箱體注塑模cadcam外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　系 別 .</p><p>　　專 業(yè) .</p><p>　　班 級(jí) .</p><p>　　姓 名

2、 .</p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào) .</p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師 .</p><p><b>　　2011年 4 月</b></p><p>　　一、Die history and die trend</p><p

3、>　　1、Die position in industrial production</p><p>　　采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low

4、 cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods ca

5、n not match. 已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向。 Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological developmen</p><p>　　Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main proce

6、ss of industrial production equipment. 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來(lái)越大的作用。</p><p>　　The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of indu

7、strial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. 1989 年 3 月國(guó)務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定》中，把模具列為機(jī)械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位 ( 僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備 ) ，確立模具工業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要

8、地位。 March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production </p><p>　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，

9、在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近 90 ％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)和無(wú)線電行業(yè)，這個(gè)比例也超過(guò) 60 ％According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, autom

10、obiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飛機(jī)制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)模具使用量超過(guò)三萬(wàn)套，其中主機(jī)八千套、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)二千套、輔機(jī)二萬(wàn)套。 Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 u

11、nits, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines,</p><p>　　2、The historical development of mold</p><p>　　模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)The emergence of mold can be traced ba

12、ck thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.</p><p>　　19 世紀(jì)，隨著軍火工業(yè) ( 槍炮的彈殼 ) 、鐘表工業(yè)、無(wú)線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使The 19th century, with

13、the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. 二次大戰(zhàn)后，隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，它又成了大量生產(chǎn)家用電器、汽車、電子儀器、照相機(jī)、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。 After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became

14、 a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. 從世界范圍看，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的沖壓技術(shù)走在前列——許多模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如簡(jiǎn)易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，大多起源于美國(guó)；而瑞士的精沖、德國(guó)的冷擠壓技術(shù)，蘇聯(lián)對(duì)塑性加工的研<

15、/p><p>　　進(jìn)入 70 年代向高速化、啟動(dòng)化、精密化、安全化發(fā)展的第二Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. 在這個(gè)過(guò)程中不斷涌現(xiàn)各種高效率、商壽命、高精度助多功能自動(dòng)校具。 Continue to emerge in this proces

16、s a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. 其代表是多達(dá)別多個(gè)工位的級(jí)進(jìn)模和十幾個(gè)工位的多工位傳遞模。 Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and

17、 dozens of multi-station transfer station module. 在此基礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展出既有連續(xù)沖壓工位又有多滑塊成形工位的壓力機(jī)—彎曲</p><p>　　從 70 年代中期至今可以說(shuō)是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助制造技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的時(shí)代。From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting th

18、e continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. 隨著模具加工精度與復(fù)雜性不斷提高，生產(chǎn)周期不斷加快，模具業(yè)對(duì)設(shè)備和人員素質(zhì)的要求也不斷提高。 With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, th

19、e quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. 依靠普通加工設(shè)備，憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)和手藝越來(lái)越不能滿足模具生產(chǎn)的需要。 Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not </p><p>　　隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)也逐步進(jìn)入模具生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括

20、設(shè)計(jì)、制造、管理等。With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. 國(guó)際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到 2000 年，作為設(shè)計(jì)和制造之間聯(lián)系手段的圖紙將失去其主要作用。 International Asso

21、ciation for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. 模具自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的最根本點(diǎn)是必須確立模具零件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 Automatic Design of die most fundamental point

22、 is to establish the mold sta</p><p>　　3、The trend of the die</p><p>　　（1）模具軟件功能集成(1) mold software features integrated</p><p>　　模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時(shí)各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共

23、享，從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測(cè)試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過(guò)程，達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news manag

24、ement and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. 如英國(guó)Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖

25、、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)高級(jí)渲</p><p>　　（2）模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化(2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)已越來(lái)越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design ca

26、n no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. 模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三維化、無(wú)紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺(jué)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評(píng)價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過(guò)程模擬及信息的管理與共享。 Mold design, analysis, manufacturing thr

27、ee-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily use</p><p>　?。?）模

28、具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢(shì)(3) mold software applications, networking trend</p><p>　　隨著模具在企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國(guó)際化，以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、敏捷制造技術(shù)既有必要，也有可With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, prod

29、uction and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technolo

30、gy both necessary and possible. 美國(guó)在其《21世紀(jì)制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出，到2006年要實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開(kāi)發(fā)周期從40個(gè)月縮短到4個(gè)月。 The United States in its "21st Century Manufa</p><p>　　二、The injection and Compression Molding</p>

