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1、<p><b> 中文3260字</b></p><p> 膜技術(shù)和環(huán)境保護(hù)中的水處理 </p><p> Membrane technology and water treatment in environmental protection</p><
2、p> REN J ianxin1 , ZHANGBaocheng2</p><p> China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning Co. , No. 9 West Road , Beituche
3、ng</p><p> Chaoyang District ,Beijing 100029 , China</p><p> 2. Department of Chemical Engineering , Polytechnic of Turin
4、 , Corso Duca degli</p><p> Abruzzi 24 ,Torino 10129 , Italy)</p><p> Abstract : The paper present s a gen
5、eral summary on the state of the water resource and membrane industry of China. Now the water pollution is becoming more
6、 grave , and the water resource is shorter and shorter in the earth. China has 660 cities ,360 cities of them
7、are short of water. The situation in 110 cities is serious , and the situation in 40 cities is dangerous. It was
8、60;predicted that the water could be a main cause of local conflict s and international wars. The water pollution in Chi
9、na i</p><p> Key words : membrane water treatment environment protection </p><p> CLC number : TQ028. 8
10、 Document code : A </p><p> 1 Introduction </p><p> Water is a main resource for our human being ,bu
11、t the problem of water is more serious than before. </p><p> China is a developing country while it s economy g
12、oes forward rapidly. However , along with the development of economy, the ecoenvironmental problem is becoming </p><p> worse
13、 and worse , such as shortage of resources , ecological damage , environmental pollution and etc. all these are bound
14、60;to have fatal impacts on the improvement of our living standard and on the substantial development of economy. Now the
15、0;central government is focusing on the development over the western part of China , in which the economic development and
16、60;the environmental protection bear key importance. </p><p> Membrane separation technology is an advanced technology that has bee
17、n developing very quickly during the past several decades. In 1952 , Reid introduced the idea to desalinate the seawater
18、;with RO for the first time. In 1960 , Loeb and Sourirajin produced the first RO membrane with the potential practical
19、160;application , which was a symbol of the birth of membrane science and technology. China has a 40year history of rese
20、arch and development of membrane. In this period , RO , NF , UF , MF , elect</p><p> 2 The state of&
21、#160;water resource and water pollution in China </p><p> In range of environmental problems , water problem is extremely
22、;severe. There are one third of people on the earth facing with how to solve the shortage of water </p><p> and
23、 how to treat the wastewater. This number will be doubled in the next 30 years. </p><p> It is forecast by
24、;some experts that water , rather than oil , is going to be the main </p><p> cause of conflicts regionally eve
25、n globally. There are 660 cities in China. Among them , more than 360 are short of water and 110 are in urgent
26、 situation. Further more , 40 cities are in the list of the cities that are ext remely short of water. It is
27、160;estimated that the water shortage will be 40 billion tons annually , and that China will lack 60 billion tons water&
28、#160;in 2030. Due to the water shortage , the product output decreases by 240 billion RMB yuan annually. </p><p> Th
29、e water quality in China was deteriorated over the past few years. The </p><p> polluted river length increased every
30、0;year. According to the statistical data in 1999 , 46. 5 % of rivers were polluted in 100 000 km monitored rivers&
31、#160;, but the wastewater treated ratio was only 23 %. [1 ] </p><p> Water pollution has become the obstacle o
32、f economic development and social progress. In Sanxia reservoir of Yangzi River , there are 21 counties discharging wastes in
33、to Yangzi River. The height of the float above water reaches 24 m , sometimes 6. 5 m. It has directly affected
34、;the work of Ge Zhou Ba water power station. It causes frequent breakdown of Erjiang power station. The worst case happe
35、ned was that once a time the float caused severe power plants breakdown with an electricity loss of 14 0</p><p>
36、 Water pollution not only becomes an impediment of the economic development , but also endangers the existence of the people
37、. The water quality in Yangteng Lake drops to grade 3 from grade 2 , which causes the water undrinkable. </p>
38、;<p> 3 State of membrane industry </p><p> China has a lot of research unit s and researchers on membrane.
