航海技術(shù)外文翻譯--漁船上吸入氟利昂22（二氟甲烷）致死事故

1、<p><b>　　中文2360字</b></p><p>　　<文獻(xiàn)翻譯二：原文> </p><p>　　Forensic Science International 168 (2007) 208–211 </p><p>　　An accidental death due to Freon 22 (monochl

2、orodifluoromethane) inhalation in a fishing vessel</p><p>　　Case report</p><p>　　An accidental death due to Freon 22 (monochlorodifluoromethane) inhalation in a fishing vessel</p><p&g

3、t;　　Ako Koreeda*, Kosei Yonemitsu, Sohtarou Mimasaka, Yuki Ohtsu, Shigeyuki Tsunenari</p><p>　　Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto

4、 860-8556, Japan</p><p>　　Received 15 June 2005; received in revised form 22 December 2005; accepted 12 January 2006</p><p>　　Available online 21 February 2006</p><p><b>　　Abs

5、tract</b></p><p>　　A case of accidental Freon 22 (monochlorodifluoromethane) poisoning in a fishing vessel is reported. Forensic autopsy revealed severe pulmonary edema and congestion (left lung; 576 g

6、, right lung; 740 g). GC–MS analysis clearly showed that the deceased inhaled Freon 22 gas prior to his death. Freon 22 concentration was 169 7.0 mg/ml in the heart blood. The distribution pattern of Freon 22 in tissue

7、samples was similar to that in previously reported cases. The brain had the highest concentration </p><p>　　Histopathologically, Oil red O staining of the liver showed many small, positive red areas in the c

8、ytosol, which have been reported in other cases of Freon 22 poisoning. However, Schmorl staining revealed that most areas of Oil red O positivity were lipofuscin granules. Lipofuscin in the liver, which closely relates t

9、o aging and other cell stresses, could have a relevance to Freon 22 exposure, but further experimental studies are needed to confirm it.</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　Monochlorodifluorometha

10、ne (Freon 22) is a chlorofluorocarbon, which has been widely used as a refrigerant for freezers, refrigerators and air conditioners [1]. It is a colorless, non-flammable gas with a slightly ethereal odor at room temperat

11、ure and has a high vapor density (3.03; air = 1) [2]. According to the classification of solvent and gas toxicity by Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Freon 22 belongs to group 5a, and the toxicity is in the same class wit

12、h Freon 11 (1,2dibromotetrafluoroetha</p><p>　　We had a forensic autopsy case of a man who died accidentally while maintaining a freezing system in a fishing vessel. We present the details of the case and a

13、toxicological analysis of Freon 22 in the body. The cause and manner of death are discussed based on the toxicological and histopathological findings.2.Case history</p><p>　　The chief engineer and a deck-h

14、and of a deep-sea trawler were found unconscious in their vessel at about 08:30 am. They had been working in the vessel from 07:30 that morning to prepare for the next voyage. Their colleagues rescued them. The deck hand

15、, who was lying on the middle deck of the vessel, survived (Fig. 1B). The chief engineer who was on the bottom deck died (Fig. 1 A) at 10:22 am after hospitalization. The colleagues did not notice any strange odor in the

16、 cabins, but they nearly fain</p><p>　　Three months before the fatal incident, the freezing system of the vessel had a gas-leaking accident. Although it was repaired, a further Freon gas-leak was expected be

17、cause the system was too old. The police only investigated the scene the next day after ventilating the cabin space for their own safety, therefore, the oxygen and Freon 22 concentrations in the cabin at the time of the

18、accident are not known.</p><p>　　Fig. 1. Side view of the deep-sea fishing vessel. (A) Chief engineer (decedent); (B) deck hand (survived); (C) compressor of the refrigerator.</p><p>　　38-year-o

19、ld man weighing 64 kg and 174 cm tall. There was severe pulmonary edema and congestion (left lung; 576 g, right lung; 740 g). Mucosal hemorrhages were noted in most parts of the small intestine. There were no specific fi