31、<p>　　Injection molding si principally used for the production of the thermoplastic parts, although some progress has been made in developing a method for injection molding some thermosetting materials. The problem

32、 of injecting a melted plastic into a mold cavity form a reservoir of melted material has been extremely difficult to solve for thermosetting plastics which cure and harden under such conditions within a few minutes. The

33、 principle of injection molding is quite similar to that of die-casting.</p><p>　　a high molding speed adapted for mass production is possible;</p><p>　　there is a wide choice of thermoplastic m

34、aterials providing a variety of usefull properties;</p><p>　　it is possible to mold threads, undercuts, side holes, and large thin sections. </p><p>　　Several methods are used to force or inject

35、 the melted plastic into the mold. The most commonly used system in the larger machines is the in-line reciprocating screw.The screw acts as a combination and plasticizing unit.As the plastic is fed to the rotating screw

36、,it passes through three zones as shown: feed,compression, and metering. After the feed zone, the screw-flight depth is gradually reduced,forcing the plastic to compress. The work is converted to heat by shearing the pla

37、stic, making it a</p><p>　　The clamping force that a machine is capable of exerting is part of the size designation and is measured in tons. A rule-of-thumb can be used to determine the tonnage required for

38、a particular job. It is based on two tons of clamp force per square inch of projected area. If the flow pattern is difficult and the parts are thin,this may have to go to three or four tons.</p><p>　　Many r

39、eciprocating - screw machines are capable of handing thermosetting plastic materials.Previously these materials were handled by compression or transfer molding.Thermosetting materials cure or polymerize in the m

40、old and are ejected hot in the range of 375℃～410℃.Thermoplastic parts must be allowed to cool in the mold in order to remove them without distortion.Thus thermosetting cycles can be faster.Of course the mold must be heat

41、ed rather than chilled,as with thermoplastics.</p><p>　　The importance of Injecting the mold are :</p><p>　　⑴、Plastics have the density small, the quality light, the specific tenacity big, the

42、insulating property good, the dielectric loss low, the chemical stability strong, the formation productivity high and the price inexpensive and so on the merits, obtained day by day the widespread application in the nati

43、onal economy and people's daily life each domain, as early as in the beginning of 1990s, the plastic annual output already surpassed the steel and iron and the non-ferrous metal annual output su</p><p>　

44、?、?、Take the automobile industry as the example , as a result of the automobile lightweight, the low energy consumption development request, the automobile spare part material constitution occurred obviously has model

45、led the band steel the change, at present our country automobile plastic accounts for 5% which the automobile was self-possessed to 6%, but overseas has reached 13%, forecast according to the expert, the automobile pla

46、stic bicycle amount used will also be able further to increas</p><p>　?、恰njection of a molding formation as plastic workpiece most effective formation methods because may by one time take shape each kind of

47、 structure complex, the size precise and has the metal to inlay a product, and the formation cycle is short, may by mold multi-cavities, the productivity be high, when mass productions the cost isvery inexpensive, eas

48、y to realize the automated production, therefore holds the extremely important status in the plastic processing profession.Statistics have i</p><p>　?、?、Counts according to the customs, our country in 200

49、0 altogether imported mold 977,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 550,000,000 US dollars, occupied for 56.3%, 2001 years altogether to import mold 1,112,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic

50、 molding forms altogether 616,000,000 US dollars, accounted for 55.4%.From the variety, the import volume biggest is the plastic molding forms. </p><p>　　In compression molding the palstic material as p

51、owder or preforms is placed into a heated steel mold cavity,Since the parting surface is in a horizontal plane ,the upper half of the mold descends vertically.It closes the mold cavity and pressures for a predetermined p

52、eriod.A pressure of from 2 to 3 tons square inch and a temperaure at approximately 350F converts the plastic to a semiliquid which flows to all parts of the mold cavity.Usually from 1 to 15 minutes is required for curing

53、,altough a r</p><p>　　Since the plastic material is placed directly into the mold cavity,the mold itself can be simpler than those used for other molding precesses.Gates and sprues are unnecessary.This also

54、results in a saving in material,because trimmed-off gates and sprues would be a complete loss of the thermosetting plastic.The press require the full attention of one operator.However,several smaller presses can be opera

55、ted by one operator. The presses are conveniently located so the operator can easilymove from o</p><p>　　Types of molds for compression molding.The molds used for compression molding are classified into