39、;The research on electric dialysis and ion exchange membrane began in 1958[2 ] . RO membrane began in 1965 and UF m
40、embrane in 1970s.The earliest prepared UF membrane , cellulose acetate UF membrane , was used in electric coat system in
41、;1980s , after polysulfone hollow fiber UF membrane was manufactured. The researches and the development also went ahead rapidly
42、160;on NF membrane , gas membrane , inorganic membrane , pervaporation membra</p><p> Although the membrane industry of China&
43、#160;is not big , it grows up very quickly. </p><p> According to the statistical data in 1997 , there were 13&
44、#160;big companies of membrane with the output over $1. 2 million in China ( Tab. 1) . The output of solo membranew
45、as $45 million , within which the imported value was $27 million. The industrial </p><p> output relevant to membrane
46、0;was estimated $0. 17 billion and it will be $0. 3 </p><p> billion this year. The imported membrane is about
47、70 % sales in China. The output </p><p> of locally manufactured membrane increased by 30 % annually. </p><p&
48、gt; In 1997 , the global output value of membrane and it s relevant equipment was about $10 billion. It is estimated
49、60;that the output value will be increased to $14 </p><p> billion in 2000. The output of membrane industry of USA
50、160;was $1. 1 billion in 1997 </p><p> and will reach $1. 6 billion in 2001 with the annual growth rate of
51、;8. 0 %. In 1997 , the sales of membrane product s for water treatment was $0. 97 billion in Europe. </p>&l
52、t;p> It is reckoned to be $1. 65 billion in 2004 with the annual growth rate of 7. 9 %. </p><p> According&
53、#160;to these growth rates , China will catch up with USA and Europe in the </p><p> coming years as shown in
54、160;Fig. 1. </p><p> Tab. 1 Chinese membrane companies with the output of over $1. 2 million </p><p> Fig
55、. 1 The output increases of membrane products in USA , Europe and China </p><p> There are tens of resea
56、rch institutes in China , of which more than 20 are on UF and MF membrane. Meanwhile , there are two research
57、bases on membrane. One is the aqueous membrane research institute — The Development Center of Water </p><p> Treatment Te
58、chnology , SOA Hangzhou China , and the other is the gas membrane </p><p> research base —National Engineering Research
59、160;Center of Membrane Technology ,</p><p> Dalian , China. </p><p> 4 Application of membrane in water treatment &l
60、t;/p><p> The application of membrane in water treatment depends on it s effectiveness of separation and cost of process.
61、60;As an advanced separation technology , it is endowed with many advantages : high selectivity , applicability under ambient
62、;temperature without phase change , low cost of energy , high level of automation ,low pollution and etc. </p><p> 4
63、. 1 Desalination of seawater and black water </p><p> RO is the most economical way for the desalination of se
64、awater and black water. The energy consumption is less than 5 kW·h/ t for seawater or 0. 53 kW·h/ t for b