20、ndings in other organs except for severe congestion. Tissues were formalin fixed and examined by HE and Schmorl stainings after an ammonia-ethanol treatment to remove formaldehyde-derived artifacts [9]. Oil red O stainin

21、g of the liver tissue was also performed using cryo</p><p>　　4.Toxicological analysis</p><p>　　4.1.Chemicals</p><p>　　Standard Freon 22 gas (99.9%) was purchased from Fukuhoteisan

22、 Co., Fukuoka, Japan and used for calibration. All solvents and chemicals were of analytical grade and purchased through local suppliers. Standard Freon 22 gas was transferred into a glass vial by the water displacement

23、method. Briefly, a glass vial was submerged in tap water and the water in the vial was displaced by the standard Freon 22 gas. The vial was then sealed with a Teflon rubber under water. The exact volume of Freon 22 was &

24、lt;/p><p>　　4.2.Sample preparations</p><p>　　One milliliter of defrosted blood and 1 g each of sliced frozen tissue was sealed in a glass vial with a silicon septum. For quantitative calibrations,

25、 exact volumes of pure Freon 22 gas were transferred into sealed vials containing 1 ml of blanc blood using gas-tight syringes. Each vial was heated at 50 8C in an electric aluminum block heater (Eira Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Ja

26、pan) for 15 min and its 100 mL of the headspace were introduced onto the GC–MS by using a gas-tight syringe. Each sample and cali</p><p>　　4.3.GC–MS conditions</p><p>　　GC–MS analysis was perfo

27、rmed by Shimadzu QP-5000 (Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan). The GC conditions were as follows: splitless injection mode; column, DB-WAX capillary column, 30 m 0.25 mm i.d., 250 nm film thickness; injection port temperature,

28、180 8C; carrier gas, helium; flow rate, 1.2 ml/ min; column temperature, 30 8C. The MS conditions were as follows: full scan mode for qualification (m/z 30–150), selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode for quantification (m/z

29、 51); ionization, EI; interface temp</p><p>　　5.Results</p><p>　　5.1.Histological findings</p><p>　　HE staining of the lung showed severe congestion and edema. There were no marke

30、d findings in other organs except for congestion. Oil red O staining of the liver showed many small positive red areas in the cytosol (Fig. 2A). Schmorl staining revealed that most portions of the Oil red O staining posi

31、tive areas were lypofuscin granules (Fig. 2B).</p><p>　　5.2.Toxicological analysis</p><p>　　The presence of Freon 22 in the blood and tissues was confirmed by the GC–MS analysis. Freon 22 was e

32、luted at a retention time of 1.4 min and the obtained mass chromatogram was the same as that obtained from authentic Freon 22 (Fig. 3). No other volatile substances, including fluorocarbons, were detected in any of the s

33、amples. Linearity of the calibration curve was observed from 0 to 380 mg/ml of pure Freon 22 with a correlation coefficient of 0.995 (Fig. 4). Results of Freon 22 analysis are sho</p><p>　　6.Discussion</

34、p><p>　　It is well recognized that halogenated hydrocarbons including Freon 22 depress the central nervous system and</p><p>　　Fig. 4. (A) SIM (m/z 51) chromatograms of (1) heart blood, (2) standar

35、d Freon 22, (3) blanc blood. (B) A typical standard curve of Freon 22 in blood.</p><p>　　induce both cardiac arrhythmias and excessive secretion in the trachea [11–13]. These direct toxic effects of the chem

36、ical could be a cause of death. On the other hand, due to the heavy vapor density of Freon 22, it displaces air and results in insufficient oxygen concentration, which could also be a cause of death.</p><p>

37、　　In the present case, toxicological analysis clearly showed that the deceased inhaled Freon 22 gas prior to his death.The autopsy findings excluded suffocation due to excessive secretions in the trachea from the causes

38、of death. However, toxicological and histological findings could not fully elucidate the manner or the direct cause of death. First of all, as in most</p><p>　　previously reported cases [4–8], both Freon 22

