煤層，只在南方部分區(qū)域能夠富含高濃度的瓦斯。厚煤層在這些煤系中沒有明顯變化，煤層氣的富含相對(duì)較好。瓦斯資源分配主要集中在黑龍江省和遼寧省。在這兩個(gè)省，也有一些瓦斯豐富的地帶，如三江-穆棱和帶，渾江-遼陽帶和遼寧西帶。 1.2.2 中國北部地區(qū) 中國北部地區(qū)涵蓋河北，山東，河南和安徽等地。它位于太行山東面，西起秦嶺構(gòu)造帶，東部為焦?fàn)t斷裂帶，從中國東北遼寧-吉林-黑龍江地

47、區(qū)的南部邊界，南部以秦嶺-大別山帶以東部分為界。煤地層主要是石炭系，二疊系，其中的一小部分為中下侏羅系。在該地區(qū)，石炭二疊紀(jì)系的煤層廣泛分布在大面積沉降區(qū)，有穩(wěn)定和良好的富含煤層氣的屬性。由于有很好的地區(qū)勘探和開采前景，瓦斯回收活動(dòng)在這一地區(qū)十分活躍，并在開灤，大成，淮北和淮南煤礦取得了一些突出的進(jìn)展。 </p><p>　　2回顧中國煤礦瓦斯的回收和利用 </p><p>　　2.1

48、歷史上的中國煤礦瓦斯利用 </p><p>　　中國的煤礦瓦斯回收和利用可以追溯到15年前。瓦斯的回收和利用的活動(dòng)可分為四個(gè)階段。第一個(gè)階段是1990年之前（雷蒙德， 2008 ） 。當(dāng)時(shí)，開采煤礦瓦斯被視為像煤炭開采一樣的危險(xiǎn)。中美兩國政府（煤炭工業(yè)部后）和煤礦業(yè)主及經(jīng)營者更加關(guān)注煤礦安全，相比清潔能源和氣候變化。煤礦瓦斯的回收和利用，很少能有益進(jìn)行。在此期間，雖然煤礦瓦斯回收和利用在經(jīng)合組織國家開始

49、流行，但是中國認(rèn)為，中國的地質(zhì)和采礦條件不同于西方和煤層氣資源的開發(fā)，并且煤礦瓦斯的回收和利用的經(jīng)驗(yàn)并不適用于中國。大部分煤礦瓦斯通過通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入大氣層，只有小部分煤礦的瓦斯被用于取暖和做飯。有少數(shù)試圖利用煤礦瓦斯發(fā)電使用進(jìn)口設(shè)備，但沒有成功。 中國開始改變煤礦回收和利用意見在第二階段： 1991年至1996年。在此期間，美國環(huán)保局在中國開發(fā)一煤礦瓦斯回收和利用項(xiàng)目。根據(jù)這一計(jì)劃，技術(shù)資源，金融支持和信息交流提供給了中國政府和

50、其他煤炭工業(yè)利益相關(guān)者。國際組織，如聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計(jì)劃署和全球環(huán)境基金幫助中國煤礦排放煤層氣。第一個(gè)煤層氣地面抽放和地下定向鉆進(jìn)示范項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)費(fèi)是由開發(fā)計(jì)劃署和全球環(huán)境基金，并由開灤，松藻和鐵法煤礦（雷蒙德，</p><p>　　（ 1 ）大型清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制項(xiàng)目的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)驅(qū)使中國政府重新關(guān)注中國煤礦瓦斯項(xiàng)目的開發(fā); </p><p>　?。?2 ）如山西晉城電力項(xiàng)目（ 120兆瓦），這種真正的全球一流

51、的項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)計(jì)劃完成; </p><p>　?。?3 ）作為清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制項(xiàng)目，許多項(xiàng)目和資金被提出; </p><p>　?。?4 ）一些壓縮天然氣項(xiàng)目利用煤礦瓦斯做為主要能源取得發(fā)展; </p><p>　?。?5 ）在煤礦開采前排煤礦瓦斯成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)制性的國家政策; </p><p>　?。?6 ）許多煤礦業(yè)主和經(jīng)營者使用的是其股票，進(jìn)行投資

52、煤礦瓦斯的回收和利用項(xiàng)目;</p><p>　　（ 7 ）在此期間，一些非常重要的回收和利用中國煤礦瓦斯的政策是有效的。這些措施包括：</p><p>　?、佟爸袊旱V瓦斯價(jià)格管理的公告”，由國家發(fā)改委---國家發(fā)展和改革委員會(huì)的中國（ 2007a ）公布的 ;</p><p>　?、?“實(shí)施中國煤礦瓦斯發(fā)電的通知”，由國家發(fā)改委在2007年4月公布的; </

53、p><p>　　③ “補(bǔ)貼中國煤礦瓦斯捕捉和利用的公告” ，由中國財(cái)政部在2007年4月出版的;</p><p>　?、堋懊旱V瓦斯排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（臨時(shí)執(zhí)行） ” ，由中國環(huán)境保護(hù)局（現(xiàn)在，環(huán)境部）和國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢疫局在2008年出版的。 </p><p>　　2.2 中國煤礦瓦斯的回收和利用的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn) 在過去15年里，盡管中國政府和煤炭工業(yè)的利益攸關(guān)者努力工作，但

54、在煤礦瓦斯回收和利用這一領(lǐng)域，中國要趕上經(jīng)合組織，現(xiàn)在仍有很長的路要走。中國正面臨至少包括以下嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)： 捕捉煤礦瓦斯能力有限：在中國瓦斯回收和利用，大多數(shù)中型和小型煤礦來說是比較新的。這些煤礦在瓦斯捕獲的專業(yè)知識(shí)和技術(shù)方面比較欠缺。根據(jù)作者現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查的貴州，四川等省的12個(gè)煤礦中，只有大約30 ％或40 ％的煤礦進(jìn)行瓦斯捕獲和利用。通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)仍然負(fù)責(zé)把大多數(shù)瓦斯排放到大氣中去。 利用煤礦瓦斯的能力有限，：在中國許多煤礦

55、，關(guān)于瓦斯抽放有一個(gè)新的政策： “煤礦瓦斯抽放第一，煤炭開采第二” 。這一政策，主要是國家為了煤礦的安全生產(chǎn)，不強(qiáng)制煤礦經(jīng)營者使用或耗盡抽放的瓦斯。因此，大多數(shù)的煤礦瓦斯捕獲較低，只有不到25 ％的瓦斯。此外，瓦斯排放和通過泵站捕獲瓦斯隨煤炭生產(chǎn)的增加而增加;但瓦斯的利用卻跟不上瓦斯捕捉的速度。許多煤礦不得不把捕獲和抽放的放瓦斯排入大氣。 缺乏利用通風(fēng)空氣中瓦斯的技術(shù) ：在中國大多數(shù)煤礦，通風(fēng)空氣中大約有60 ％或70 ％的煤