65、lack water. The biggest plant of RO for seawater desalination can produce water 2. 1 ×105m3/ d , for black water
66、60;is 1. 3 ×105 m3/ d. It seems that RO is the best method to solve the problem of drinking water and industria
67、l water in the draught areas. It can be verified by the fact that most of the largest desalination plant s are
68、;loc</p><p><b> . </b></p><p> 4. 2 Purification of drinking water </p><p> Membrane is the best tool
69、0;for the purification of drinking water because it can </p><p> remove the suspended substance , bacteria , toxic metall
70、ic components and organic components to improve the water quality. 90 % of the city water is productive water, only 9
71、60;% supplied water is the domestic water and only 1 % is drinking water. To </p><p> supply water separately for
72、60;the resident zones is an effective way to improve the </p><p> quality of drinking water. Supplying water separately i
73、s to treat the 1 % supplied </p><p> water with membrane for special purpose. Separate supply system has been built&
74、#160;in some resident zones of Beijing and Shenyang , which mainly use RO membrane. </p><p> Tab. 2 The largest
75、0;five desalination plant s in the world </p><p> The world total capacity of desalination in 1998 is 22 735 000
76、0;m3/ d. </p><p> 4. 3 Reuse of municipal domestic sewage </p><p> City sewage is an important potential water&
77、#160;resource. Recycled water for </p><p> different purposes can be produced from the domestic sewage with membrane. It is
78、60;an effective way to solve the shortage of water resource. </p><p> There are 3 domestic sewage treatment factories in
79、Beijing , and another 4 are </p><p> under const ruction. In addition , 15 more are to be built . The sewa
80、ge treat ratio will mount to 80 % in 2006. Two million tons of the treated water will flow out from these wast
81、ewater treatment factories. After treated with membrane , the water can be </p><p> reused for industrial purpose , green
82、 area and other fields. In this way , the </p><p> municipal supplied water can be reduced , and the water
83、;resource can be fully </p><p> utilized. If the membrane technology is applied in the deep treatment of the city &l
84、t;/p><p> sewage ,more than one million tons of discharged wastewater will be reduced every day only in Beijing. At the
85、 same time , more than one million tons of the water </p><p> resource can be saved. So it would retrench
86、0. 36 billion tons of water per year. This method can reduce the water pollution , as well preserve the water resou
87、rce. </p><p> 4. 4 Treatment of industrial wastewater </p><p> Industrial wastewater has many types in large q
88、uantity and it is very harmful. If the wastewater can be treated , it would not only preserve the resource ,but als
89、o </p><p> protect the environment because the wastewater contains some deleterious </p><p> substances such as oil ,metal
90、lic ions , phenol and etc. The membrane technology </p><p> bears splendid significance in the industrial wastewater treatment