39、and oxygen concentrations at the scene were unknown, and asphyxia due to low oxygen concentrations can not be confirmed as a cause of death. Secondly, autopsy findings specific to Freon 22 poisoning have not yet been rep

40、orted. Granular fat droplets positive to Sudan III staining in the hepatocytes were reported in similar Freon 22 poisoning cases, but the mechanisms of the findings are controversial [4–7]. Morita et al. reported two Fre

41、on 22 poisoni</p><p>　　In the present case, similar pathological findings were observed in the liver. However, most of them were positive to Schmorl staining, which is specific to lipofuscin pigment. This ha

42、s not been mentioned in similar previous case reports [4–8]. Lipofuscin is located in lysosomes and contains products of the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, which closely relate to aging and other cell stresses

43、[14]. It is reported that the existence of lipofuscin in tissues could be a marker of chronic ex</p><p>　　Freon 22 concentration in HB was 169 7.0 mg/ml. It was within the ranges of concentrations reported

44、in other fatal cases, which were from 78 to 577 mg/ml in blood samples [4–8]. Also, a distribution pattern of Freon 22 in tissues was similar to those fatal cases from the literature [4–7]. Freon 22 levels were high in b

45、lood, brain and liver; and low in lung and kidney, which does not contradict the lipophilic property of Freon 22. The high concentration of Freon 22 in blood and tissues suggested</p><p>　　Because of their p

46、otential effects on ozone concentrations in the stratosphere, production of many chlorofluorocarbons has been stopped or scheduled to discontinue. However, they are industrially important and widely used as refrigerants,

47、 propellants, washing solvents for electronic devices and so on </p><p>　　<文獻(xiàn)翻譯二：譯文></p><p><b>　　案例報(bào)告</b></p><p>　　漁船上吸入氟利昂22（二氟甲烷）致死事故</p><p><b&g

48、t;　　摘要　</b></p><p>　　這是一起漁船上氟利昂22中毒事故的案例報(bào)告。法院驗(yàn)尸報(bào)告顯示死者肺部有嚴(yán)重的水腫和充血（左肺：576g，右肺740g）。GC-MS清晰地指出在死者死亡以前曾吸入氟利昂22氣體。死者血液中氟利昂22的濃度是169±70ug/ml。組織中的氟利昂22濃度分布與先前報(bào)告的案例相似。大腦中該物質(zhì)濃度最高，其次分別是脾臟，肝臟，腎臟，肺部。</p>

49、;<p>　　在組織病理學(xué)上，使用氧化鈾對(duì)肝臟染色，細(xì)胞液正面出現(xiàn)許多小紅斑。在其他氟利昂22中毒中也有所報(bào)告。然而，莫爾染色法卻顯示該紅色區(qū)域的大部分都是脂褐質(zhì)顆粒。肝臟中的脂褐質(zhì)顆粒與年齡還有其他細(xì)胞壓力有關(guān)，但是還需要進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究來(lái)證實(shí)此觀點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　@2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</p><

50、;p>　　關(guān)鍵詞 氟利昂22 尸檢分析 肝臟 脂肪顆粒 脂褐質(zhì)</p><p><b>　　1.簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　氟利昂22是一種含氟氯烴，廣泛用于制冷劑，冰箱，空調(diào)中。無(wú)色在室溫下有輕微氣味的不可燃?xì)怏w，氣體密度為3.03.。依照實(shí)驗(yàn)室對(duì)溶劑和有毒氣體的分類(lèi)，氟利昂22與氟利昂11，二氧化碳一樣被分到5a組中。盡管氟利昂22被

51、認(rèn)為與其他含氟氯烴相比毒性較低，但是在漁船中，由于吸入氟利昂22而導(dǎo)致的致命性傷害事故曾經(jīng)被報(bào)道過(guò)。</p><p>　　有一份院尸檢報(bào)告，是說(shuō)有一個(gè)人在修理冷凍系統(tǒng)時(shí)意外死亡的事情。</p><p>　　我們推測(cè)了這個(gè)案例的細(xì)節(jié)并且對(duì)死者身體進(jìn)行了氟利昂22的毒物學(xué)分析?；诙疚飳W(xué)和組織病理學(xué)的相關(guān)原理，我們討論了死亡的原因和方式。</p><p><b&g