56、four basic types, namely ,positive molds,landed positive mold,flash-type molds,and semipositive molds.In a positive mold the plunger on the upper mold enters the lower mold cavity.since there are no lands or stops

57、on the lower die ,the plunger completely trap the plastic material and descends with full pressure on the charge.A dense part with good electrical and physical properties is prod</p><p>　　三、The lathe</p&g

58、t;<p>　　The lathe is one of the most useful and versatile machines in the workshop, and capable of carrying out a wide variety of machining operations. The main components of the lathe are the headstock and tailst

59、ock at opposite ends of a bed , and a tool-post between them which holds the cutting tool. The tool-post stands on a cross-slide which enables it to move sidewards across the saddle or carriage as well as along it , depe

60、nding on the kind of job it is doing .The ordinary centre lathe can accomme</p><p>　　The headstock incorporates the driving and gear mechanism, and a spindle which holds the workpiece and causes it to rotate

61、 at a speed which depends largely on the diameter of the workpiece. A bar of large diameter should naturally rotate more slowly than a very thin bar , the cutting feed-shaft from the headstock drives the tool-post along

62、the saddle , either forwards or backwards , at a fixed and uniform speed. This enables rotation of the shaft, and therefore the forward or backward movement o</p><p>　　Centres are not suitable for every job

63、on the lathe . The operator can replace them by various types of chucks, which hold the work between jaws, or by a front-plate, depending on the shape of work and the particular cutting operation. He will use a chuck, f

64、or example, to hold a short piece of work , or work for drilling , boring or screw-cutting .A transverse movement of the tool-post across the saddle enables the tool to cut across the face of the workpiece and give it a

65、 flat surface. For sc</p><p>　　The purpose of any machine tool is to remove metal. Each machine tool removes metal in a different way. For example , in one type (the lathe )metal is removed by a single point

66、 tool as the work is rotated , whereas in another type(the milling machine) a cutter is rotated and metal is removed as the work is progressed beneath it .</p><p>　　Which machine tool is to be used for a par

67、ticular job depends to a large extent upon the type of machining required . There is , however, a certain amount of overlapping and some machine tools can be utilized for several different operations but it must not be a

68、ssumed that the particular machine tool is restricted to the operation shown.</p><p>　　The machine tools which will be found in the modern toolroom are as follow：</p><p>　　Lathes for turning ,bo

69、ring and screwcutting, ect. The primary purpose of the lathe is to machine cylindrical forms. The contour is generated by rotating the work with respect to a single-point cutting tool.</p><p>　　Cylindrical g

70、rinding machines for the production of precision cylindrical surfaces. The cylindrical grinding machine is used for precision grinding cylindrical mould parts. Metal is removed by the action of abrasive grinding wheel wh

71、ich is brought into contact with a contra-rotating workpiece.</p><p>　　Shaping and planning machines for the reduction of steel blocks and plates to the required thickness and for ‘squaring up’these plates .

72、As the primary purpose of a shaping machine is to produce flat blocks. The workpiece is mounted on a table and a reciprocating single-point tool removes metal in a series of straight cuts.</p><p>　　Surface g

73、rinding machines for the production of precision flat surfaces . An excellent surface finish combined with accuracy can be achieved on hard or soft steel with the surface grinding machine. The workpiece is mounted on a t

74、able which is reciprocated beneath a rotating abrasive grinding wheel and metal is removed in a series of straight cuts.</p><p>　　Milling machines for the rapid removal of metal , for machining slots, recess

75、es, boring holes, machining splines, etc. Milling is an operation in which metal is removed from a workpiece by a rotating milling cutter. The workpiece can be moved in three directions at right angles to each other with

76、 respect to the cutter. The three directions are longitudinal, transverse and vertical, respectively.</p><p>　　Tracer-controlled milling machines for the accurate reproduction of complex cavity and core form

77、s.The principle of tracer-controlled milling machine is similar to that of the vertical milling machine in that an end mill cutter is used to remove metal in a series of cuts. With tracer-controlled milling, however , th

78、e required form is generated by causing a tracer, directly coupled to a cutting head , to follow a template or a model.</p><p>　　In addition to the above list of major machine tools there is, of course, anci

79、llary equipment without which no toolroom would be complete. This includes power saws , drilling machines, toolpost grinders, hardening and polishing facilities, ect.</p><p>　　四、Electric discharge machining&