91、 . In early 1970s , RO membrane began to make the electric plating wastewater recycled Charged UF membrane turned
92、the electro coating system in automatic company into clean </p><p> producing line. The wastewater treatment with membrane rec
93、ycled the wastewater</p><p> in dyeing process UF membrane is a key technology for the reuse of oil wastewater. <
94、;/p><p> 5 Future of membrane application in water treatment </p><p> The essence of membrane technology is a high
95、ly effective material. The material should provide high flux , high selectivity and so on. In the wastewater treatment ,
96、;we often encounter hazardous condition. Under such kind of circumstances , organic membrane sometimes cannot meet the requirement
97、;. Consequently , more attention is paid to the inorganic membrane now that has fulfilled a considerable progress in these
98、60;years with a rate of 30 %. Currently China can produce tube ceramic membrane on ind</p><p> of the lowest energy&
99、#160;cost , will realize a brilliant future. RO , NF ,UF , MF , ion - exchange , dialysis etc which are mainly
100、 used in water treatment will be the center </p><p> of membrane technology. China is a country with a large po
101、pulation of nearly 1. 3 </p><p> billion people , which covers one fifth of the world population , but the wate
102、r </p><p> resource is only 1/ 20 of world. Therefore the water resource per capita is only 1/ 4 of that o
103、f the world. Membrane is an effective means to solve water problem. The </p><p> advantage of membrane in water trea
104、tment is more and more obvious while it is </p><p> application is wider and wider. The membrane industry of China
105、160;marches rapidly at arate of 30 % annually. However , the difference from the developed count ry is still </p><
106、p> big. The membrane output per capita is merely 1/ 32 of that of USA and 1/ 12 of </p><p> that of th
107、e world. The membrane market in China is huge with a bright outlook. To </p><p> enhance the application of membrane
108、 in water treatment , we should : </p><p> Ó Promote the application of membrane technology. </p><p> Ó
109、0;Develop new - fashion membrane. </p><p> 膜技術(shù)和環(huán)境保護(hù)中的水處理 </p><p> 任建新1 張保成2 </p><p> (1.中國(guó)藍(lán)星化學(xué)清洗總公司,中國(guó)北京朝陽區(qū)北土城西路號(hào),100029</p
110、><p> (2.意大利都靈理工大學(xué)化工系,Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24,Torino 10129,意大利)</p><p> 摘 要:這篇文章簡(jiǎn)單介紹了目前中國(guó)水資源和膜工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀。目前,世界水污染日益嚴(yán)重,水資源日益短缺。中國(guó)有660個(gè)城市,360個(gè)城市缺水,110個(gè)城市嚴(yán)重缺水,40個(gè)城市極度缺水。有些專家預(yù)測(cè),水資源
111、將會(huì)成為許多地區(qū)沖突和國(guó)際戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的根源。中國(guó)的水污染十分嚴(yán)重,有46.5%的河流受到了污染,77%的污水未經(jīng)處理被直接排放。膜技術(shù)在水處理方面有著獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)。膜技術(shù)是一種可以用來提高人們飲用水質(zhì)量、處理污水節(jié)約水資源的清潔技術(shù)。中國(guó)也有眾多的膜研究人員和膜公司。這篇文章介紹了中國(guó)膜技術(shù)的研究和膜制造的一些數(shù)據(jù)。 </p><p> 關(guān)鍵字: 膜技術(shù)/水處理/環(huán)境保護(hù) </p&g