52、t;　　2.案例歷史</b></p><p>　　早上8；30，在一艘深海拖網(wǎng)捕魚(yú)船上，發(fā)現(xiàn)輪機(jī)長(zhǎng)和一個(gè)甲板水手失去了意識(shí)。他們從早上7；30開(kāi)始工作為下個(gè)航程做準(zhǔn)備。他們的同事救了他們。在中間甲板的水手活了下來(lái)，而在漁船底部的輪機(jī)長(zhǎng)在早上10；22經(jīng)拯救無(wú)效死亡。同事們沒(méi)有注意到任何異味，但是他們幾乎每個(gè)人在進(jìn)入艙室中的時(shí)候都有過(guò)昏厥現(xiàn)象。</p><p>　　在死亡事故發(fā)

53、生前三個(gè)月，船上的冷凍系統(tǒng)有過(guò)一次泄漏事件。盡管最后修好了但是由于系統(tǒng)過(guò)于老化仍有可能再次出現(xiàn)泄漏事故。在事故發(fā)生數(shù)天后，政府官員在調(diào)查時(shí)為了自己的安全考慮對(duì)艙室進(jìn)行了通風(fēng)，。因此當(dāng)時(shí)的氧氣和氟利昂22濃度便無(wú)從調(diào)查了。</p><p>　　3.法院的驗(yàn)尸報(bào)告</p><p>　　在輪機(jī)長(zhǎng)死后24小時(shí)，法院給出了相對(duì)公正的尸檢報(bào)告。死者年齡38歲，體重64KG，身高174CM，肺部有嚴(yán)重

54、的水腫和充血，（左肺：７６ｇ，右肺；７４０ｇ）。小腸的大部分都有明顯的粘膜出血。除了嚴(yán)重的充血以外，在其他器官?zèng)]有任何發(fā)現(xiàn)。在做毒物分析的時(shí)候，血液和組織樣品被收集在較厚的塑料袋中，真空處理，并在分析前被儲(chǔ)存在－３０℃環(huán)境下。</p><p><b>　　4.毒物分析</b></p><p><b>　　4.1化學(xué)物質(zhì)</b></p&g

55、t;<p>　　標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的用于矯正目的氟利昂２２氣體（純度９９.９％）能夠在日本福岡市的Fｕｋｕｈｏｔｅｉｓａｎ公司買(mǎi)到。所有的溶劑和化學(xué)品都能在當(dāng)?shù)刭I(mǎi)到。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的氟利昂２２氣體可以通過(guò)排水法收集到集氣瓶當(dāng)中。簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)，是把集氣瓶放在水中，然后再把氟利昂２２沖入瓶中。在水中，用聚四氟乙烯把玻璃瓶密封。根據(jù)阿弗加德羅定律把體積轉(zhuǎn)換成重量。</p><p><b>　　4.2樣品準(zhǔn)備</b&

56、gt;</p><p>　　用硅橡膠隔片把一毫升解凍的血液和一克冰凍的組織切片密封在玻璃瓶中。為了有定量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，通過(guò)注射器，把確定數(shù)量的高純度氟利昂２２氣體注入到含有１ｍｌ未污染血液的玻璃瓶中。用鋁制的電動(dòng)加熱箱為每個(gè)瓶子提供５０℃的環(huán)境，過(guò)十五分鐘后，用注射器提取玻璃瓶頂部１００ｕｌ的樣品。每份樣品和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)瓶可以被分為三份。</p><p>　　4.3GC—ＭＳ條件</p>

57、<p>　　日本島津公司提供GC－MS分析。該分析需要如下條件：不分流進(jìn)樣；膜厚度２５０納米注射溫度１８０；承載氣體，氦氣。流速，１.２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；柱溫，３０℃。MS的條件如下：全面的掃描；表面溫度２３０℃。</p><p><b>　　5.結(jié)果</b></p><p><b>　?。?1病理學(xué)分析</b></p>