80、lt;/p><p>　　Electric discharge machining is the latest process being used extensively in the moldmaking field. It can be applied to soft and hard metals, and it exters no mechanical forces that might be detrime

81、ntal to frail parts. The process is constantly being improved not only in terms of new machines being capable of producing better finishes and closer tolerances at rates of metal removal, but also in terms of toolmakers

82、gaining better knowledge and greater confidence in handling the equipment and prod</p><p>　　Let us see how this process works. When a spark is produced across a gap between electrodes, erosion of metal from

83、these electrodes takes place. This fact has been observed by physicists for almost 200 years. However, until the advent of the metal tap disintegrator-a tool that breaks down a fractured tap in a tapping hole for ease of

84、 removal-this observation was not used in practice. Before explaining what is going on when metal is eroded, it is most appropriate to differentiate a spark from a</p><p>　　On the other hand, the spark occ

85、urs when the space between electrodes is a nonconductor such as a vacuum or dielectric fluid. It occurs when the voltage or “pressure” at one electrode. This takes place without noticeable heat. </p><p>　　In

86、 the late 1930s, an electric circuit was created, which put to practical use the principle of metal erosion in the presence of an electric spark. In turn, at an appropriate time signal, discharge their electrons between

87、the work electrode and tool electrode. </p><p>　　The circuit consists of capacitor C and is charged by direct current at terminals M and P through a resistor a resistor R. The tool electrode, also called the

88、 cathode, and the work electrode, the anode, are connected imposed on the condenser brings about a charge in time T and discharges idea of the order of magnitude of the energy involved, let us consider a power source of

89、1 kw. With a discharge time of 0.1 to 0.001 of the charging time, each spark will hit the work with energy equivalent to 1</p><p>　　Let us see what takes place when this amplified energy is suddenly released

90、. During discharge, a very heavy flow of electrons creates onto a relatively small area takes place. This heavy flow of electrons creates an electromagnetic field, which causes the molecules of the workpiece to be put in

91、 tension. When the electromagnetic forces exceed the resistance to rupture of the work material, molecular particles are torn away from the work and pulled toward the tool. At the same time, the other elec</p><

92、;p><b>　　模具的發(fā)展與趨勢(shì)</b></p><p>　　1、模具在工業(yè)發(fā)展中的地位</p><p>　　采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)。現(xiàn)代

93、工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來(lái)越大的作用。1989年3月國(guó)務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定》中，把模具列為機(jī)械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位(僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備)，確立模具工業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位。1997年以來(lái)，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國(guó)家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵(lì)外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)

94、目錄》。經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從1997年到2000年，對(duì)80多家國(guó)有專業(yè)模具廠實(shí)行增值稅返還70%的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國(guó)務(wù)院和國(guó)家有關(guān)部門對(duì)發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為600億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過(guò)機(jī)床工業(yè)，從1997年開(kāi)始，我國(guó)模</p><p>　　模具是大批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工藝裝備。</p>&l

95、t;p>　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近90％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)和無(wú)線電行業(yè)，這個(gè)比例也超過(guò)60％。例如飛機(jī)制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)模具使用量超過(guò)三萬(wàn)套，其中主機(jī)八千套、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)二千套、輔機(jī)二萬(wàn)套。從產(chǎn)值看，80年代以來(lái)，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過(guò)機(jī)床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。據(jù)國(guó)際生產(chǎn)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到2000年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的75%、精加工的50％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等

96、工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成，50％以上的金屬板材、80％以上的塑料都特通過(guò)模具轉(zhuǎn)化成制品。</p><p><b>　　2、模具的歷史發(fā)展</b></p><p>　　模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來(lái)的。</p><p>　　19世紀(jì)，隨著軍火工業(yè)(槍炮的彈殼)、鐘表工業(yè)、無(wú)線電工業(yè)

97、的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使用。二次大戰(zhàn)后，隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，它又成了大量生產(chǎn)家用電器、汽車、電子儀器、照相機(jī)、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。從世界范圍看，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的沖壓技術(shù)走在前列——許多模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如簡(jiǎn)易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，大多起源于美國(guó)；而瑞士的精沖、德國(guó)的冷擠壓技術(shù)，蘇聯(lián)對(duì)塑性加工的研究也處于世界先進(jìn)行列。50年代，模具行業(yè)工作重點(diǎn)是根據(jù)訂戶的要求，制作能滿足產(chǎn)品要求的模具。模具設(shè)計(jì)多憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)，參考已有圖紙和感