112、t;<p><b> 1 簡(jiǎn)介 </b></p><p> 水是對(duì)人類最為重要的資源,水資源的各種問題也比以往嚴(yán)重的多。 中國(guó)是經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速發(fā)展的發(fā)展中國(guó)家。但是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展生態(tài)環(huán)境問題也日益嚴(yán)峻,例如資源短缺、生態(tài)破壞、環(huán)境污染等等,這一切對(duì)我們的生存水平的提高和經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展都有極大的束縛?,F(xiàn)在政府致力的西部大開發(fā),經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)同為重中
113、之重。 </p><p> 膜分離技術(shù)是一項(xiàng)新型技術(shù),在被開發(fā)至今的幾十年中發(fā)展非???。1952年,Reid第一次介紹了用反滲透技術(shù)淡化海水想的設(shè)想。1960年,Loeb和Sourirajin生產(chǎn)了第一個(gè)有實(shí)際應(yīng)用可能的反滲透膜,這標(biāo)志著膜科學(xué)與技術(shù)的誕生。中國(guó)對(duì)膜技術(shù)的研究和發(fā)展有40年的歷史。其中反滲透、納濾、超濾、微濾、電滲析、滲透汽化膜、液態(tài)膜、膜反應(yīng)器等都有一定發(fā)展,并且在能源、電子、石油、
114、石化、制藥、重工業(yè)、輕工業(yè)、食品、釀酒業(yè)以及人們的日常生活、環(huán)境保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域都投入了使用。特別是在水處理方面,膜技術(shù)的應(yīng)用面越來越廣,發(fā)揮的作用越來越重要。 </p><p> 2 中國(guó)水資源和水污染的現(xiàn)狀 </p><p> 在眾多的環(huán)境問題中,水的問題是最為嚴(yán)峻的。全球三分之一的人們都面臨著水資源短缺或者廢水處理的問題,而這個(gè)數(shù)字在未來30年內(nèi)將會(huì)翻倍
115、。有專家預(yù)測(cè),水將代替石油成為區(qū)域沖突乃至全球沖突的主要原因。 </p><p> 中國(guó)有660個(gè)城市,其中360多個(gè)城市缺水,110個(gè)處于緊缺狀態(tài),更有40個(gè)城市位列極度缺水的城市名單之中。據(jù)估算,中國(guó)每年的缺水量為400.00億噸,到2030年,這個(gè)數(shù)字將會(huì)上升到600.00億噸,而由于水資源的短缺,產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)值每年將會(huì)減少2400億元人民幣。 </p><p>
116、在過去數(shù)年中,中國(guó)水資源的水質(zhì)不斷惡化,被污染的河長(zhǎng)逐年提高。據(jù)1999年統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),在監(jiān)測(cè)的100萬公里的河流中,46.5%受到污染,但廢水處理率只有23%。 </p><p> 水污染已成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步的障礙。在長(zhǎng)江三峽庫(kù)區(qū),21個(gè)縣區(qū)的廢水排入長(zhǎng)江,導(dǎo)致水面上升2~4米,有時(shí)甚至可以達(dá)到6.5米,這直接影響了葛洲壩水電站的工作,也導(dǎo)致了二江水電站的頻繁故障。這種浮動(dòng)造成的損失最為嚴(yán)重的一次是
117、約為14000kW的電力損失,約等于一座小型發(fā)電站的發(fā)電量。 </p><p> 水污染不僅是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的障礙,也已經(jīng)危機(jī)人們的生存。由于被污染,yangteng湖的水質(zhì)從2級(jí)降至3級(jí),不不能用作飲用水水源。 </p><p> 3 我國(guó)膜工業(yè)的發(fā)展 </p><p> 中國(guó)有許多關(guān)于膜技術(shù)研究機(jī)構(gòu)和研究人員。關(guān)于電滲析和
118、離子選擇交換膜的研究始于1958年[2],反滲透膜1965年,超濾膜的研究則始于20世紀(jì)70年代。20世紀(jì)80年代,在制造出雙中空纖維超濾膜后,最早完成的超濾膜——醋酸纖維超濾膜被用于電氣系統(tǒng)。關(guān)于納濾膜、汽化膜,無機(jī)膜、滲透汽化膜和液態(tài)膜等的研究也有很大發(fā)展。 </p><p> 雖然中國(guó)膜技術(shù)行業(yè)并不十分壯大,但其發(fā)展速度卻非常之快。根據(jù)1997年的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),中國(guó)有13家大型膜生產(chǎn)公司的總產(chǎn)值超過
119、1 200萬美元(表1)。膜單項(xiàng)出口量是四千五百萬美元,其中進(jìn)口價(jià)值兩千七百萬美元。膜相關(guān)工業(yè)出口量估計(jì)為1.7億美元,而且今年將達(dá)到3億美元。百分之七十的進(jìn)口膜在中國(guó)內(nèi)陸銷售。國(guó)產(chǎn)膜出口量以每年百分之三十的速度增長(zhǎng)。 </p><p> 1997年,全球關(guān)于膜技術(shù)及其相關(guān)設(shè)備的總產(chǎn)值約為100億美元,據(jù)估計(jì),到2000年將上升至140億美元。1997美國(guó)膜工業(yè)的產(chǎn)值為11億美元,到2001
120、年,這一數(shù)字將會(huì)以8.0%的年增長(zhǎng)率上升至16億美元。1997年,歐洲有關(guān)于水處理的膜產(chǎn)品的銷售值為9.7億美元,據(jù)估計(jì)到2004年將會(huì)增長(zhǎng)至16.5億美元,年增長(zhǎng)率為7.9%。如圖1所示,根據(jù)以上增長(zhǎng)速度,中國(guó)將在未來幾年中趕上美國(guó)和歐洲。 </p><p> 表1 產(chǎn)值超過120萬的中國(guó)膜、公司 </p><p> 圖1 美國(guó)、歐