58、<p>　　肺部經(jīng)HE染色后顯示出嚴(yán)重的充血和水腫。在其他的組織中只發(fā)現(xiàn)了充血，未發(fā)現(xiàn)其他現(xiàn)象。肝臟的Ｏ油染色顯示出許多小紅斑。經(jīng)莫氏染色染色后發(fā)現(xiàn)大部部分紅斑地區(qū)的成分是是脂肪粒。</p><p><b>　　５.2毒物學(xué)分析</b></p><p>　　通過(guò)ＧＣ－ＭS分析，可以得出氟利昂２２在血液和組織中的含量。在其他組織中，沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何包括貪腐化合

59、物在內(nèi)的揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)。純凈的氟利昂２２在０－３８０uｇ／ｍｌ時(shí)候的線性相關(guān)系數(shù)是０.９９５。表一是氟利昂２２的分析結(jié)果。血液中的氟利昂２２濃度是１６９±７.０ｕｇ／ｍｌ。在組織樣品中，氟利昂２２的濃度從高到低依次是大腦，脾臟，肝臟，腎臟，肺部。</p><p><b>　　6.結(jié)果討論</b></p><p>　　可以認(rèn)識(shí)到包括氟利昂２２在內(nèi)的鹵代烴類(lèi)物質(zhì)能

60、夠抑制神經(jīng)中樞，導(dǎo)致心律不齊，并引起氣管分泌物增多。這是氟利昂２２導(dǎo)致人類(lèi)死亡的直接原因。另一方面，由于氟利昂２２的氣體密度較大，取代空氣中的氧氣后，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致吸入者氧氣供應(yīng)不足，這也可能是毒氣致死的原因。 </p><p>　　就當(dāng)前案例來(lái)說(shuō)，毒物學(xué)分析結(jié)果清晰地指出死者在死亡之前吸入了氟利昂２２氣體，尸檢報(bào)告的結(jié)果排除了由于器官中的過(guò)量分泌物導(dǎo)致死亡的可能性。然而，毒物學(xué)和病理學(xué)的結(jié)果并不能完全的證明死亡的方

61、式或直接原因。首先，在以前報(bào)告的案例中，事發(fā)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的氟利昂和氧氣濃度都不知道，由于缺氧而導(dǎo)致的窒息事故不能夠作為死亡的原因。其次，針對(duì)氟利昂２２中毒的尸檢還沒(méi)有公布出來(lái)。</p><p>　　在肝細(xì)胞中對(duì)于蘇丹三染色呈陽(yáng)性的脂肪粒和氟利昂２２中毒現(xiàn)象相似，但是有關(guān)機(jī)制還存在爭(zhēng)議，Ｍｏｒｉｔａ中有兩篇關(guān)于氟利昂２２中毒的文章，其中懷疑肝細(xì)胞中的脂肪粒是在該種物質(zhì)存在的條件下產(chǎn)生的。其他報(bào)告則持相反態(tài)度。Ｋａｚａｍａ研

62、究所在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪粒在吸入氟利昂２２的過(guò)程中會(huì)暫時(shí)的出現(xiàn)，一旦不再吸入該氣體，肝細(xì)胞中的脂肪粒會(huì)立即消失這與其他慢性中毒干細(xì)胞的反應(yīng)是不一樣色。</p><p>　　就當(dāng)前案例來(lái)說(shuō)，死者肝臟細(xì)胞中，有著相似的病理檢查結(jié)果。在莫氏染色中，大部分呈陽(yáng)性，尤其是脂褐質(zhì)物質(zhì)更加明顯。這項(xiàng)結(jié)果在以前的事故中沒(méi)有被發(fā)現(xiàn)。脂褐質(zhì)位于溶酶體中，包含有參與過(guò)氧化反應(yīng)和不飽和脂肪酸反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)，該項(xiàng)物質(zhì)與細(xì)胞老化及細(xì)胞張力有著密