121、洲及中國(guó)膜產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)值增長(zhǎng)</p><p> 中國(guó)有數(shù)十家關(guān)于膜技術(shù)的研究機(jī)構(gòu),其中有20多家致力于超濾膜和微濾</p><p> 膜的研究。同時(shí),我們還有兩個(gè)膜技術(shù)研究基地,一個(gè)是水膜研究學(xué)院——中國(guó)杭州SOA水處理技術(shù)開發(fā)中心,另一個(gè)是氣膜研究基地——中國(guó)大連膜技術(shù)國(guó)家工程研究中心。 </p><p> 4膜技術(shù)在水處理中的應(yīng)用 <
122、/p><p> 膜技術(shù)在水處理中的應(yīng)用決定于其分離效率和過程成本。作為一種先進(jìn)的分離技術(shù),擁有許多的優(yōu)點(diǎn):高選擇性,適用環(huán)境溫度下無相變,能耗低,自動(dòng)化程度高,低污染等。 </p><p> 4.1海水淡化和處理含細(xì)菌腐蝕產(chǎn)物的水 </p><p> 反滲透膜是淡化海水和處理含細(xì)菌腐蝕產(chǎn)物的水最為經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法,淡化海水的能源消耗小于5kW
123、3;h/t,處理含細(xì)菌腐蝕產(chǎn)物的水的能源消耗為0.5~3kW·h/t。最大的應(yīng)用反滲透膜急性水處理的公司每天的淡化海水量為2.1×105m3/d,處理含細(xì)菌腐蝕產(chǎn)物的水量為1.3×105m3/d。反滲透似乎是解決干旱地區(qū)飲用水和工業(yè)用水在這個(gè)問題最好的方法。這是已經(jīng)驗(yàn)證的事實(shí),大多數(shù)最大坐落在中東的海水淡化工廠都可以達(dá)到這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),具體數(shù)據(jù)參照表2。[3] </p><p>
124、<b> 4.2凈化飲用水 </b></p><p> 膜是凈化飲用水最佳的工具,因?yàn)樗苋コ龖腋∥镔|(zhì)、細(xì)菌、有毒金屬成分和有機(jī)成分,提高水的質(zhì)量。90%的城市用水是生產(chǎn)用水,只有9%的供水是生活用水,只有1%的是飲用水。對(duì)居民區(qū)用水進(jìn)行區(qū)分供應(yīng)是提高居民飲用水質(zhì)量的有效途徑。區(qū)分供水是用利用膜技術(shù)對(duì)這1%的飲用水進(jìn)行特殊處理,單獨(dú)供應(yīng)。這種居民用水分別供應(yīng)的系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用在北京
125、和沈陽的一些居民區(qū),主要應(yīng)用的是反滲透膜。 </p><p> 4.3市政污水的回用 </p><p> 城市污水是一種重要的潛在的水資源。用膜把各種不同的回收水進(jìn)行處理,用作生活用水。這是一種解決水資源短缺的有效方法。 </p><p> 北京有已建的3座、4座正在建造中生活污水處理工廠,而將要建設(shè)的有15座。到2006年,污水
126、處理的比例會(huì)提高到80%。這些廢水處理工廠的處理量將達(dá)到2億噸。水經(jīng)過膜處理后,可以達(dá)到重復(fù)使用的目的,如用作工業(yè)用水、綠化用水以及其他的領(lǐng)域。以這種方式,市政用水供應(yīng)量可以降低,而水資源也能夠得到充分的利用。如果膜技術(shù)應(yīng)用在城市污水深度處理,僅在北京每天就將減少超過100萬噸的污水排放,同時(shí),也就節(jié)約了超過100萬噸的水資源。這樣每年就可以每年減少3.6億噸水的水費(fèi)開支。這種方法能減輕水污染,保護(hù)水資源。</p><
127、;p> 表.2世界五大海水淡化廠 </p><p> 1998年世界海水淡化的總?cè)萘繛?2735000m3/d。</p><p> 4.4 處理工業(yè)廢水 </p><p> 工業(yè)廢水中有大量的各種類型的物質(zhì),是非常有害的。如果對(duì)廢水進(jìn)行處理,它不僅能保護(hù)資源,也保護(hù)了環(huán)境,因?yàn)楣I(yè)廢水中包含了一些有害物質(zhì),如石油、金屬離子
128、、苯酚等。膜技術(shù)在工業(yè)廢水處理上擁有極重要的意義。在20世紀(jì)70年代初,反滲透膜開始用于電鍍廢水循環(huán),帶電超濾膜將自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)電鍍涂料體系轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榍鍧嵣a(chǎn)鏈。帶膜的污水處理系統(tǒng)將污水循環(huán)利用到染色過程中;超濾膜是含油廢水回用的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。 </p><p> 5 膜技術(shù)在水處理應(yīng)用的前景 </p><p> 膜技術(shù)的本質(zhì)是一種高效的材料。材料的性質(zhì)應(yīng)該具有高通量、
129、高選擇性等。在廢水處理中,我們常常會(huì)遇到有害情況。在這種情況下,有機(jī)膜有時(shí)不能達(dá)到這一要求。因此,現(xiàn)在更注重的是無機(jī)膜的研究,并且在這幾年里取得了相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)步,增長(zhǎng)率達(dá)到了30%。目前,中國(guó)可以工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的是陶瓷膜管。在水資源的減少、水污染增加的現(xiàn)在,膜分離這種低能耗的分離技術(shù)這是肯定擁有一個(gè)輝煌的未來。反滲透膜、納濾膜、超濾膜、微濾膜、離子交換膜、滲析膜等這些主要的膜分離技術(shù)都主要用于水處理。中國(guó)是一個(gè)人口數(shù)量接近13億的人口大國(guó),占
130、有了五分之一的世界人口,但對(duì)水資源僅占了全世界的1/20。因此水資源人均收入只有世界平均水平的1/4。膜技術(shù)這種解決水資源短缺的方法越來越顯示出其顯著的效果,它的應(yīng)用范圍也日益廣泛。中國(guó)膜工業(yè)的正在以每年30%的速度快速增長(zhǎng)。但是,同發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的差距依然巨大。人均的膜出產(chǎn)量?jī)H僅是美國(guó)的1/32和世界的1/12。膜在中國(guó)這個(gè)巨大的市場(chǎng)擁有光明的前景。為了提高膜在水處理方面的應(yīng)用,我們應(yīng)該: </p><p>
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